Everand Logo

Welcome to Everand!

  • Explore 1.5M+ audiobooks & ebooks free for days

    Only $12.99 CAD/month after trial. Cancel anytime.

    Radiation Protection Aspects of Design for Nuclear Power Plants
    Radiation Protection Aspects of Design for Nuclear Power Plants
    Radiation Protection Aspects of Design for Nuclear Power Plants
    Ebook357 pages3 hoursIAEA Safety Standards Series

    Radiation Protection Aspects of Design for Nuclear Power Plants

    By IAEA

    ()

    Read preview

    About this ebook

    This Safety Guide provides recommendations for ensuring radiation protection in the design of new nuclear power plants, design modifications to operating plants, and checking the adequacy of the radiation protection aspects of design at different stages in the lifetime of operating plants. It also provides recommendations for measures to be taken in the design for the protection of site personnel, the public and the environment, and outlines the methodologies used to calculate on-site and off-site radiological conditions and to verify that the design provides an adequate level of radiation protection during operating lifetime and decommissioning. The guide is intended primarily for land-based, stationary nuclear power plants with water cooled reactors designed for electricity generation or for other heat generating applications. This publication is intended for organizations responsible for designing, manufacturing, and constructing nuclear power plants, operating organizations and contractors, including plant operators who are involved in planning, managing and implementing the design and design modification of nuclear power plants, and regulatory bodies and technical support organizations.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherInternational Atomic Energy Agency
    Release dateMay 28, 2024
    ISBN9789201022240
    Radiation Protection Aspects of Design for Nuclear Power Plants

    Other titles in Radiation Protection Aspects of Design for Nuclear Power Plants Series (30)

    View More
    View More

    Read more from Iaea

    Related to Radiation Protection Aspects of Design for Nuclear Power Plants

    Titles in the series (63)

    View More
    View More

    Related ebooks

    Power Resources For You

    View More
    View More

    Related categories

    Reviews for Radiation Protection Aspects of Design for Nuclear Power Plants

    0 ratings

    0 ratings0 reviews

    What did you think?

    Tap to rate

    Review must be at least 10 words

      Book preview

      Radiation Protection Aspects of Design for Nuclear Power Plants - IAEA

      1.png

      RADIATION PROTECTION

      ASPECTS OF DESIGN FOR

      NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

      IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS SERIES No. SSG-90

      RADIATION PROTECTION

      ASPECTS OF DESIGN FOR

      NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

      SPECIFIC SAFETY GUIDE

      INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

      VIENNA, 2024

      COPYRIGHT NOTICE

      All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Geneva) and as revised in 1971 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission may be required to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form. Please see

      www.iaea.org/publications/rights-and-permissions for more details. Enquiries may be addressed to:

      Publishing Section

      International Atomic Energy Agency

      Vienna International Centre

      PO Box 100

      1400 Vienna, Austria

      tel.: +43 1 2600 22529 or 22530

      email: [email protected]

      www.iaea.org/publications

      © IAEA, 2024

      Printed by the IAEA in Austria

      May 2024

      STI/PUB/2078

      https://doi.org/10.61092/iaea.jc6f-diaa

      IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

      Names: International Atomic Energy Agency.

      Title: Radiation protection aspects of design for nuclear power plants / International Atomic Energy Agency.

      Description: Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2024. | Series: IAEA safety standards series, ISSN 1020–525X ; no. SSG-90 | Includes bibliographical references.

      Identifiers: IAEAL 24-01653 | ISBN 978-92-0-102124-3 (paperback : alk. paper) | ISBN 978-92-0-102224-0 (epub) | ISBN 978-92-0-102324-7 (pdf)

      Subjects: LCSH: Nuclear power plants — Design and construction. | Nuclear power plants — Safety measures. | Radiation — Safety measures.

      Classification: UDC 621.039.58:614.876 | STI/PUB/2078

      FOREWORD

      by Rafael Mariano Grossi

      Director General

      The IAEA’s Statute authorizes it to establish…standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property. These are standards that the IAEA must apply to its own operations, and that States can apply through their national regulations.

