Java并发编程中的类结构与重构技巧
发布时间: 2025-08-17 02:17:22 阅读量: 1 订阅数: 3 

### Java并发编程中的类结构与重构技巧
在Java并发编程中,为了提高代码的可重用性和性能,我们需要掌握一些有效的类结构和重构技巧。下面将详细介绍相关内容。
#### 1. SpinLock类
SpinLock类是一种锁机制,它的`release`方法使用`synchronized`修饰,以确保在释放锁时进行内存同步。以下是SpinLock类的代码示例:
```java
class SpinLock { // Avoid needing to use this
private volatile boolean busy = false;
synchronized void release() { busy = false; }
void acquire() throws InterruptedException {
int spinsBeforeYield = 100; // 100 is arbitrary
int spinsBeforeSleep = 200; // 200 is arbitrary
long sleepTime = 1; // 1msec is arbitrary
int spins = 0;
for (;;) {
if (!busy) { // test-and-test-and-set
synchronized(this) {
if (!busy) {
busy = true;
return;
}
}
}
if (spins < spinsBeforeYield) { // spin phase
++spins;
}
else if (spins < spinsBeforeSleep) { // yield phase
++spins;
Thread.yield();
}
else { // back-off phase
Thread.sleep(sleepTime);
sleepTime = 3 * sleepTime / 2 + 1; // 50% is arbitrary
}
}
}
}
```
在`acquire`方法中,存在三个阶段:
- **自旋阶段(spin phase)**:当`spins`小于`spinsBeforeYield`时,线程会不断自旋。
- **让步阶段(yield phase)**:当`spins`大于等于`spinsBeforeYield`且小于`spinsBeforeSleep`时,线程会调用`Thread.yield()`方法让步。
- **退避阶段(back-off phase)**:当`spins`大于等于`spinsBeforeSleep`时,线程会进入睡眠状态,并且睡眠时间会逐渐增加。
#### 2. 类的结构化与重构
基本的等待和通知技术可以与其他设计策略结合,以提高类的可重用性和性能,同时实现对操作的更细粒度控制。以下将介绍几种常见的模式和技术。
##### 2.1 状态跟踪
编写受保护方法的一种保守策略是每次更改实例变量的值时都调用`notifyAll`。这种策略具有高度的可扩展性,但可能会产生一些无用的通知。通过逻辑状态分析,可以消除一些或所有无用的通知。
###### 2.1.1 通道和有界缓冲区
通道抽象在并发软件设计中起着核心作用。以下是`Channel`接口的定义:
```java
interface Channel {
void put(Object x) throws InterruptedException;
Object take() throws InterruptedException;
}
```
有界缓冲区可以用作通道,它的结构与有界计数器类似。以下是`BoundedBuffer`接口的定义:
```java
interface BoundedBuffer extends Channel {
int capacity(); // INV: 0 < capacity
int size(); // INV: 0 <= size <= capacity
}
```
有界缓冲区的逻辑状态和转换如下表所示:
| 状态 | 条件 | put | take |
| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| full | size == capacity | no | yes |
| partial | 0 < size < capacity | yes | yes |
| empty | size == 0 | yes | no |
通过分析可知,只有从`empty`和`full`状态转换时才可能影响等待的线程。以下是`BoundedBufferWithStateTracking`类的实现:
```java
class BoundedBufferWithStateTracking {
protected final Object[] array; // the elements
protected int putPtr = 0; // circular indices
protected int takePtr = 0;
protected int usedSlots = 0; // the count
public BoundedBufferWithStateTracking(int capacity)
throws IllegalArgumentException {
if (capacity <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
array = new Object[capacity];
}
public synchronized int size() { return usedSlots; }
public int capacity() { return array.length; }
public synchronized void put(Object x)
throws InterruptedException {
while (usedSlots == array.length) // wait until not full
wait();
array[putPtr] = x;
putPtr = (putPtr + 1) % array.length; // cyclically inc
if (usedSlots++ == 0) // signal if was empty
notifyAll();
}
public synchronized Object take()
throws InterruptedException{
while (usedSlots == 0) // wait until not empty
wait();
Object x = array[takePtr];
array[takePtr] = null;
takePtr = (takePtr + 1) % array.length;
if (usedSlots-- == array.length) // signal if was full
notifyAll();
return x;
}
}
```
这个版本的实现可以减少不必要的通知,从而提高效率。
###### 2.1.2 状态变量
使用状态变量可以简化和更好地封装状态跟踪。状态变量通常是枚举类型,在相关字段更新后重新评估。以下是`BoundedCounterWithStateVariable`类的实现:
```java
class BoundedCounterWithStateVariable {
static final int BOTTOM = 0, MIDDLE = 1, TOP = 2;
protected int state = BOTTOM; // the state variable
protected long count = MIN;
protected void updateState() {//PRE: synch lock held
int oldState = state;
if (count == MIN) state = BOTTOM;
```
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