Pancytopenia, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
By Kenneth Kee
()
About this ebook
Pancytopenia is a deficiency of all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
1. Anemia: hemoglobin < 13.5 g/dL (male) or 12 g/dL (female).
2. Leukopenia: total white cell count < 4.0 x 109/L. Decrease in all types of white blood cells (revealed by doing a differential count).
3. Thrombocytopenia: platelet count < 150×109/L.
The disease is marked by a poor appropriate and effective T cell activation that results in a raised hemophagocytic activity.
The T cell activated macrophages enclose erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their progenitor cells.
Such finding is frequent in the syndrome, which is also referred to as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).
Together with pancytopenia, HLH is characterized by fever, splenomegaly, and hemophagocytosis in bone marrow, liver, or lymph nodes.
It happens when the body cannot produce enough blood cells because the bone marrow stem cells that develop blood cells do not function normally.
Pancytopenia has general effects on the entire body by leading to oxygen shortage as well as disorders with immune function.
Aplastic anemia is a medical disease that indicates a reduction in production of all types of blood cells (pancytopenia) but the cells seen are normal in blood film and bone marrow.
Blood cancers like leukemia may show reduction in production of all types of blood cells (pancytopenia) but the cells seen are blast cells in the blood film or bone marrow.
The difference between pancytopenia and aplastic anemia is that pancytopenia is a blood finding while aplastic anemia is a disease showing pancytopenia but the cells seen are normal in blood film and bone marrow.
Pancytopenia happens in two forms:
1. Idiopathic, in which the cause is not identified
About 50% of all pancytopenia cases are idiopathic.
2. Secondary, often is caused by environmental factors such as medicines, toxins and cancer treatment.
Cancers by itself can cause pancytopenia but there are also blast cells in the blood and bone marrow
Pancytopenia may form slowly over time or suddenly, and it can continue in a range of ways.
Symptoms of pancytopenia can be bleeding, easy bruising, fatigue, shortness of breath, and weakness.
The reduction in white blood cells, which are affected in the body’s defense, or immune, system, also results in a higher risk of infection.
The disorder is normally diagnosed by a blood test to check any decrease in blood cell count.
A biopsy of the bone marrow is also done to make sure that the symptoms are not occurring from any other disorder like leukemia, anemia or thrombocytopenia
Treatment:
1. In very mild cases of pancytopenia, treatment may not be needed.
2. In moderate cases, blood transfusions may help recover blood cell counts;
The blood transfusions may become less effective over time.
3. In severe cases, treatments such as bone marrow transplant and stem cell therapy may be needed to recover the ability of bone marrow to produce blood cells.
Such treatments are normally effective in younger patients, but older patients may also need the use of immunosuppressant drugs or drugs that stimulate the bone marrow.
In cases linked to environmental factors, pancytopenia may recover on its own when the precipitating factor is eliminated or the underlying disorder is treated.
Drugs that activate bone marrow function are given:
1. Epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit)
2. Filgrastim (Neupogen)
If the immune system is indicated of attacking bone marrow, immunosuppressant drugs may be given:
1. Antithymocyte antibodies (Thymoglobulin), which suppress the body’s natural immune response
2. Corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone (Medrol, Solu-Medrol)
3. Cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral)
TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 Pancytopenia
Chapter 2 Causes
Chapter 3 Symptoms
Chapter 4
Kenneth Kee
Dr. Kenneth Kee is a well-known medical doctor from Singapore who has been practicing medicine since 1972.He graduated from the University of Singapore and furthered his studies with a Master of Science in Health Management in 1991, followed by a Ph.D. in Healthcare Administration in 1993.Dr. Kee established Kee Clinic in 1974, located in the Holland Drive area of Singapore. The clinic has been a prominent feature of the community, offering general medical services for 5 decades.Dr Kee also served his country Singapore as a national service police Inspector at night from 1975 to 1985 while working at his clinic during the day.He had served as a police guard to the Woodland Petroleum Tanks at night during the Indonesian Confrontation period, took part in police rounds at night in the Beach Road area and taught First aid and emergency resuscitation to Police recruits.He received the Singapore Police Bicentennial 2020 Medallion on 1st March 2024 as recognition for his work in the Singapore Police.Even as he grew older, Dr. Kee continued to work actively in his clinic, although he eventually reduced his consultation hours.Beyond his medical career, Dr. Kee is also an author.He started writing about medical conditions in 2007, using blogs and other online platforms to share his knowledge with a broader audience.Over time, he published various books, many of which provide simple and accessible guides to different health conditions.His works include "A Family Doctor's Tale," "My Personal Singapore History," and numerous medical guides, available through platforms like Amazon.His books often combine his personal experiences as a family doctor with insights into Singapore's healthcare system and history.Dr. Kee has written extensively on health topics, contributing to both medical literature and general knowledge resources.Dr. Kenneth Kee has written numerous books, primarily focused on health education and personal experiences as a family doctor. Some of his notable titles include:"A Family Doctor's Tale"This book is a blend of Dr. Kee’s personal experiences and his reflections on being a family doctor in Singapore. It’s a great choice if you're looking for a narrative that combines both medical knowledge and human stories.