E-Prime脑电刺激软件入门指南

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学习手册

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"Eprime脑电刺激软件学习手册" E-Prime是一款由Psychology Software Tools, Inc.开发的专业心理实验设计与执行软件，尤其在脑电（EEG）研究领域广泛应用。该软件允许研究人员创建复杂的实验流程，同时记录并分析受试者的生理反应，如脑电波数据。本学习手册针对想要开发脑机接口程序的研究人员，提供了全面的指导。用户指南由Walter Schneider、Amy Eschman和Anthony Zuccolotto共同编写，他们来自Psychology Software Tools, Inc.，其中Walter Schneider还隶属于匹兹堡大学的学习研究与发展中心。该手册在不断更新和完善中，确保提供最新版本的使用指导。 E-Prime的主要功能包括： 1. 实验设计：E-Prime提供了一套直观的图形用户界面，使用户能够轻松构建各种心理学实验，包括视觉、听觉和认知任务。它支持自定义刺激呈现、响应收集和时间精确的事件标记。 2. 脑电数据同步：E-Prime能够与各种脑电设备集成，实时记录脑电信号，并与实验事件同步，这对于解析认知过程中的大脑活动至关重要。 3. 数据分析：E-Prime不仅用于实验的运行，还提供了基本的数据分析工具，可以快速计算反应时间、正确率等统计指标。对于更复杂的数据分析，E-Prime可以导出数据到其他统计软件（如SPSS或R）进行进一步处理。 4. 实验控制：E-Prime能够精确控制实验流程，包括随机化刺激呈现、条件分支、实验嵌套等，以确保实验的控制性和可重复性。 5. 文档和兼容性：E-Prime的实验脚本基于简单的编程语言，易于理解和修改。同时，它支持多种操作系统，如Windows，确保了广泛的应用场景。学习E-Prime需要理解其基本概念和语法，包括实验对象（如刺激、响应和定时器）、实验容器（如循环和序列）以及数据处理步骤。手册中可能涵盖了如何设置实验参数、连接外部设备、调试实验脚本等内容，以帮助用户从新手快速成长为熟练使用者。此外，手册还强调了版权信息，指出软件仅限购买者个人使用，未经授权的复制和分发可能会引起法律问题。这反映了软件开发者对知识产权的重视，同时也保障了合法用户的权益。 E-Prime脑电刺激软件学习手册是研究人员和学生深入理解和应用E-Prime进行脑电实验的宝贵资源，有助于推动脑机接口技术的开发和科学研究的进步。

E-Prime User’s Guide

Chapter 1: Introduction

Page 4

1.4.1 Single User / Multi-Pack License

A single user license allows the user to develop experiments on one computer at a time. The

hardware key must be connected during installation of E-Prime, and while developing

experiments within E-Studio. E-Studio will not load if the hardware key is not connected.

However, the run-time application (E-Run) is not copy protected. E-Run may be installed on any

number of machines within a single lab, and used for data collection on multiple machines

simultaneously.

With the single user license, users may install E-Prime on multiple machines, and simply move

the hardware key to the machine to be used for experiment development. If more than one

development station is necessary, additional licenses must be purchased. When multiple single

user licenses are purchased (Multi-Pack License), each license is shipped with its own hardware

key.

1.4.2 Site License

A site license permits an unlimited number of E-Prime installs within the licensed department.

The site license requires the hardware key to be connected only during installation. The site

license does not require the hardware key for the use of E-Studio.

1.5 What to Know Before Reading This

Manual

Before reading this manual, a user should have a basic knowledge about operating personal

computers and experimental research design and analysis. A working knowledge of Windows is

essential, and at least one undergraduate course in experimental research methods is

recommended. The understanding of terms such as “independent variables” and “random

sampling” will be assumed. If this background is missing, it is recommended that the user first go

through a basic text describing how to use the Windows operating system and an undergraduate

text on experimental research methods. Furthermore, this text assumes the experience of

working through the Getting Started Guide accompanying the E-Prime CD.

1.6 Useful Information

1.6.1 How to abort an experiment early

Press Ctrl+Alt+Shift to terminate the E-Run application. A dialog box will appear confirming the

decision to abort the experiment. Click OK. The E-Run application will terminate. Within the E-

Studio application, an error dialog will appear displaying the “Experiment terminated by user”

message.

1.6.2 What to do if the hardware key fails

Users should not experience any problems installing or using E-Prime if the hardware key is

correctly in place, and the serial number was correctly entered. However, if the hardware key

should fail, contact PST immediately (see Technical Support below).

