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    Issue 17: Clinical Psychology Second Edition: Psychology Worlds, #17
    Issue 17: Clinical Psychology Second Edition: Psychology Worlds, #17
    Issue 17: Clinical Psychology Second Edition: Psychology Worlds, #17
    Ebook313 pages3 hoursPsychology Worlds

    Issue 17: Clinical Psychology Second Edition: Psychology Worlds, #17

    By Connor Whiteley

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    About this ebook

    Over 55,000 words of psychological knowledge, theory and practice by bestselling writer Connor Whiteley in one great collection. If you want great, fascinating information covering a wide range of psychological topics you NEED to buy this issue!

    BUY NOW!

    Issue 17 contains two brilliant full-length psychology books:

    • Abnormal Psychology: The Causes and Treatments For Depression, Anxiety and More
    • Clinical Psychology 2nd Edition

    AND contains 5 enthralling blog posts:

    • Is Person-First or Diagnosis-First Language Better?
    • How Pregnancy Negatively Impacts Mental Health?
    • 5 Myths About Suicide
    • How To Boost Mental Health?
    • Why Do People Emotionally Abuse Others?

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    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherCGD Publishing
    Release dateMay 3, 2024
    ISBN9798223193661
    Issue 17: Clinical Psychology Second Edition: Psychology Worlds, #17
    Author

    Connor Whiteley

    Un autor creativo y divertido que ama la fantasía, la ciencia ficción, la psicología y los idiomas. Las historias y la creatividad es una de las cosas que hace que el mundo sea grande y quiero ayudar a compartirlo! Connor Whiteley Hola, soy Connor Whiteley, tengo 18 años y me encanta escribir creativamente, y escribí mi trilogía de Brownsea cuando tenía 14 años después de haber ido a Brownsea Island en un campamento de exploradores. En el campamento, empecé a pensar en cómo todos los mosaicos y cerámicas rotas llegaron allí y de alguna manera se creó una trilogía. Además, me encanta escribir novelas de fantasía y de ciencia ficción porque sólo estás limitado por tu imaginación. Además, fui explorador scout y me encanta acampar, navegar y otras actividades al aire libre, así como cocinar. Además, también hago bastante trabajo de caridad. Por ejemplo: a principios de 2018 yo formaba parte de un panel de jóvenes que estaba involucrado en la creación de un informe con investigación para tratar de obtener fondos del gobierno para grupos organizados de jóvenes y a través de este panel. Que fui invitado a la fiesta del 70 cumpleaños del Príncipe Carlos y cómo algunos de nosotros salimos en la foto real. Finalmente, voy a la universidad y espero obtener mi doctorado en Psicología Clínica en unos pocos años.

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      Book preview

      Issue 17 - Connor Whiteley

      INTRODUCTION

      I suppose this shouldn’t come as too much of a surprise but it seems that I have accidentally put together a very, very clinical psychology-focused issue of the magazine. Now that is not a problem in the slightest, in fact I love that I have done that by mistake. Since it means you get to learn a lot about clinical psychology, mental health and most importantly, how psychology is used to improve lives.

      One aspect of this issue that I enjoy is we focus on a whole range of different aspects of mental health. For example, in How To Boost Mental Health, we focus on the research from clinical and positive psychology so we understand the findings and apply that to everyday life.

      Equally, we focus on the negative aspects of life too. For instance, Why Do People Emotionally Abuse Others, is a great psychology article that explores and helps us to understand a very pressing issue that we need to solve.

      In addition, 5 Myths About Suicide might sound like a very depressing topic, but I always come back to the research finding that it is the not talking about suicide that increases the death rate. Therefore, if we make suicide an easier topic to talk about then we will save lives.

      It really can be as simple as that, but please see my book Suicide Psychology for more information.

      Then after looking at the fascinating topic of How Pregnancy Negatively Impacts Mental Health, we get to look at one of my most favourite articles of all time Is Person-First or Diagnosis-First Language Better? If you’re interested in autism and mental health, then this is an extremely good podcast article that will be eye-opening for you.

