RESTAPI：开启WordPress开发新征程

### REST API：开启WordPress开发新征程 #### 不同编程语言中使用REST 在深入探讨WordPress之前，我们先来了解一下在不同编程语言中REST的使用和实现方法。以下是几种常见编程语言发送GET和POST请求的示例。 | 编程语言 | GET请求示例 | POST请求示例 | | --- | --- | --- | | Ruby | ```ruby<br>require 'net/http'<br>url = 'http://www.example.com/database/1191'<br>resp = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI.parse(url))<br>resp_text = resp.body<br>``` | ```ruby<br>require 'net/http'<br>url = 'http://www.example.com/database/user'<br>params = {<br>firstName =>'Sample',<br>lastName =>'User'<br>}<br>resp = Net::HTTP.post_form(url, params)<br>resp_text = resp.body<br>``` | | Python | ```python<br>import urllib2<br>url = 'http://www.example.com/database/1191'<br>response = urllib2.urlopen(url).read()<br>``` | ```python<br>import urllib<br>import urllib2<br>url = 'http://www.example.com/database/user'<br>params = urllib.urlencode({<br>'firstName': 'Sample',<br>'lastName': 'User'<br>})<br>response = urllib2.urlopen(url, params).read()<br>``` | | Perl | ```perl<br>use LWP::Simple;<br>my $url = 'http://www.example.com/database/1191';<br># sample request<br>my $response = get $url;<br>die 'Error getting $url' unless defined $response;<br>``` | ```perl<br>my $browser = LWP::UserAgent->new;<br>my $url = 'http://www.example.com/database/1191';<br>my $response = $browser->post($url,<br>[<br>'firstName' =>'Sample',<br>'lastName' =>'User'<br>]<br>);<br>die 'Error getting $url' unless $response->is_success;<br>print 'Content type is ', $response->content_type;<br>print 'Content is:';<br>print $response->content;<br>``` | | C# | ```csharp<br>static string HttpGet(string url) {<br>HttpWebRequest req = WebRequest.Create(url)<br>as HttpWebRequest;<br>string result = null;<br>using (HttpWebResponse resp = req.GetResponse()<br>as HttpWebResponse)<br>{<br>StreamReader reader =<br>new StreamReader(resp.GetResponseStream());<br>result = reader.ReadToEnd();<br>}<br>return result;<br>}<br>``` | ```csharp<br>static string HttpPost(string url,<br>string[] prName, string[] prVal)<br>{<br>HttpWebRequest req = WebRequest.Create(new Uri(url))<br>as HttpWebRequest;<br>req.Method = "POST";<br>req.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";<br>// Creating a string, encoded and with all parameters<br>// Assuming that the arrays prName and prVal are of equal length<br>StringBuilder przz = new StringBuilder();<br>for (int i = 0; i < prName.Length; i++) {<br>przz.Append(prName[i]);<br>przz.Append("=");<br>przz.Append(HttpUtility.UrlEncode(prVal[i]));<br>przz.Append("&");<br>}<br>// Encoding the parameters<br>byte[] frDat =<br>UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(przz.ToString());<br>req.ContentLength = frDat.Length;<br>// Sending the request<br>using (Stream post = req.GetRequestStream())<br>{<br>post.Write(frDat, 0, frDat.Length);<br>}<br>// Getting the response<br>string result = null;<br>using (HttpWebResponse resp = req.GetResponse()<br>as HttpWebResponse)<br>{<br>StreamReader reader =<br>new StreamReader(resp.GetResponseStream());<br>result = reader.ReadToEnd();<br>}<br>return result;<br>}<br>``` | | Java | ```java<br>public static String httpGet(String urlStr) throws IOException {<br>URL url = new URL(urlStr);<br>HttpURLConnection conn =<br>(HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();<br>if (conn.getResponseCode() != 200) {<br>throw new IOException(conn.getResponseMessage());<br>}<br>// Buffering