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QEMU虚拟机BIOS源码解析与vgabios文件

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### 知识点详细解析 #### QEMU虚拟机简介 QEMU是一款开源的虚拟化软件,能够模拟完整的计算机系统,允许用户在不同的硬件平台之间运行各种操作系统。QEMU支持x86、ARM、MIPS等架构的模拟,并且它不仅限于虚拟机技术,它还能够提供动态二进制翻译来加速未优化的代码运行,使其效率更高。QEMU广泛应用于嵌入式开发、操作系统教学与学习、系统安全研究等领域。 #### BIOS的作用与结构 BIOS(Basic Input/Output System)是计算机系统中一个非常重要的组成部分,它在系统启动时加载,并负责初始化硬件设备以及载入操作系统。BIOS还提供了与硬件设备直接交互的接口,是操作系统与硬件通信的基础。 BIOS源代码构成了系统软件的重要组成部分,它通常包含以下几部分: 1. 启动代码(Bootblock):在计算机启动时首先执行的代码,主要负责检查系统的硬件环境,准备接下来加载的代码。 2. 主引导代码(Bootstrap):用于加载和运行操作系统的代码。 3. 硬件初始化代码:初始化CPU、内存、I/O端口等硬件资源。 4. 系统配置数据:存储硬件配置信息,比如CMOS设置。 5. 扩展功能代码:一些特殊功能的实现,比如USB支持、网络启动等。 #### QEMU虚拟机BIOS源码特点 在QEMU中,虚拟BIOS(也称为vgabios)主要用于模拟真实计算机的启动过程,为虚拟机提供启动时必需的服务。QEMU虚拟BIOS的源码通常包含了对多种硬件虚拟化的支持,其中包括: - 对x86架构的CPU、内存以及各种I/O设备的模拟。 - 对显卡、网卡、硬盘控制器等外设的虚拟支持。 - 对BIOS固件中各种功能的实现,比如系统自检POST、中断处理等。 由于QEMU是一个通用的模拟器,它可以模拟不同年代、不同厂商的硬件设备,因此QEMU的BIOS源码会包含对这些不同硬件的兼容性代码。 #### vgabios-0.7a文件内容分析 vgabios-0.7a文件包含了QEMU模拟器中关于VGA设备的BIOS源码。VGA(Video Graphics Array)是IBM在1987年引入的一种显示标准。在QEMU虚拟机中模拟VGA设备,需要有相应的BIOS代码来处理图形显示相关的初始化和中断请求。 vgabios-0.7a文件中可能包含以下内容: 1. VGA兼容模式下的图形显示初始化代码。 2. 对VGA图形模式和字符模式的设置支持。 3. BIOS中断向量表中与VGA相关的中断服务例程。 4. VGA设备的标准启动和错误处理代码。 5. 对模拟的VGA设备进行功能扩展的支持,比如支持更多的显示模式。 #### 源码编译与使用 要使用QEMU虚拟机BIOS源码,用户一般需要进行以下步骤: 1. 获取源码:首先需要从QEMU项目的官方仓库或其它授权的源获取到vgabios-0.7a或更新版本的源码。 2. 源码编译:用户需要使用适当的编译器和构建系统编译源码。QEMU的构建依赖于autoconf、automake等工具,并支持多种编译配置选项。 3. 集成到QEMU:编译生成的vgabios二进制文件需要被集成到QEMU的构建系统中,这样在启动虚拟机时,QEMU才能加载并使用这个BIOS。 4. 使用BIOS:一旦vgabios被正确集成,用户就可以在启动虚拟机时指定使用这个BIOS镜像,让虚拟机模拟真实的硬件启动过程。 #### 结语 QEMU虚拟机BIOS源码的学习和应用,对于理解计算机系统启动过程、操作系统与硬件之间的交互以及进行底层系统开发具有重大意义。通过对BIOS源码的研究,开发者能更深入地掌握计算机系统架构,并在虚拟化技术开发中发挥重要的作用。对于学习和实验目的,这为开发者提供了一个强大而灵活的工具,可以模拟各种硬件环境,进行广泛的测试与开发。

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代码部分来自Google的重建IBMPC BIOS项目(https://sites.google.com/site/pcdosretro/ibmpcbios),其中的BIOS镜像(*.rom)可用于各种IBM PC模拟器,可按情况使用。源代码可以用masm编译,站内英文说明文件如下: IBM PC BIOS source code reconstruction This is a reconstruction of the IBM PC, PC XT, PC AT and PC XT 286 BIOS source code using scanning and transcription of the BIOS listings found in the IBM Technical Reference manuals. This historically relevant source code is presented here for software preservation. The following BIOS source code has been reconstructed: IBM PC version 1 04/21/81 IBM PC version 2 10/19/81 IBM PC version 3 10/27/82 IBM PC XT version 1 11/08/82 (also used on the Portable PC) IBM PC XT version 2 01/10/86 IBM PC XT version 3 05/09/86 IBM PC AT version 1 01/10/84 IBM PC AT version 2 06/10/85 IBM PC AT version 3 11/15/85 (used on the PC AT models 319 and 339) IBM PC XT 286 04/21/86 Notes: • All 3 versions of the IBM PC BIOS and the first version of the IBM PC XT BIOS were built using Intel ASM86 on an Intel development system. In each case the BIOS source code is a single large file and the BIOS code is 8KB which resides at F000:E000 • The IBM PC AT version 1 BIOS was built using IBM MASM 1.0 on DOS. This is the first IBM BIOS which uses multiple source files. Since IBM MASM 1.0 did not support the 80286 there is a macro file (IAPX286.MAC) which is used to generate the necessary opcodes. This is also the first BIOS to be split into two parts: the main BIOS code resides at F000:0000 and the compatibility section (ORGS.ASM) resides at F000:E000. An additional file FILL.ASM has been added to define the area between the end of the main BIOS code and the compatibility section to allow the BIOS to be linked properly. It is currently unknown how this was originally handled. • The IBM PC AT version 2 and 3 BIOS and the IBM PC XT 286 BIOS were built using IBM MASM 2.0 on DOS. These are similar to the PC AT version 1 BIOS but there are fewer source files as some files were combined and a bit of cleanup was done. IAPX286.INC is used to generate the protected-mode 80286 opcodes which IBM MASM 2.0 did not support. FILL.ASM serves the same purpose as it does for the PC AT version 1 BIOS though in each case the file is specific to the particular BIOS being built. • The IBM PC XT version 2 and 3 BIOS were built using IBM MASM 2.0 on DOS. The later PC XT BIOS code was restructured to be similar to the PC AT BIOS code so there are multiple source files. Like the PC AT BIOS the code is split into two parts though the compatibility section is in the file POST.ASM. Again the additional file FILL.ASM is used to define the area between the end of the main BIOS code and the compatibility section. • The following code is present in all versions of the PC AT BIOS and the PC XT 286 BIOS but does not appear in the published listings. It is inferred from the public symbols in ORGS.ASM and code disassembly. It is unknown what purpose this code serves. .XLIST ;;- ORG 0FF5AH ORG 01F5AH HRD PROC FAR CALL DISK_SETUP RET HRD ENDP FLOPPY PROC FAR CALL DSKETTE_SETUP RET FLOPPY ENDP SEEKS_1 PROC FAR CALL SEEK RET SEEKS_1 ENDP TUTOR: JMP K16 .LIST • In all cases the 32KB ROM BASIC code which resides at F6000 is not available as its source code was never published. • Versions of MASM later than 4.0 cannot be used to build the IBM BIOS source code since older constructs and macros are used. More information about functionality changes in the IBM PC BIOS code is listed here: IBM PC BIOS version history