      I love that article.

      Afterwards, you can learn all sorts of great pieces of information about depression, anxiety and a whole host of other mental health conditions in Abnormal Psychology. All before we look at the brand-new, fascinating 2nd edition of Clinical Psychology.

      This new and updated edition is filled with tens of thousands of words of brand-new content and unlike the last edition, we get to look at the Mental Capacity Act, Mindfulness-based interventions and so many other brilliant topics that I really enjoyed writing about.

      So let’s turn over the page and let’s start reading and learning about the amazing world of psychology.

      A book with a colorful background Description automatically generated

      IS PERSON-FIRST OR DIAGNOSIS-FIRST LANGUAGE BETTER?

      Over the past few months, the impact of language and what we call people with mental health conditions has been highlighted to me in a lot of different places. For example, in the newest academic papers, my lectures and even now we talk about people with conditions in clinical psychology. And in this brilliant podcast episode, we look at what impact does language have on people with mental health conditions, and most importantly, what is the best term to use to describe this group of people. If you enjoy autism, clinical psychology and more, then you will love today’s episode.

      Introduction To Person With Autism or Autistic Person

      As a result of me fully believing in honesty between me and you, as my wonderful podcast audience, I first encountered this when I was working with a PhD student on my Gamification of Autism literature review back in May. I just thought that he was being a bit nit-picky because he wasn’t sure on what term to use because this language is very new, but I am seeing it more and more so that’s why I want to focus on it now. Therefore, I just thought this being a little too correct because from my point of view, labels, diagnosis and more, all of them can be damaging and stigmatising and harmful in their own right, and I have written about these impacts in different places.

      However, when I returned to university this September and we started having autism lectures, I realised the drive towards correct language is very real, good and it needs to happen.

      But again, no one is taking the time to explain the language to me as a student, so I found some research and now I want to help explain this to all of us.

      Let’s crack on with it then.

      Also, I should mention here that there is a fair amount of today’s episode focuses on the carer’s experience of using language. But at the end of the podcast episode, I do explain how this applies to us as current or future clinical psychologists.

      Person-First and Condition-First Language

      I seriously doubt this will come as a surprise to anyone but the vast majority of people’s understanding of autism comes from the biomedical model standpoint. This model sees autism as a disease and it normally uses person-first language. For example, Person With Autism (Kenny et al., 2016).

      In addition, I am very happy to know that despite the damage some labels can do to people with mental health conditions, there are a lot of parents of young people on the autistic spectrum that find the diagnosis process reassuring. Since it validates their concerns about their child’s well-being, behaviour and future, as well as it offers a roadmap of support. But it gets rather interesting when we realise that other parents and children find the process of integrating the concept of Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) into their narrative about their child’s very identity to be very confronting.

      As a result of lots of carers and parents go through a process of redefining their expectations towards their child, and some even grieve for the former expectations they have about parenting a neurotypical child.

      Personally, I just want to jump in here and mention that I do understand this wholeheartedly, because if you’re a parent or you have nieces and nephews then you do plan for the future. Like I should have a niece coming next May and of course, me and my family are already planning for things for the future and far future, so if those ideas are effectively ripped away and made impossible then this can be very upsetting.

      However, I also want to point out here that just because a child as ASC, it doesn’t mean they can’t do anything in life. Since given the right support and scaffolding, autistic children can do a lot that neurotypical children can.

      Anyway, if case you didn’t know, in the UK at least, ASC diagnosis takes years and of course, the person with autism continues to show their autistic behaviour. Therefore, by the time the carers and parents receive a diagnosis, the vast majority of these are absolutely no stranger to being judged by others (Rowan, 2013) and they experience increased levels of stress (Bonis, 2016). This happens because their child’s special needs and these tend to have a commodity with conditions. For instance, anxiety, attention challenges, sleep difficulties and disruptive disorders (Mutler et al., 2022) and this all has financial implications too (Tathgur and Kang, 2021).