1.6.3 Locating the serial number

The serial number is located on the CD sleeve containing the E-Prime CD, inside the cover of the

Getting Started Guide. Place the serial number in an appropriate place so that it is readily

E-Prime User’s Guide

Chapter 1: Introduction

Page 5

accessible. Once E-Prime has been installed, the serial number can also be found in the About

E-Studio dialog box located on the Help menu. Users MUST provide the serial number for

technical support.

1.6.4 Sharing pre-developed programs

E-Prime license owners are free to distribute any files they create through use of the system.

Files created by users include Experiment Specification files (ES) , E-Basic Script files (EBS) ,

data files (EDAT, EMRG) , and analysis files (ANL) . However, the license agreement prohibits

distribution of any part of the E-Prime system, including the run-time application. Therefore, in

order to view or run any shared files, the recipient must have access to an E-Prime installation.

The E-Prime Evaluation Version may be used to view experiments and run them under restricted

conditions. To access an ES file, the recipient must have the full E-Prime installation, or a

custom installation including E-Studio. To run an EBS file, the recipient must have the Subject

Station installation, a custom installation including E-Run, or the Run-Time Only installation. To

open or merge data files, the user must have an installation including the data handling

applications (i.e., E-DataAid and E-Merge). For further information about sharing pre-developed

files, refer to the Reference Guide (Chapter 3, section 3.3.5).

1.6.5 Citing E-Prime

Technical details should be reported in the Methods sections of articles presenting experiments

conducted using E-Prime. The reader should consult the American Psychological Association's

Publication Manual (1994) for a general discussion of how to write a methods section. The E-

Prime User's Guide and Reference Guide may be referenced as follows:

Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2001). E-Prime User's Guide. Pittsburgh:

Psychology Software Tools, Inc.

Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2001). E-Prime Reference Guide. Pittsburgh:

Psychology Software Tools, Inc.

1.7 E-Prime for MEL Professional Users

MEL Professional users often ask how E-Prime differs from MEL Professional. Having invested a

large amount of effort to learn MEL Professional and the MEL language, users would like to be

assured that their investment will not be wasted. The following section will outline the differences

and similarities between MEL Professional and E-Prime. While MEL Professional users will find

that there are a number of similarities between the two systems, there are sufficient differences to

warrant a few recommendations. It is strongly recommended that even the most experienced

MEL Professional user work through the Getting Started Guide as an introduction to E-Prime.

Also, when recreating experiments originally written using MEL Professional in E-Prime, it is

recommended that the user not attempt to use any code from MEL Professional programs. MEL

language commands do not automatically convert to E-Basic script, and it is best that the user

attempt to remap the structure of the experiment in E-Prime from scratch. The amount of time

that was necessary to generate an experiment using MEL Professional has been greatly reduced

with E-Prime (e.g., hours instead of days).

At the most basic level, MEL Professional and E-Prime differ in the operating systems for which

they were designed. MEL Professional, released in 1990, was designed for achieving accurate

timing within the MS-DOS operating system. E-Prime was developed for use with Windows,

specifically responding to advancing technology, and the need for a more advanced tool

compatible with modern operating systems. MEL Professional users viewing E-Prime will notice

E-Prime User’s Guide

Chapter 1: Introduction

Page 6

a great difference in the appearance of the interfaces. By adhering to Windows standards, E-

Prime has a more familiar look and feel, and will ease the transition from one tool to the other. As

an analogy, MEL Professional can be contrasted with E-Prime in the same way that MS-DOS can

be contrasted with Windows. Windows accomplishes the same basic functions as those

available in MS-DOS, but does so using a graphical interface, with a great deal more ease and

flexibility. Though some of the concepts are the same when moving from MS-DOS to Windows,

one must think differently when working within the Windows interface. Likewise, when comparing

MEL Professional and E-Prime, the packages are similar in that they both allow the creation of

computerized experiments with high precision. However, E-Prime introduces a graphical

interface, and the user must learn to compose experiments using graphical elements, by dragging

and dropping objects to procedural timelines, and specifying properties specific to those objects.