“Specialized Medical Conditions”Books like **"Congestive Heart Failure: Diagnosis and Treatment"** focus on specific conditions, offering in-depth information about diagnosis, treatment options, and patient management.“Healthcare Management”Some of his works touch on broader aspects of healthcare, discussing patient care, medical ethics, and the role of the family doctor in the healthcare system“Medical Case Studies”“Case Notes from a Family Doctor": This book provides insights into real-life medical cases that Dr. Kee has encountered in his practice, offering readers a behind-the-scenes look at diagnostic processes and patient care.“Health Education”His writings aim to educate the public on maintaining health and preventing diseases, covering topics like healthy living, nutrition, and fitness“Life and death of different Cell”“Life and death of Red Blood Cell” This book describes the beginning of a red blood cell (named Red Bull) from its origin from the bone marrow and its journey around the body before its death in the spleen. Other stories told are Sperm cell, Ovum, Cancer cell etc."Singapore's Medical and Social History"**"My Personal Singapore History":** This book reflects on Singapore's development from a medical perspective, interwoven with personal stories and observations about healthcare in the country.His works are known for simplifying complex medical information, making it accessible to the general public.Dr. Kenneth Kee's books cover a wide range of health and medical topics.He is known for writing in a clear and straightforward manner, making complex medical information accessible to the general public.His works are known for simplifying complex medical information, making it accessible to the general public.If you are looking for a good starting point, "A Family Doctor's Tale" offers a well-rounded introduction to Dr. Kee’s experiences and insights.It is engaging and provides a mix of personal stories and medical knowledge, making it a good entry into his work.One of the best health tips, supported by both medical professionals like Dr. Kenneth Kee and health research, is to focus on preventive care.This means taking steps to maintain your health before problems arise.There are books on Psychological conditions (PTSD) and disorders (Depression, dementia etc) and children books on Time travelMany of his books are available on platforms like Amazon and Smashwords.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"
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Pancytopenia, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee
Pancytopenia,
A
Simple
Guide
To
The Condition,
Diagnosis,
Treatment
And
Related Conditions
By
Dr Kenneth Kee
M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)
Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)
Copyright Kenneth Kee 2017 Smashwords Edition
Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com
Dedication
This book is dedicated
To my wife Dorothy
And my children
Carolyn, Grace
And Kelvin
This book describes Pancytopenia, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.
(What The patient Need to Treat Pancytopenia)
This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If the patient would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.
If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.
Thank the patient for respecting the hard work of this author.
Introduction
I have been writing medical articles for my blog http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.
My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.
Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).
I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.
This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale
was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders
into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale
on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.
From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 amazon kindle books and 200 into Smashwords.com eBooks.
Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.
For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.
The later books go into more details of medical disorders.
The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.
Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.
As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.
Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.
I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.
I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.
I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.
Chapter 1
Pancytopenia
Pancytopenia can be very frightening disease to treat.
I had an elderly patient in his fifties who was tired and short of breath all the time.
He was definitely confirmed as anemic medically.
In addition he had frequent upper respiratory tract infections almost fortnightly.
Each time he came to see me I had to give him a vitamin B12 injection with iron to help him with his tiredness.
After a few months he began to start to bleed from his nose.
With anti hamostatic medicine and Vitamin C and K and silvadene (silver with sulphonamide) application to the inside of his nose, the bleeding stopped.
After 2 weeks the bleeding of the nose began again.
After much persuasion, I managed to get him to go for a full blood count and blood clotting tests to determine the extent of his anemia and the cause of his bleeding.
The laboratory report was pancytopenia of all the blood cells diagnosed by the pathologist as aplastic anemia with normal cells in the blood film.
I tried to refer him