      Why Do Carers and Parents Choose A Language Preference?

      Moving onto the main topic of this episode, even before a parent or carer has received an ASC diagnosis for their child, they might choose a language preference to help set a boundary surrounding the identity narrative they want to create for their loved one. This serves a few purposes, including it helps to gently assimilate the new reality of the diagnosis into the perception of their loved one.

      Moreover, the heterogeneous nature of ASC adds to a carer’s uncertainty about the impact of early autism interventions on their child’s symptomatology. As well as it’s important to note here that every single child on the autistic spectrum is different with the frequency and severity of their symptoms changing over time. This all makes it a lot more difficult for carers to experience acceptance.

      Why Do People Choose Person-First Language Initially?

      With diagnosis mainly being from the biomedical model, it leaves parents and carers wanting to use Person-First language initially for a few reasons. For example, if the carer comes from a counselling or mental health vocation then person-first language could come from their own personal preference. Also, person-first language is effective for their limited awareness of the experiences of autistic people from their own point of view. As well as lots of carers are uncertain about how the diagnosis will affect their child’s sense of self and being in the world.

      Furthermore, once a carer has a diagnosis, they slowly or quickly start expanding their awareness of what ASC means over the course of years. Because we need to appreciate as current or future psychologists that this is a very scary time because these carers do not know what ASC is, what it means and what help is available. That’s why part of our job in an ideal world is to help guide them through the process.

      As a result, the carer’s knowledge expands over the course of years and they have a clearer understanding of what being on the autistic spectrum actually means for their child, and this includes how the child sees themselves. For instance, lots of carers notice how they learn to appreciate the cherished aspects of their personality and this includes the aspects that are intertwined with them on the spectrum. It also includes the acknowledgement of the challenges the person faces but also the celebration of their growth and their achievements.

      Subsequently, as a carer’s experience of acceptance deepens, sometimes their language preference shifts so they prefer disability-first terminology.

      Nonetheless, I know I am focusing a lot on the carer’s viewpoint here, and normally I would flat out avoid this because personally I am only really interested in what the person with the condition is experiencing. But in this case, there are a lot of narratives and evidence of this coming from the carers of children with ASC.

      Consequently, I am absolutely not saying children with the condition do not have the right to choose their own language preference or what they want to be called. Because they seriously do have that right and everyone else does too. I am simply writing about this from what the research and other articles I can find says.

      Why Might Diagnosis-First Language Be Better?

      It turns out that whilst diagnosis-first language isn’t too common in certain fields, like counselling, it has been suggested by Brown (2012) to be associated with greater acceptance of autistic people as neurodiverse and this helps to go beyond the disorder model perspective on autism.

      Furthermore, Kenny et al. (2016) found that despite some variability, a lot of parents and carers of ASC children generally prefer diagnosis-first terminology, as it places an emphasis on the value-neutral neurodiversity and positive aspects of autism.

      Overall, modern research suggests that identifying as autistic does have a positive impact on the self-esteem of autistic people and lowers their risk of developing depression (cage et al., 2017)

      What Does This Mean For Clinical Psychologists?

      As current or future psychologists, I definitely feel like there are quite a few different takeaways for us to learn from. For example, I will always firmly believe that is it critical that we move away from the disorder-perspective model of all conditions because that isn’t how mental health conditions work and it is so biomedical model that I seriously doubt has any place in modern clinical psychology. Therefore, using diagnosis-first language is important. Not only for us as professionals because it shows how serious we are about moving away from the biomedical model and towards something more empirical and something akin to the biopsychosocial model.

      However, it is also important for us to start using diagnosis-first language because it addresses something that is so wonderfully critical to our profession. It helps to decrease depression, psychological distress and it helps to improve self-esteem. Since being on the spectrum does not make a person messed up, strange or weird, and if using Diagnosis-first language helps our clients and the people we are meant to be help.