E-Prime offers a more three-dimensional interface than that of MEL Professional. To view

settings within a MEL Professional experiment, the user was required to move through various

pages (i.e., FORMs), and examine the settings in the fields on each of those pages. The FORMs

were displayed in numerical order, but the numbering (supplied by the user) did not necessarily

offer any indication as to the relationships between FORMs or the order in which they were

executed (e.g., TRIAL Form #2 was not necessarily executed second). None of the settings were

applied to the FORMs themselves, and the program would have to be executed in order to see

effects such as a change in font color. Thus, it was difficult for the user to easily identify the

relationships between different events within the experiment (i.e., how FORMs related to each

other), and how specific settings would affect the display.

E-Prime offers a more WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) type of interface, displaying

the hierarchical structure of the experiment and relationships between objects in one location.

There are various methods by which the user may view settings for an object defining a specific

event, and by opening an object in the workspace, the user can see an approximate

representation of what will be displayed during program execution.

The most notable difference between MEL Professional and E-Prime is a conceptual one. E-

Basic, the language underlying E-Prime, is an object-based language that encapsulates both data

and the methods used to manipulate that data into units called objects. MEL Professional used a

proprietary language, the MEL language, which was developed specifically for research purposes

and had no real relationship to existing procedural languages. E-Basic is a more standardized

language, with greater transferability of knowledge when scripting, and greater flexibility to allow

user-written subroutines. E-Basic is almost identical to Visual Basic for Applications, with

additional commands used to address the needs of empirical research. E-Basic is extensible to

allow an experienced programmer to write Windows DLLs to expand E-Prime’s functionality with

C/C++ code. In most cases, however, the need to insert user-written script and the amount of

script required is significantly decreased.

While the direct similarities between MEL Professional and E-Prime are few, users familiar with

MEL Professional and the design of computerized experiments will find that they are able to

transfer a great deal of knowledge when developing experiments using E-Prime. For example,

experience with the structure of experiments and the concept of levels (e.g., Session level, Block

level, etc.), as well as with the organization of data used within the experiment in INSERT

Categories is still very much a part of experiment creation using E-Prime. This experience is not

wasted when moving from MEL Professional to E-Prime, rather it permits the user to more quickly

develop an understanding of E-Prime. The concepts of experiment structure and data

organization remain the same, but the implementation of these concepts within E-Prime has been

greatly improved. In addition to the graphical representation of the hierarchical structure of

events within the experiment, the access of the data used in the experiment has been made

much easier. In E-Prime, data is referenced using the names of attributes in a List object rather

than by referring to an INSERT Category slot number (e.g., E-Prime allows the user to refer to the

E-Prime User’s Guide

Chapter 1: Introduction

Page 7

“Stimulus” attribute rather than {T1}). Other tasks involving the INSERT Category that are very

cumbersome in MEL Professional are made much easier by the List object in E-Prime, such as

sampling from more than one list on a single trial, sampling multiple times from the same list on a

single trial, and setting different randomization schemes for different sets of data.

To indicate the order of events and maintain timing precision, MEL Professional used the concept

of Event Lists and Event Tables. While quite powerful, Event Tables were difficult to understand,

and required variable locking, which restricted access to variable values until the Event Table

finished executing. E-Prime improves upon the Event List concept with the Procedure object,

which allows users to organize events in a more informative graphical interface, and PreRelease,

which allows the user more control over the setup time required by program statements.

Another similarity between MEL Professional and E-Prime is the range of applications offered to

the user. MEL Professional was a complete tool, offering development, data collection, merging

and analysis applications. Once again, E-Prime offers a variety of applications to provide

comparable functionality, and greatly improves upon the ease of use of these applications. For

example, MEL Professional offered the MERGE program to merge separate data files into a

master file for analysis. E-Prime offers the same functionality with the E-Merge application, but

improves the process by allowing the user to simply select the files to merge and click a single

button to complete the process. As with the development application, all applications within E-

Prime offer a Windows interface, making each more familiar, and easier to use and learn. The

run-time application, E-Run, provides the same time-auditing features that were available to the

MEL Professional user in order to verify the timing of events in the program. With E-Prime,

however, time-auditing occurs more easily, requiring the user only to turn on data logging for a

specific object. E-Prime simplifies data merging and analysis tasks as well, and removes some of

the restrictions enforced by MEL Professional (e.g, MEL Pro collected only integer data). With E-

Prime, all values are logged in the data file as strings, but the Analyze command is able to

interpret the appropriate variable type (e.g., integer, string, etc.) during analysis. In addition, E-

Prime affords compatibility between data files including different ranges for a single variable, or

variables added during different executions of the same program. Even data files collected by

completely different experiments may be merged.