      The IAEA started its safety standards programme in 1958 and there have been many developments since. As Director General, I am committed to ensuring that the IAEA maintains and improves upon this integrated, comprehensive and consistent set of up to date, user friendly and fit for purpose safety standards of high quality. Their proper application in the use of nuclear science and technology should offer a high level of protection for people and the environment across the world and provide the confidence necessary to allow for the ongoing use of nuclear technology for the benefit of all.

      Safety is a national responsibility underpinned by a number of international conventions. The IAEA safety standards form a basis for these legal instruments and serve as a global reference to help parties meet their obligations. While safety standards are not legally binding on Member States, they are widely applied. They have become an indispensable reference point and a common denominator for the vast majority of Member States that have adopted these standards for use in national regulations to enhance safety in nuclear power generation, research reactors and fuel cycle facilities as well as in nuclear applications in medicine, industry, agriculture and research.

      The IAEA safety standards are based on the practical experience of its Member States and produced through international consensus. The involvement of the members of the Safety Standards Committees, the Nuclear Security Guidance Committee and the Commission on Safety Standards is particularly important, and I am grateful to all those who contribute their knowledge and expertise to this endeavour.

      The IAEA also uses these safety standards when it assists Member States through its review missions and advisory services. This helps Member States in the application of the standards and enables valuable experience and insight to be shared. Feedback from these missions and services, and lessons identified from events and experience in the use and application of the safety standards, are taken into account during their periodic revision.

      I believe the IAEA safety standards and their application make an invaluable contribution to ensuring a high level of safety in the use of nuclear technology. I encourage all Member States to promote and apply these standards, and to work with the IAEA to uphold their quality now and in the future.

      The authoritative versions of the publications are the hard copies issued and available as PDFs on www.iaea.org/publications.To create the versions for e-readers, certain changes have been made, including the movement of some figures and tables.

      THE IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS

      BACKGROUND

      Radioactivity is a natural phenomenon and natural sources of radiation are features of the environment. Radiation and radioactive substances have many beneficial applications, ranging from power generation to uses in medicine, industry and agriculture. The radiation risks to workers and the public and to the environment that may arise from these applications have to be assessed and, if necessary, controlled.

      Activities such as the medical uses of radiation, the operation of nuclear installations, the production, transport and use of radioactive material, and the management of radioactive waste must therefore be subject to standards of safety.

      Regulating safety is a national responsibility. However, radiation risks may transcend national borders, and international cooperation serves to promote and enhance safety globally by exchanging experience and by improving capabilities to control hazards, to prevent accidents, to respond to emergencies and to mitigate any harmful consequences.

      States have an obligation of diligence and duty of care, and are expected to fulfil their national and international undertakings and obligations.

      International safety standards provide support for States in meeting their obligations under general principles of international law, such as those relating to environmental protection. International safety standards also promote and assure confidence in safety and facilitate international commerce and trade.

      A global nuclear safety regime is in place and is being continuously improved. IAEA safety standards, which support the implementation of binding international instruments and national safety infrastructures, are a cornerstone of this global regime. The IAEA safety standards constitute a useful tool for contracting parties to assess their performance under these international conventions.

      THE IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS

      The status of the IAEA safety standards derives from the IAEA’s Statute, which authorizes the IAEA to establish or adopt, in consultation and, where appropriate, in collaboration with the competent organs of the United Nations and with the specialized agencies concerned, standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property, and to provide for their application.

      With a view to ensuring the protection of people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation, the IAEA safety standards establish fundamental safety principles, requirements and measures to control the radiation exposure of people and the release of radioactive material to the environment, to restrict the likelihood of events that might lead to a loss of control over a nuclear reactor core, nuclear chain reaction, radioactive source or any other source of radiation, and to mitigate the consequences of such events if they were to occur. The standards apply to facilities and activities that give rise to radiation risks, including nuclear installations, the use of radiation and radioactive sources, the transport of radioactive material and the management of radioactive waste.

      Safety measures and security measures¹ have in common the aim of protecting human life and health and the environment. Safety measures and security measures must be designed and implemented in an integrated manner so that security measures do not compromise safety and safety measures do not compromise security.

      The IAEA safety standards reflect an international consensus on what constitutes a high level of safety for protecting people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. They are issued in the IAEA Safety Standards Series, which has three categories (see Fig. 1).