      Then this is only a good thing.

      Personally, and as the final thing for this section, I will mention that I was very surprised by today’s podcast episode. Since I fully believed coming into the topic that person-first language was the best because it should be harmful to define someone only by their condition, but it turns out that whilst that is true in other areas, when it comes to person-first or diagnosis-first language, it is better to do diagnosis-first. And that is why I love this podcast, learning and psychology, because there is always something to surprise you.

      Conclusion:

      At the end of this great episode, I think the most important thing we need to remember here is that diagnosis-first language isn’t bad, and in fact, it can have a lot of great benefits for a person’s mental health and acceptance. So personally, I really hope that we continue to debate the impact of language, we keep researching it and hopefully, over time more and more people will start to adopt this more positive language, and in an ideal world our society’s definition of autism will change too, to become more positive and accepting.

      Being autistic isn’t a death sentence, a prison sentence or anything. And just because you’re autistic, it doesn’t mean you cannot do things to a large extent. It just means you think differently, you might need more support but I always come back to one of the founding principles of the Mental Capacity Act. We should never ever assume someone cannot do something just because of their condition.

      And that seriously applies to autism.

      Clinical Psychology References

      APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA

      Bonis S. Stress and Parents of Children with Autism: A Review of Literature. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2016;37(3):153-63. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2015.1116030. PMID: 27028741.

      Brown, Lydia (2 March 2012). Identity First Language. Autistic Self Advocacy Network.

      Cage, E., Di Monaco, J. and Newell, V., 2017. Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health in Autistic Adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(2), pp.473-484.

      Crompton, C. J., Hallett, S., Ropar, D., Flynn, E., & Fletcher-watson, S. (2020). ‘I never realised everybody felt as happy as I do when I am around autistic people’: A thematic analysis of autistic adults’ relationships with autistic and neurotypical friends and family. Autism, 136236132090897. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320908976

      Siegel, D., 2012. Pocket Guide to Interpersonal Neurobiology: An Integrative Handbook of the Mind. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

      Hayes SA, Watson SL. The impact of parenting stress: a meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013 Mar;43(3):629-42. doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y. PMID: 22790429.

      Kenny L, Hattersley C, Molins B, Buckley C, Povey C, Pellicano E. Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism. 2016 May;20(4):442-62. doi: 10.1177/1362361315588200. Epub 2015 Jul 1. PMID: 26134030.

      livescience.com. 2022. Parents Rank 'Judgment' as a Big Problem in Raising a Child with Autism. [online] Available at:

      Mutluer T, Aslan Genç H, Özcan Morey A, Yapici Eser H, Ertinmaz B, Can M, Munir K. Population-Based Psychiatric Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2022 May 23;13:856208. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.856208. PMID: 35693977; PMCID: PMC9186340.

      https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/nurturing-self-esteem-in-autistic-children/202207/autistic-person-or-person-autism

      Tathgur MK, Kang HK. Challenges of the Caregivers in Managing a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder— A Qualitative Analysis. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2021;43(5):416-421. doi:10.1177/02537176211000769

      A person holding her hands on her stomach Description automatically generated

      HOW PREGNANCY NEGATIVELY IMPACTS MENTAL HEALTH?

      Whenever people think about giving birth and having children, they think about a wonderfully peaceful birth that delivers a perfectly happy mother and child. Then the mother and child go on to be perfectly tender, loving and happy with the newborn and the entire birthing process is so idyllic that it is the best feeling in the world. However, this isn’t always the case and for some mothers pregnancy can be traumatic. In this clinical psychology episode, we investigate how mental health is impacted during and after pregnancy on women. If you enjoy clinical psychology, mental health and maternity care you’ll enjoy this episode.

      What Happens When a Mother Has A Bad Birthing Experience?

      I think it’s a massive shame that a lot of women don’t have the traditional idyllic, joyous experience giving birth and becoming parents. Since a lot of people can feel cut off and distant from their own bodies, offspring

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