Rust代码示例——15.4.8.静态声明-CSDN博客

Rust有一些保留的生命周期名称，其中之一是“ ’static ”。你可能在下面两种情况下使用它们:

// A reference with 'static lifetime:

let s: &'static str = "hello world";


// 'static as part of a trait bound:

fn generic<T>(x: T) where T: 'static {}

这两种用法有相关性，但是也有些许区别。对于初学者会感到一些困惑。下面有一些示例来介绍每一种的使用情景。

引用生命周期

使用’static作为引用的生命周期表明数据可以一直保留在整个程序运行期间。它也可以强制转为更短的生命周期。

有两种方法使某个变量设置成’static生命周期，它们都保存在程序的只读内存中：

使用带有static的常量声明
将某个字符串配置为’static str类型

下面的示例展示了这两种用法：

// Make a constant with `'static` lifetime.

static NUM: i32 = 18;


// Returns a reference to `NUM` where its `'static`

// lifetime is coerced to that of the input argument.

fn coerce_static<'a>(_: &'a i32) -> &'a i32 {

    &NUM

}


fn main() {

    {

        // Make a `string` literal and print it:

        let static_string = "I'm in read-only memory";

        println!("static_string: {}", static_string);


        // When `static_string` goes out of scope, the reference

        // can no longer be used, but the data remains in the binary.

    }


    {

        // Make an integer to use for `coerce_static`:

        let lifetime_num = 9;


        // Coerce `NUM` to lifetime of `lifetime_num`:

        let coerced_static = coerce_static(&lifetime_num);


        println!("coerced_static: {}", coerced_static);

    }


    println!("NUM: {} stays accessible!", NUM);

}

因为’static引用在程序剩余的生命周期中都需要可用，因此它们可以在程序执行时创建。为了演示作用，下面的示例使用Box::leak来动态创建’static引用。在这种情况下，它铁定不会在整个存续期间都有效，只会在泄漏点之后才会有效。

extern crate rand;

use rand::Fill;


fn random_vec() -> &'static [usize; 100] {

    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();

    let mut boxed = Box::new([0; 100]);

    boxed.try_fill(&mut rng).unwrap();

    Box::leak(boxed)

}


fn main() {

    let first: &'static [usize; 100] = random_vec();

    let second: &'static [usize; 100] = random_vec();

    assert_ne!(first, second)

}

Trait约束

作为trait约束，这意味着类型不会包含任何非静态的引用。即：接收器会保存这个类型和你想要的那么久，直到你销毁它们。

注意：任何已有所有权的数据总是可以传递’static生命周期的约束，但是对于有所有权数据的引用不是这样的：

use std::fmt::Debug;


fn print_it( input: impl Debug + 'static ) {

    println!( "'static value passed in is: {:?}", input );

}


fn main() {

    // i is owned and contains no references, thus it's 'static:

    let i = 5;

    print_it(i);


    // oops, &i only has the lifetime defined by the scope of

    // main(), so it's not 'static:

    print_it(&i);

}

编译器将会报错：

error[E0597]: `i` does not live long enough

  --> src/lib.rs:15:15

   |

15 |     print_it(&i);

   |     ---------^^--

   |     |         |

   |     |         borrowed value does not live long enough

   |     argument requires that `i` is borrowed for `'static`

16 | }

   | - `i` dropped here while still borrowed