      Safety Fundamentals

      Safety Fundamentals present the fundamental safety objective and principles of protection and safety, and provide the basis for the safety requirements.

      Safety Requirements

      An integrated and consistent set of Safety Requirements establishes the requirements that must be met to ensure the protection of people and the environment, both now and in the future. The requirements are governed by the objective and principles of the Safety Fundamentals. If the requirements are not met, measures must be taken to reach or restore the required level of safety. The format and style of the requirements facilitate their use for the establishment, in a harmonized manner, of a national regulatory framework. Requirements, including numbered ‘overarching’ requirements, are expressed as ‘shall’ statements. Many requirements are not addressed to a specific party, the implication being that the appropriate parties are responsible for fulfilling them.

      Safety Guides

      Safety Guides provide recommendations and guidance on how to comply with the safety requirements, indicating an international consensus that it is necessary to take the measures recommended (or equivalent alternative measures). The Safety Guides present international good practices, and increasingly they reflect best practices, to help users striving to achieve high levels of safety. The recommendations provided in Safety Guides are expressed as ‘should’ statements.

      APPLICATION OF THE IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS

      The principal users of safety standards in IAEA Member States are regulatory bodies and other relevant national authorities. The IAEA safety standards are also used by co-sponsoring organizations and by many organizations that design, construct and operate nuclear facilities, as well as organizations involved in the use of radiation and radioactive sources.

      The IAEA safety standards are applicable, as relevant, throughout the entire lifetime of all facilities and activities — existing and new — utilized for peaceful purposes and to protective actions to reduce existing radiation risks. They can be used by States as a reference for their national regulations in respect of facilities and activities.

      The IAEA’s Statute makes the safety standards binding on the IAEA in relation to its own operations and also on States in relation to IAEA assisted operations.

      The IAEA safety standards also form the basis for the IAEA’s safety review services, and they are used by the IAEA in support of competence building, including the development of educational curricula and training courses.

      International conventions contain requirements similar to those in the IAEA safety standards and make them binding on contracting parties. The IAEA safety standards, supplemented by international conventions, industry standards and detailed national requirements, establish a consistent basis for protecting people and the environment. There will also be some special aspects of safety that need to be assessed at the national level. For example, many of the IAEA safety standards, in particular those addressing aspects of safety in planning or design, are intended to apply primarily to new facilities and activities. The requirements established in the IAEA safety standards might not be fully met at some existing facilities that were built to earlier standards. The way in which IAEA safety standards are to be applied to such facilities is a decision for individual States.

      The scientific considerations underlying the IAEA safety standards provide an objective basis for decisions concerning safety; however, decision makers must also make informed judgements and must determine how best to balance the benefits of an action or an activity against the associated radiation risks and any other detrimental impacts to which it gives rise.

      DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FOR THE IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS

      The preparation and review of the safety standards involves the IAEA Secretariat and five Safety Standards Committees, for emergency preparedness and response (EPReSC) (as of 2016), nuclear safety (NUSSC), radiation safety (RASSC), the safety of radioactive waste (WASSC) and the safe transport of radioactive material (TRANSSC), and a Commission on Safety Standards (CSS) which oversees the IAEA safety standards programme (see Fig. 2).

      All IAEA Member States may nominate experts for the Safety Standards Committees and may provide comments on draft standards. The membership of the Commission on Safety Standards is appointed by the Director General and includes senior governmental officials having responsibility for establishing national standards.

      A management system has been established for the processes of planning, developing, reviewing, revising and establishing the IAEA safety standards. It articulates the mandate of the IAEA, the vision for the future application of the safety standards, policies and strategies, and corresponding functions and responsibilities.

      INTERACTION WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

      The findings of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and the recommendations of international expert bodies, notably the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), are taken into account in developing the IAEA safety standards. Some safety standards are developed in cooperation with other bodies in the United Nations system or other specialized agencies, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization.

      INTERPRETATION OF THE TEXT

      Safety related terms are to be understood as they appear in the IAEA Nuclear Safety and Security Glossary (see https://www.iaea.org/resources/publications/iaea-nuclear-safety-and-security-glossary). Otherwise, words are used with the spellings and meanings assigned to them in the latest edition of The Concise Oxford Dictionary. For Safety Guides, the English version of the text is the authoritative version.