the result into a string<br>BufferedReader drdr = new BufferedReader(<br>new InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream()));<br>StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();<br>String line;<br>while ((line = drdr.readLine()) != null) {<br>sb.append(line);<br>}<br>drdr.close();<br>conn.disconnect();<br>return sb.toString();<br>}<br>``` | ```java<br>public static String httpPost(String urlStr, String[] prName,<br>String[] prVal) throws Exception {<br>URL url = new URL(urlStr);<br>HttpURLConnection conn =<br>(HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();<br>conn.setRequestMethod("POST");<br>conn.setDoOutput(true);<br>conn.setDoInput(true);<br>conn.setUseCaches(false);<br>conn.setAllowUserInteraction(false);<br>conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Type",<br>"application/x-www-form-urlencoded");<br>// Creating form content<br>OutputStream out = conn.getOutputStream();<br>Writer writer = new OutputStreamWriter(out, "UTF-8");<br>for (int i = 0; i < prName.length; i++) {<br>writer.write(prName[i]);<br>writer.write("=");<br>writer.write(URLEncoder.encode(prVal[i], "UTF-8"));<br>writer.write("&");<br>}<br>writer.close();<br>out.close();<br>if (conn.getResponseCode() != 200) {<br>throw new IOException(conn.getResponseMessage());<br>}<br>// Buffering the result into a string<br>BufferedReader drdr = new BufferedReader(<br>new InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream()));<br>StringBuilder bsbs = new StringBuilder();<br>String line;<br>while ((line = drdr.readLine()) != null) {<br>bsbs.append(line);<br>}<br>drdr.close();<br>conn.disconnect();<br>return bsbs.toString();<br>}<br>``` | | PHP | ```php<br>$url = "http://www.example.com/database/1191";<br>$response = file_get_contents($url);<br>echo $response;<br>``` | ```php<br>function httpRequest($host, $port, $method, $path, $prms){<br>// prms is to map from name to value<br>$prmstr = "";<br>foreach ($prms as $name, $val){<br>$prmstr .= $name . "=";<br>$prmstr .= urlencode($val);<br>$prmstr .= "&";<br>}<br>// Assign defaults to $method and $port<br>if (empty($method)) {<br>$method = 'GET';<br>}<br>$method = strtoupper($method);<br>if (empty($port)) {<br>$port = 80; // Default HTTP port<br>}<br>// Create the connection<br>$sock = fsockopen($host, $port);<br>if ($method == "GET") {<br>$path .= "?" . $prmstr;<br>}<br>fputs($sock, "$method $path HTTP/1.1\r\n");<br>fputs($sock, "Host: $host\r\n");<br>fputs($sock, "Content-type: " .<br>"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n");<br>if ($method == "POST") {<br>fputs($sock, "Content-length: " .<br>strlen($prmstr) . "\r\n");<br>}<br>fputs($sock, "Connection: close\r\n\r\n");<br>if ($method == "POST") {<br>fputs($sock, $prmstr);<br>}<br>// Buffer the result<br>$result = "";<br>while (!feof($sock)) {<br>$result .= fgets($sock,1024);<br>}<br>fclose($sock);<br>return $result;<br>}<br>$resp = httpRequest("www.example.com",<br>80, "POST", "/Database",<br>array("firstName" =>"Sample", "lastName" =>"User"));<br>``` | | JavaScript | ```javascript<br>function createRequest() {<br>var result = null;<br>if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {<br>result = new XMLHttpRequest();<br>if (typeof xmlhttp.overrideMimeType != 'undefined') {<br>result.overrideMimeType('text/xml'); // Or anything else<br>}<br>}<br>else if (window.ActiveXObject) {<br>result = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");<br>}<br>return result;<br>}<br>req.open("GET", url, true);<br>req.send();<br>``` | ```javascript<br>req.open("POST", url, true);<br>req.