OpenGL Frame Buffer Object(FBO)介绍

介绍

Update: Framebuffer object extension is promoted as a core feature of OpenGL version 3.0, and is approved by ARB combining the following extensions;

• EXT_framebuffer_object
• EXT_framebuffer_blit
• EXT_framebuffer_multisample
• EXT_packed_depth_stencil

Overview

In OpenGL rendering pipeline, the geometry data and textures are transformed and passed several tests, and then finally rendered onto a screen as 2D pixels. The final rendering destination of the OpenGL pipeline is called framebuffer. Framebuffer is a collection of 2D arrays or storages utilized by OpenGL; colour buffers, depth buffer, stencil buffer and accumulation buffer. By default, OpenGL uses the framebuffer as a rendering destination that is created and managed entirely by the window system. This default framebuffer is called window-system-provided framebuffer.
在OpenGL渲染管线中，几何数据和纹理经过多次转化和多次测试，最后以二维像素的形式显示在屏幕上。OpenGL管线的最终渲染目的地被称作帧缓存（framebuffer）。帧缓冲是一些二维数组和OpenG所使用的存储区的集合：颜色缓存、深度缓存、模板缓存和累计缓存。一般情况下，帧缓存完全由window系统生成和管理，由OpenGL使用。这个默认的帧缓存被称作“window系统生成”（window-system-provided）的帧缓存。

The OpenGL extension, GL_ARB_framebuffer_object provides an interface to create additional non-displayable framebuffer objects (FBO). This framebuffer is called application-created framebuffer in order to distinguish from the default window-system-provided framebuffer. By using framebuffer object (FBO), an OpenGL application can redirect the rendering output to the application-created framebuffer object (FBO) other than the traditional window-system-provided framebuffer. And, it is fully controlled by OpenGL.
在OpenGL扩展中，GL_EXT_framebuffer_object提供了一种创建额外的不能显示的帧缓存对象的接口。为了和默认的“window系统生成”的帧缓存区别，这种帧缓冲成为应用程序帧缓存（application-createdframebuffer）。通过使用帧缓存对象（FBO），OpenGL可以将显示输出到引用程序帧缓存对象，而不是传统的“window系统生成”帧缓存。而且，它完全受OpenGL控制。

Similar to window-system-provided framebuffer, a FBO contains a collection of rendering destinations; color, depth and stencil buffer. (Note that accumulation buffer is not defined in FBO.) These logical buffers in a FBO are called framebuffer-attachable images, which are 2D arrays of pixels that can be attached to a framebuffer object.
相似于window系统提供的帧缓存，一个FBO也包含一些存储颜色、深度和模板数据的区域。（注意：没有累积缓存）我们把FBO中这些逻辑缓存称之为“帧缓存关联图像”，它们是一些能够和一个帧缓存对象关联起来的二维数组像素。

There are two types of framebuffer-attachable images; texture images and renderbuffer images. If an image of a texture object is attached to a framebuffer, OpenGL performs “render to texture”. And if an image of a renderbuffer object is attached to a framebuffer, then OpenGL performs “offscreen rendering”.
有两种类型的“帧缓存关联图像”：纹理图像（texture images）和渲染缓存图像（renderbuffer images）。如果纹理对象的图像数据关联到帧缓存，OpenGL执行的是“渲染到纹理”（render to texture）操作。如果渲染缓存的图像数据关联到帧缓存，OpenGL执行的是离线渲染（offscreen rendering）。

By the way, renderbuffer object is a new type of storage object defined in GL_ARB_framebuffer_object extension. It is used as a rendering destination for a single 2D image during rendering process.
这里要提到的是，渲染缓存对象是在GL_EXT_framebuffer_object扩展中定义的一种新的存储类型。在渲染过程中它被用作存储单幅二维图像。

The following diagram shows the connectivity among the framebuffer object, texture object and renderbuffer object. Multiple texture objects or renderbuffer objects can be attached to a framebuffer object through the attachment points.
下面这幅图显示了帧缓存对象、纹理对象和渲染缓存对象之间的联系。多多个纹理对象或者渲染缓存对象能够通过关联点关联到一个帧缓存对象上。

![[8.Attachments/image/d87d311c67a0d4c8e811af57f5e540ec_MD5.png]]
There are multiple color attachment points (GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,…, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENTn), one depth attachment point (GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT), and one stencil attachment point (GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT) in a framebuffer object. The number of color attachment points is implementation dependent, but each FBO must have at least one color attachement point. You can query the maximum number of color attachement points with GL_MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS, which are supported by a graphics card. The reason that a FBO has multiple color attachement points is to allow to render the color buffer to multiple destinations at the same time. This “multiple render targets” (MRT) can be accomplished by GL_ARB_draw_buffers extension. Notice that the framebuffer object itself does not have any image storage(array) in it, but, it has only multiple attachment points.
在一个帧缓存对象中有多个颜色关联点（GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT,…,GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENTn_EXT），一个深度关联点（GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT_EXT），和一个模板关联点（GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_EXT）。每个FBO中至少有一个颜色关联点，其数目与实体显卡相关。可以通过GL_MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_EXT来查询颜色关联点的最大数目。FBO有多个颜色关联点的原因是这样可以同时将颜色而换成渲染到多个FBO关联区。这种“多渲染目标”（multiple rendertargets,MRT）可以通过GL_ARB_draw_buffers扩展实现。需要注意的是：FBO本身并没有任何图像存储区，只有多个关联点。

Framebuffer object (FBO) provides an efficient switching mechanism; detach the previous framebuffer-attachable image from a FBO, and attach a new framebuffer-attachable image to the FBO. Switching framebuffer-attachable images is much faster than switching between FBOs. FBO provides glFramebufferTexture2D() to switch 2D texture objects, and glFramebufferRenderbuffer() to switch renderbuffer objects.
FBO提供了一种高效的切换机制；将前面的帧缓存关联图像从FBO分离，然后把新的帧缓存关联图像关联到FBO。在帧缓存关联图像之间切换比在FBO之间切换要快得多。FBO提供了glFramebufferTexture2DEXT()来切换2D纹理对象和glFramebufferRenderbufferEXT()来切换渲染缓存对象。

Creating Frame Buffer Object (FBO)

Creating framebuffer objects is similar to generating vertex buffer objects (VBO).
创建FBO和产生VBO类似。

void glGenFramebuffers(GLsizei n, GLuint* ids)
void glDeleteFramebuffers(GLsizei n, const GLuint* ids)

glGenFramebuffers() requires 2 parameters; the first one is the number of framebuffers to create, and the second parameter is the pointer to a GLuint variable or an array to store a single ID or multiple IDs. It returns the IDs of unused framebuffer objects. ID 0 means the default framebuffer, which is the window-system-provided framebuffer.
glGenFramebuffersEXT()需要两个参数：第一个是要创建的帧缓存的数目，第二个是指向存储一个或者多个ID的变量或数组的指针。它返回未使用的FBO的ID。ID为0表示默认帧缓存，即window系统提供的帧缓存。

And, FBO may be deleted by calling glDeleteFramebuffers() when it is not used anymore.
当FBO不再被使用时，FBO可以通过调用glDeleteFrameBuffersEXT()来删除。

glBindFramebuffer()

Once a FBO is created, it has to be bound before using it.
一旦一个FBO被创建，在使用它之前必须绑定。

void glBindFramebuffer(GLenum target, GLuint id)

The first parameter, target, should be GL_FRAMEBUFFER, and the second parameter is the ID of a framebuffer object. Onc