      The background and context of each standard in the IAEA Safety Standards Series and its objective, scope and structure are explained in Section 1, Introduction, of each publication.

      Material for which there is no appropriate place in the body text (e.g. material that is subsidiary to or separate from the body text, is included in support of statements in the body text, or describes methods of calculation, procedures or limits and conditions) may be presented in appendices or annexes.

      An appendix, if included, is considered to form an integral part of the safety standard. Material in an appendix has the same status as the body text, and the IAEA assumes authorship of it. Annexes and footnotes to the main text, if included, are used to provide practical examples or additional information or explanation. Annexes and footnotes are not integral parts of the main text. Annex material published by the IAEA is not necessarily issued under its authorship; material under other authorship may be presented in annexes to the safety standards. Extraneous material presented in annexes is excerpted and adapted as necessary to be generally useful.

      ¹ See also publications issued in the IAEA Nuclear Security Series.

      The authoritative versions of the publications are the hard copies issued and available as PDFs on www.iaea.org/publications.To create the versions for e-readers, certain changes have been made, including the movement of some figures and tables.

      CONTENTS

      1. INTRODUCTION

      Background

      Objective

      Scope

      Structure

      2. SAFETY OBJECTIVES, DOSE LIMITATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF PROTECTION AND SAFETY

      Safety objectives

      Application of dose limits in design

      Optimization of protection and safety

      3. GENERAL ASPECTS OF RADIATION PROTECTION IN THE DESIGN OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

      Sources of radiation in nuclear power plants

      Design approach for plant states and decommissioning

      Design considerations for the commissioning and operation of nuclear power plants

      Design considerations for accident conditions

      Design considerations for the decommissioning of nuclear power plants

      4. CONTROL OF SOURCES OF RADIATION AND ESTIMATION OF RADIATION DOSE RATES IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

      Estimating radiation dose rates during plant operation and decommissioning

      Source categories for normal operation and for the decommissioning of nuclear power plants

      5. SPECIFIC DESIGN FEATURES FOR RADIATION PROTECTION IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS DURING Operational States

      Plant layout

      Other design considerations for an effective radiation protection programme at a nuclear power plant

      7. SPECIFIC FEATURES OF RADIATION PROTECTION IN DESIGN FOR DECOMMISSIONING

      Protection of the public during plant operation

      6. SPECIFIC DESIGN FEATURES FOR RADIATION PROTECTION IN ACCIDENT Conditions

      Plant layout

      Other design considerations for an effective radiation protection programme for accident conditions

      Design provisions for the protection of the public in accident conditions

      Plant layout considerations for decommissioning

      Other design considerations for an effective radiation protection programme for the decommissioning of nuclear power plants

      Protection of the public during decommissioning

      8. DESIGN OF RADIATION MONITORING FOR OPERATIONAL STATES, ACCIDENT CONDITIONS AND DECOMMISSIONING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

      Area monitoring systems within a nuclear power plant

      Individual monitoring of personnel at a nuclear power plant

      Monitoring of discharges

      Environmental monitoring

      Process monitoring

      Radiation monitoring under accident conditions

      Appendix: APPLICATION OF THE OPTIMIZATION PRINCIPLE IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

      REFERENCES

      Annex I: SOURCES OF RADIATION AND SOURCE TERMS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AND THEIR MINIMIZATION

      Annex II: EXAMPLES OF ZONING OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT FOR DESIGN PURPOSES

      CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW

      1. INTRODUCTION

      Background

      1.1. Design requirements for the safety of nuclear power plants, including radiation protection, are established in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-2/1 (Rev. 1), Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Design [1].

      1.2. Detailed requirements on radiation protection (for all facilities and activities) are established in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3, Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards [2].

      1.3. Effective radiation protection is a combination of good design, high quality construction and proper operation. Recommendations that address the radiation protection aspects of operation are provided in IAEA Safety Standards Series Nos GSG-7, Occupational Radiation Protection [3], and SSG-40, Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste from Nuclear Power

      Enjoying the preview?
      Page 1 of 1