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");<br>req.send(form-encoded request body);<br>``` | #### WordPress中REST API的优势 WordPress REST API具有诸多优势，能够为开发者带来全新的开发体验。 1. **通用性**：WordPress原有的API主要用于内部插件交互，而REST API则能让WordPress与外部服务轻松交互。借助HTTP协议，任何使用REST API的服务或网站都能与WordPress网站及其文章、页面、自定义文章类型、分类法和用户等进行交互。通过POST、GET、UPDATE和DELETE请求，可分别实现内容的创建、读取、更新和删除。 2. **远程管理**：WordPress REST API具备安全措施，如基于cookie的认证和OAuth认证。基于cookie的认证适用于插件和主题，而OAuth认证可用于桌面、移动和Web客户端的认证。这使得可以对WordPress进行远程管理，无需访问WordPress管理面板。对于移动开发者而言，由于Android和iOS原生支持JSON，可利用REST API构建与WordPress平台交互的移动应用。 3. **第三方支持**：REST API使WordPress能够与非WordPress构建的服务和网站交互。开发者可以从其他平台获取内容并与之交互，例如允许Ruby on Rails应用与WordPress网站交互。这对于使用第三方工具且需定期与WordPress交互的开发者非常有用，同时前端开发者可以专注于网站前端开发，无需担心后端问题。WordPress开发者还可以将插件和主题应用到非WordPress平台和其他CMS上。 #### 在WordPress中使用REST API的起步 要在WordPress中使用REST API，首先需要设置WordPress网站。强烈建议使用测试环境进行实验，避免在生产环境中操作。设置方式有多种： - 一些开发者喜欢在本地设备上运行WordPress的本地版本。 - 部分开发者会在测试服务器上搭建实时的WordPress网站并进行访问。 - 也可以通过Vagrant来完成设置。 通过以上步骤，你就可以开始在WordPress中探索REST API的强大功能，构建出更出色的应用和服务。后续还将学习如何使用REST API进行基本的GET和POST请求，如何处理WordPress中的文章、文章元数据，以及如何将文章从一个远程站点复制到另一个远程站点等内容。 ### REST API：开启WordPress开发新征程 #### 在WordPress中使用REST API进行基本请求 在设置好WordPress测试环境后，就可以开始使用REST API进行基本的GET和POST请求了。 ##### GET请求 在PHP中，使用REST进行GET请求非常简单，基本的文件访问函数就能与HTTP请求和URL无缝协作。例如： ```php $url = "http://www.example.com/database/1191"; $response = file_get_contents($url); echo $response; ``` 如果在GET请求中传递参数，最好对其进行编码。 ##### POST请求 POST请求相对复杂一些，需要打开与目标服务器的连接并发送HTTP头信息。以下是一个示例函数： ```php function httpRequest($host, $port, $method, $path, $prms){ // prms is to map from name to value $prmstr = ""; foreach ($prms as $name, $val){ $prmstr .= $name . "="; $prmstr .= urlencode($val); $prmstr .= "&"; } // Assign defaults to $method and $port if (empty($method)) { $method = 'GET'; } $method = strtoupper($method); if (empty($port)) { $port = 80; // Default HTTP port } // Create the connection $sock = fsockopen($host, $port); if ($method == "GET") { $path .= "?" . $prmstr; } fputs($sock, "$method $path HTTP/1.1\r\n"); fputs($sock, "Host: $host\r\n"); fputs($sock, "Content-type: " . "application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n"); if ($method == "POST") { fputs($sock, "Content-length: " . strlen($prmstr) . "\r\n"); } fputs($sock, "Connection: close\r\n\r\n"); if ($method == "POST") { fputs($sock, $prmstr); } // Buffer the result $result = ""; while (!feof($sock)) { $result .= fgets($sock,1024); } fclose($sock); return $result; } $resp = httpRequest("www.example.com", 80, "POST", "/Database", array("firstName" =>"Sample", "lastName" =>"User")); ``` #### 处理WordPress中的文章 在WordPress中，使用REST API可以方便地处理文章，包括文章的创建、读取、更新和删除。 ##### 读取文章 可以通过发送GET请求来读取文章。例如，要获取文章ID为1191的文章内容，可以使用以下代码： ```php $url = "http://your-wordpress-site.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/1191"; $response = file_get_contents($url); echo $response; ``` ##### 创建文章 创建文章需要发送POST请求，并提供文章的相关信息。以下是一个示例： ```php $url = "http://your-wordpress-site.