The differences between MEL Professional and E-Prime are too numerous to itemize in this

section. However, based on years of product support for MEL Professional, certain differences

warrant special mention. A major emphasis during the development of E-Prime was concern for

the preservation of data, and data integrity. MEL Professional allowed data for multiple subjects

to be collected into a single data file, which could result in tremendous loss of data if the data file

became corrupted. To safeguard against data loss, E-Prime collects only single subject data

files, and offers the E-Recovery utility in the event that the data file is lost or corrupted. In

addition, the handling of data has been made much easier and more flexible. To accompany this

flexibility, each data file maintains a history of modifications, and security options may be set to

restrict access to certain variables, or to restrict operations on data files. Finally, MEL

Professional users often reported forgetting to log an important measure, and recreating the

randomization sequence to log that measure could be a difficult and lengthy process. To avoid

errors such as this, E-Prime uses the concept of “context”. All data organized in the List object

within E-Prime is automatically entered into the context, and all context variables are logged in

the data file unless logging is specifically disabled.

MEL Professional users will also be thrilled that they are no longer restricted by specific brands of

audio and video cards. While presentation of sounds and images using MEL Professional

depended upon a great deal of information (video card manufacturer, image resolution, color

depth, etc.), the presentation of sounds and images using E-Prime does not require the user to

know anything other than the name and location of the image (*.BMP) files to be presented, or

E-Prime User’s Guide

Chapter 1: Introduction

Page 8

the format of the WAV files (e.g., 11,025Hz, 8 Bit, Mono). Most video and audio cards offering

DirectX support are compatible with E-Prime. Other restrictions imposed by MEL Professional

are alleviated by E-Prime. Reaction times are no longer restricted to a maximum integer value of

32767ms, and experiments are no longer restricted to a maximum of three levels (i.e., Session,

Block, Trial). E-Prime allows for up to 10 levels in the experiment structure (e.g., Session, Block,

Trial, Sub-Trial, etc.), and users have the ability to rename experiment levels (e.g., Passage,

Paragraph, Sentence, etc.).

The goal of E-Prime is to simplify the process of computerized experiment generation, while

providing the power to perform tasks required by the research community. With a Windows-

based environment and an object-based language, E-Prime facilitates experiment generation for

programmers and non-programmers alike, while offering the most powerful and flexible tool

available.

1.8 E-Prime for PsyScope Users

- Contributed by Brian MacWhinney, Carnegie Mellon University

PsyScope users often ask how E-Prime differs from PsyScope. Having invested a large amount

of effort to learn Psyscope, users would like to minimize the effort needed to learn to use E-

Prime. The following section will outline the differences and similarities between PsyScope and

E-Prime. PsyScope users will find that there are a number of similarities between the two

systems.

In building E-Prime, we relied in many ways on the design of PsyScope. As a result, much of E-

Prime has a touch and feel that is reminiscent of PsyScope. For example, the E-Prime Procedure

object uses the timeline metaphor of the PsyScope Event Template window. Similarly, the E-

Prime List object looks much like a PsyScope List window. In designing E-Prime, we also tried to

preserve the ways in which PsyScope made the design of the experiment graphically clear. The

E-Prime Structure view expresses much of what the PsyScope interface expressed through

linked objects in the Design window. We also preserved much of PsyScope’s user interface in

terms of the general concepts of ports, events, and factors. For example, a PsyScope event and

an E-prime object are conceptually identical, since an event is an object in a graphic timeline for

the trial.

However, when one gets under the hood, the two products are entirely different. The most

obvious difference is that the current release of E-Prime runs only on Windows. For the

PsyScope user familiar with the Macintosh user interface, the idiosyncrasies of Windows can be

frustrating. It simply takes time to get used to new methods of handling the mouse, expanding

and contracting windows, and dragging objects.

The other major difference is that E-prime uses E-Basic as its underlying scripting language,

thereby fully replacing PsyScript. PsyScript was a powerful language, but users with little

programming background found it difficult to master some of its conventions. The documentation

for PsyScript was often incomplete or difficult to follow. E-Basic, like Visual Basic for Applications,

is extremely well documented and conceptually easier than PsyScript. More importantly, there

was a great potential in PsyScope to break the link between the graphical user interface (GUI)

and the script. In some cases, a script could not be edited again from the GUI after these links

were broken. E-Prime, on the other hand, allows the user to write small blocks of E-Basic script

for specific objects or actions. This means that the user can use the scripting language to make

targeted minor modifications without affecting the overall graphic interface.

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