The simulation below has been some time coming – ever since Mike Law wrote his post on suspension kinematics about six weeks ago. Besides life getting in the way, the project ran a bit out of hand, as I became determined to combine the newly acquired suspension kinematics tool with my recent experiments on minimum lap time simulation and transmission modelling. The missing link between these components was extending my earlier 3-DOF vehicle model to a 17-DOF version. This new model includes 6 DOFs describing spatial motion of the chassis (including roll, pitch and yaw), 2 DOFs per wheel representing vertical suspension & wheel spin (8 DOFs in total), and 3 DOFs for the rotational displacements of the three main drivetrain components, being the ICE, gearbox and final drive. The drivetrain DOFs are coupled to the chassis DOFs via the rear wheel spin dynamics and the reaction forces at the ICE mounts & gearbox casing. Following Mike’s guidelines, I constructed a 3D kinematics model of a double wishbone suspension with pushrod actuator, including heave spring, anti-roll bar and anti-squat/dive geometry. I then used this model to extract a 1D lumped-parameter approximation compatible with the simplified suspension kinematics of the 17-DOF model. This involves algebraically linking vertical wheel displacements to key suspension parameters like camber angles, which in turn affect tyre forces through Pacejka’s magical formulas. While this approach sacrifices some accuracy, simplifications like these are necessary to keep simulation times low, especially in the context of minimum lap time optimization. As a Belgian who loves the Ardennes, it was about time I simulated the circuit of Spa-Francorchamps (even if last weekend’s race didn’t entirely meet expectations). Discretizing this hilly circuit into 2000 segments amounts to 40,000 variables to optimize – that’s 2000 times 17 DOFs plus 3 control variables: throttle/brake, steering angle, and gear selection. As I’m extending the capabilities of my simulator, I’m increasingly struggling to decide what and especially what nót to include in the limited space available for the animation. One thing that only subtly made the cut is the interaction between drivetrain and vehicle dynamics when shifting gears – can you spot it? Besides maximizing tyre grip, a critical role of the suspension is to keep the aerodynamic surfaces in optimal orientation relative to the airflow. This aspect wasn’t considered in the simulation below, as I used constant downforce and drag coefficients and ignored aerodynamic yaw and roll. My CFD skills have gotten a bit rusty over time, but lately I’ve been looking for a reason to brush them up. Generating aero maps to explore the impact of vehicle attitude on lap times surely sounds like a good excuse to go further down the race car dynamics rabbit hole.
This looks fantastic Bart! Do you mind me asking what software you used for the simulation and animation?
Own Bart, this is awesome. Did you include some python libraries like a pygame?
This looks amazing! I’m starting a similar project at the moment to help concept a two seater chassis that I want to prototype!
Amazing job...what about the rear axle simulation.!? Are you able/intend to go so far as front?
Awesome job. Its inspiring to see you taking this idea this far
That’s some stellar work from every way one looks at it Bart
Very nice indeed Bart ! Good to see that there are so many dedicated people out there. Come have a look at www.dynatune-xl.com and get some more inspiration to do more great things !
Does your program account for the different weights of the different types of engines that the race cars use? I know F1 primarily uses V6 engines, which in my opinion is stupid, but I know other leagues with this type of vehicle will use different size engines. On a side note, I'm not a fan of V6 engines in performance because they are not intrinsically balanced and require extra components to make them balanced which adds weight and complexity.
Nice visuals
Head of Vehicle Dynamics at McLaren Racing and author of 'ACE Thinking: Life Lessons From Engineering the Ultimate Racing Cars'
3moVery impressive Bart Blockmans! At this point you should hopefully begin to see how varying different model parameters can affect car performance - something that’s a crowd-pleaser in tyre science circles is the effect of increasing grip by 1%, compared to varying anything else by that magnitude!