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts"; $params = array( 'title' => 'New Post', 'content' => 'This is the content of the new post.', 'status' => 'publish' ); $post_data = http_build_query($params); $options = array( 'http' => array( 'method' => 'POST', 'header' => "Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n" . "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN\r\n", 'content' => $post_data ) ); $context = stream_context_create($options); $response = file_get_contents($url, false, $context); echo $response; ``` 注意，这里需要提供有效的访问令牌（YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN）来进行身份验证。 ##### 更新文章 更新文章同样需要发送POST请求，并且要指定文章的ID。示例代码如下： ```php $post_id = 1191; $url = "http://your-wordpress-site.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/$post_id"; $params = array( 'title' => 'Updated Post Title', 'content' => 'This is the updated content of the post.' ); $post_data = http_build_query($params); $options = array( 'http' => array( 'method' => 'POST', 'header' => "Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n" . "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN\r\n", 'content' => $post_data ) ); $context = stream_context_create($options); $response = file_get_contents($url, false, $context); echo $response; ``` ##### 删除文章 删除文章可以发送DELETE请求。示例代码如下： ```php $post_id = 1191; $url = "http://your-wordpress-site.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/$post_id"; $options = array( 'http' => array( 'method' => 'DELETE', 'header' => "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN\r\n" ) ); $context = stream_context_create($options); $response = file_get_contents($url, false, $context); echo $response; ``` #### 处理文章元数据 文章元数据（meta fields）可以用来存储文章的额外信息。可以通过REST API来处理文章元数据。 ##### 获取文章元数据 ```php $post_id = 1191; $url = "http://your-wordpress-site.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/$post_id/meta"; $response = file_get_contents($url); echo $response; ``` ##### 设置文章元数据 ```php $post_id = 1191; $url = "http://your-wordpress-site.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/$post_id/meta"; $params = array( 'meta_key' => 'custom_meta_key', 'meta_value' => 'custom_meta_value' ); $post_data = http_build_query($params); $options = array( 'http' => array( 'method' => 'POST', 'header' => "Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n" . "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN\r\n", 'content' => $post_data ) ); $context = stream_context_create($options); $response = file_get_contents($url, false, $context); echo $response; ``` #### 复制文章到另一个远程站点 要将文章从一个远程站点复制到另一个远程站点，可以按照以下步骤进行： 1. 从源站点获取文章内容和元数据。 2. 将获取的数据发送到目标站点进行创建。 以下是一个简单的示例代码： ```php // 从源站点获取文章 $source_url = "http://source-wordpress-site.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/1191"; $source_response = file_get_contents($source_url); $source_post = json_decode($source_response, true); // 准备要发送到目标站点的数据 $target_url = "http://target-wordpress-site.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts"; $params = array( 'title' => $source_post['title']['rendered'], 'content' => $source_post['content']['rendered'], 'status' => 'publish' ); $post_data = http_build_query($params); $options = array( 'http' => array( 'method' => 'POST', 'header' => "Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n" . "Authorization: Bearer TARGET_ACCESS_TOKEN\r\n", 'content' => $post_data ) ); $context = stream_context_create($options); $target_response = file_get_contents($target_url, false, $context); echo $target_response; ``` 通过以上步骤，你可以在WordPress中充分利用REST API的功能，实现各种复杂的操作，提升开发效率和应用的功能。无论是处理文章、文章元数据，还是进行远程管理和第三方集成，REST API都能为你带来极大的便利。