【C++练习】07.C++实现简单四则运算计算器的方法

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于 2025-09-05 14:17:40 发布

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C++实现简单四则运算计算器的方法

在C++中实现一个支持加减乘除的四则运算计算器有多种方法，下面介绍几种常见的实现方式：

1. 基础if-else/switch实现

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    char op;
    double num1, num2;

    cout << "请输入运算符 (+, -, *, /): ";
    cin >> op;

    cout << "请输入两个数字: ";
    cin >> num1 >> num2;

    switch(op) {
        case '+':
            cout << num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << num1 + num2;
            break;
        case '-':
            cout << num1 << " - " << num2 << " = " << num1 - num2;
            break;
        case '*':
            cout << num1 << " * " << num2 << " = " << num1 * num2;
            break;
        case '/':
            if(num2 != 0)
                cout << num1 << " / " << num2 << " = " << num1 / num2;
            else
                cout << "错误！除数不能为零";
            break;
        default:
            cout << "错误！无效的运算符";
    }

    return 0;
}

2. 使用函数封装

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

double add(double a, double b) { return a + b; }
double subtract(double a, double b) { return a - b; }
double multiply(double a, double b) { return a * b; }
double divide(double a, double b) { 
    if(b == 0) throw "除数不能为零";
    return a / b; 
}

int main() {
    char op;
    double num1, num2;

    cout << "请输入运算符 (+, -, *, /): ";
    cin >> op;

    cout << "请输入两个数字: ";
    cin >> num1 >> num2;

    try {
        switch(op) {
            case '+': cout << add(num1, num2); break;
            case '-': cout << subtract(num1, num2); break;
            case '*': cout << multiply(num1, num2); break;
            case '/': cout << divide(num1, num2); break;
            default: cout << "无效运算符";
        }
    } catch (const char* msg) {
        cout << "错误: " << msg;
    }

    return 0;
}

3. 使用函数指针或std::function

#include <iostream>
#include <functional>
#include <map>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    map<char, function<double(double, double)>> operations = {
        {'+', [](double a, double b) { return a + b; }},
        {'-', [](double a, double b) { return a - b; }},
        {'*', [](double a, double b) { return a * b; }},
        {'/', [](double a, double b) { 
            if(b == 0) throw "除数不能为零";
            return a / b; 
        }}
    };

    char op;
    double num1, num2;

    cout << "请输入运算符 (+, -, *, /): ";
    cin >> op;

    cout << "请输入两个数字: ";
    cin >> num1 >> num2;

    try {
        if(operations.find(op) != operations.end()) {
            cout << operations[op](num1, num2);
        } else {
            cout << "无效运算符";
        }
    } catch (const char* msg) {
        cout << "错误: " << msg;
    }

    return 0;
}

4. 面向对象实现

#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;

class Calculator {
public:
    double calculate(char op, double a, double b) {
        switch(op) {
            case '+': return a + b;
            case '-': return a - b;
            case '*': return a * b;
            case '/': 
                if(b == 0) throw invalid_argument("除数不能为零");
                return a / b;
            default: throw invalid_argument("无效运算符");
        }
    }
};

int main() {
    Calculator calc;
    char op;
    double num1, num2;

    cout << "请输入运算符 (+, -, *, /): ";
    cin >> op;

    cout << "请输入两个数字: ";
    cin >> num1 >> num2;

    try {
        cout << calc.calculate(op, num1, num2);
    } catch (const invalid_argument& e) {
        cout << "错误: " << e.what();
    }

    return 0;
}

5. 支持表达式解析的实现

如果需要支持更复杂的表达式（如"3+5*2"），可以使用栈或递归下降解析：

#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
#include <cctype>
using namespace std;

int precedence(char op) {
    if(op == '+' || op == '-') return 1;
    if(op == '*' || op == '/') return 2;
    return 0;
}

double applyOp(double a, double b, char op) {
    switch(op) {
        case '+': return a + b;
        case '-': return a - b;
        case '*': return a * b;
        case '/': 
            if(b == 0) throw runtime_error("除数不能为零");
            return a / b;
        default: return 0;
    }
}

double evaluate(string expr) {
    stack<double> values;
    stack<char> ops;
    
    for(int i = 0; i < expr.length(); i++) {
        if(expr[i] == ' ') continue;
        
        if(expr[i] == '(') {
            ops.push(expr[i]);
        }
        else if(isdigit(expr[i]) || expr[i] == '.') {
            string numStr;
            while(i < expr.length() && (isdigit(expr[i]) || expr[i] == '.')) {
                numStr += expr[i++];
            }
            i--;
            values.push(stod(numStr));
        }
        else if(expr[i] == ')') {
            while(!ops.empty() && ops.top() != '(') {
                double val2 = values.top(); values.pop();
                double val1 = values.top(); values.pop();
                char op = ops.top(); ops.pop();
                values.push(applyOp(val1, val2, op));
            }
            if(!ops.empty()) ops.pop();
        }
        else {
            while(!ops.empty() && precedence(ops.top()) >= precedence(expr[i])) {
                double val2 = values.top(); values.pop();
                double val1 = values.top(); values.pop();
                char op = ops.top(); ops.pop();
                values.push(applyOp(val1, val2, op));
            }
            ops.push(expr[i]);
        }
    }
    
    while(!ops.empty()) {
        double val2 = values.top(); values.pop();
        double val1 = values.top(); values.pop();
        char op = ops.top(); ops.pop();
        values.push(applyOp(val1, val2, op));
    }
    
    return values.top();
}

int main() {
    string expr;
    cout << "请输入表达式: ";
    getline(cin, expr);
    
    try {
        double result = evaluate(expr);
        cout << "结果: " << result << endl;
    } catch (const runtime_error& e) {
        cout << "错误: " << e.what() << endl;
    }
    
    return 0;
}