Lamport's Algorithm for Mutual Exclusion in Distributed System Last Updated : 12 May, 2023 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report Prerequisite: Mutual exclusion in distributed systems Lamport's Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm is a permission based algorithm proposed by Lamport as an illustration of his synchronization scheme for distributed systems. In permission based timestamp is used to order critical section requests and to resolve any conflict between requests. In Lamport's Algorithm critical section requests are executed in the increasing order of timestamps i.e a request with smaller timestamp will be given permission to execute critical section first than a request with larger timestamp. In this algorithm: Three type of messages ( REQUEST, REPLY and RELEASE) are used and communication channels are assumed to follow FIFO order.A site send a REQUEST message to all other site to get their permission to enter critical section.A site send a REPLY message to requesting site to give its permission to enter the critical section.A site send a RELEASE message to all other site upon exiting the critical section.Every site Si, keeps a queue to store critical section requests ordered by their timestamps. request_queuei denotes the queue of site SiA timestamp is given to each critical section request using Lamport's logical clock.Timestamp is used to determine priority of critical section requests. Smaller timestamp gets high priority over larger timestamp. The execution of critical section request is always in the order of their timestamp. Algorithm: To enter Critical section:When a site Si wants to enter the critical section, it sends a request message Request(tsi, i) to all other sites and places the request on request_queuei. Here, Tsi denotes the timestamp of Site SiWhen a site Sj receives the request message REQUEST(tsi, i) from site Si, it returns a timestamped REPLY message to site Si and places the request of site Si on request_queuejTo execute the critical section:A site Si can enter the critical section if it has received the message with timestamp larger than (tsi, i) from all other sites and its own request is at the top of request_queueiTo release the critical section:When a site Si exits the critical section, it removes its own request from the top of its request queue and sends a timestamped RELEASE message to all other sitesWhen a site Sj receives the timestamped RELEASE message from site Si, it removes the request of Si from its request queue Message Complexity: Lamport's Algorithm requires invocation of 3(N - 1) messages per critical section execution. These 3(N - 1) messages involves (N - 1) request messages(N - 1) reply messages(N - 1) release messages Drawbacks of Lamport's Algorithm: Unreliable approach: failure of any one of the processes will halt the progress of entire system.High message complexity: Algorithm requires 3(N-1) messages per critical section invocation. Performance: Synchronization delay is equal to maximum message transmission timeIt requires 3(N - 1) messages per CS execution.Algorithm can be optimized to 2(N - 1) messages by omitting the REPLY message in some situations.Advantages of Lamport’s Algorithm for Mutual Exclusion in Distributed System:Simplicity: Lamport's algorithm is relatively easy to understand and implement compared to other algorithms for mutual exclusion in distributed systems.Fairness: The algorithm guarantees fairness by providing a total order of events that is used to determine the next process that can enter the critical section.Scalability: Lamport's algorithm is scalable because it only requires each process to communicate with its neighbors, rather than all other processes in the system.Compatibility: The algorithm is compatible with a wide range of distributed systems and can be adapted to different network topologies and communication protocols. Disadvantages of Lamport’s Algorithm for Mutual Exclusion in Distributed System:Message Overhead: The algorithm requires a lot of message passing between processes to maintain the total order of events, which can lead to increased network traffic and latency.Delayed Execution: The algorithm can lead to delays in the execution of critical sections because a process may have to wait for messages to arrive from other processes before entering the critical section.Limited Performance: The algorithm may not perform well in systems with a high number of processes because of the increased message overhead and delayed execution.No Fault Tolerance: The algorithm does not provide any fault tolerance mechanism, which means that if a process fails or crashes, it may cause the entire system to fail or become unstable. FAQs: How does Lamport's algorithm ensure mutual exclusion in a distributed system?Lamport's algorithm uses a permission-based approach and timestamps to order critical section requests and resolve any conflicts between them. Each process sends a request message to all other processes to enter the critical section, and the request is placed in the request queue of each process in the order of its timestamp. A process can enter the critical section if it has received a reply message from all other processes with a timestamp greater than its own, and its own request is at the top of its request queue. What is the message complexity of Lamport's algorithm?Lamport's algorithm requires 3(N-1) messages per critical section execution, where N is the number of processes in the system. These messages involve (N-1) request messages, (N-1) reply messages, and (N-1) release messages. Is Lamport's algorithm fault-tolerant?No, Lamport's algorithm does not provide any fault tolerance mechanism. If a process fails or crashes, it may cause the entire system to fail or become unstable. Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article Vector Clocks in Distributed Systems I ihritik Follow Improve Article Tags : Operating Systems Similar Reads Distributed Systems Tutorial A distributed system is a system of multiple nodes that are physically separated but linked together using the network. Each of these nodes includes a small amount of the distributed operating system software. Every node in this system communicates and shares resources with each other and handles pr 8 min read Introduction to Distributed SystemWhat is a Distributed System?A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appear to the users of the system as a single coherent system. 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