Scrum: Process, Methodology, Framework, or Something Else?

View profile for Tobias Mayer

Agile Leadership consultant

In 1995 Scrum (or SCRUM) was described as a Development Process, in 1998* as an Extension Pattern Language, and in 2003 as a Methodology. The word "framework" was used in the 1995 paper but as a synonym for method, rather than a description of Scrum itself. The term was also used in the 2003 paper as a synonym for skeleton (an Agile process was described as having a skeleton and a heart). In 2005 I recall very clearly Ken Schwaber informing the attendees at the first Scrum Gathering: "Scrum is not a methodology, it is a pathway". The first reference I can find to Scrum being described purely as a framework is in the 2009 draft Scrum Guide: "Scrum is not a process or a technique for building products; rather, it is a framework within which you can employ various processes and techniques." So, to summarise, Scrum is a process, not-a-process, a pattern language, a skeleton, a method, a methodology, not-a-methodology, a pathway, and finally a framework. Confused? You are not alone :) * I first wrote 1999, but the Beedle paper was actually 1998 (Thanks Brad Appleton for the correction). The papers I reference in this post can all be read from this page: https://lnkd.in/ehVc7Gse #scrum #process #methodology #pattern #framework

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Jeff Sutherland

Inventor and Co-Creator of Scrum and Scrum@Scale

2w

These are all Ken's attempt to explain Scrum in a better way. Here is what actually happened. In 1993 my team studied almost one thousand papers and books on team performance. We looked at the highest performaing teams in the world. I had worked with Kernigan and Ritchie at Bell Labs years before where they often had Nobel Laureates as team members. I realized that there was no way to explain their extraordinary perfromance and invention of new technologies to the average IT worker. What they were doing was counterintuitive. I did realize this was an implementation of complex adaptive systems theory which I had $30M to study as a grant researcher at the Univ of Colorado Medical School. It wasn't until we had Rodney Brooks startup work in my lab for a couple of years that iRobot's subsumption architecture was using simple rules to boot up a complex adaptive system, in this case an autonomous robot. I discussed with Prof. Brooks whether this would work with teams. It it did we could boot up a high performing team in a week. He suggested I try it out. In our lab we were already experimenting with this with an international team of developers on the MIT campus. We I moved to Easel we formalized it as Scrum.

Daniel Terhorst-North

Goalwards: Your business, optimized

2w

Scrum is whatever feeds the training Ponzi. The cert must flow.

Gunther Verheyen

independent Scrum Caretaker on a journey of humanizing the workplace.

1w

Labels, labels, labels. Sometimes they are important, sometimes not. I do understand your confusion, Tobias Mayer. You say that you remember Ken saying in 2005 that Scrum is NOT a methodology. At that time he might even have been referring to the ambition, in 2003, to trademark, copyright and license the use of Scrum as a...methodology (https://guntherverheyen.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/2003-ADM-Scrum-Methodology-Content.pdf). While parts of its descriptions were complete and other parts "under construction" this attempt was abandoned (168 pages) and it was decided to keep Scrum an open framework. So, apart from the labels, that was a fortunate move that was crucial.

Niek Jansma

🚀 Speed is nothing without direction 🎯 I help your teams from strategy to execution🔥 +31648505744

2w

Ken Schwaber was very loose about Scrum when he taught me back in 2010 and that helped me a lot to see it more as a team scaffolding, or something a team usually evolves from or even -out of. Scrum helped me a lot coaching teams back in the day, but from the moment I entered larger scale transformations it did feel too restrictive again. I think i that was exactly because of what you say Tobias Mayer; it was more often seen as a methodology or framework by a lot of people and sadly that made them very dogmatic about the 'rules' of the game, instead of what it can help you evolve into. Agile helped me a lot back then because its values can easily encompass a lot more and it made it easier for me to be loose about it again. Sadly SAFe assimilated Agile like the borg, so now we are back at fighting dogmatism again. I hope resistance isnt futile. ✊

Shawn Wallack

Follow me for unconventional Agile and AI opinions and insights shared with humor.

2w

You don't have to understand it. You just have to pay the course fee.

James Coplien

Lean/Agile Process and Architecture Coach

1w

Scrum is a game for building stuff. It's hard to define. Define: "game."

Brad Appleton

DevOps & Agile Engineering Senior Leader

2w

Hi Tobias! Im a little fuzzy on your dates, as I seem to remember a bit differently when I was there (at PLoPD conferences, and working/conversing w/Mike Beedle when we were neighbors bsck then). The OOPSLA'95 paper I get (same as you). The extension pattern language was actually PLOPD'98.(a tevided & updated version was published in '99) The 1st Scrum book was 2001 (which you seem to have skipped over?) What is the "2003 paper" youre referring to? (Is it that one that classifies types of Scrum similar to Supernovas? (Type 1a/b/c,, 2) In my conversations with Mike (and (occasionally Jeff) back then. They were pretty consistent in describing Scrum as: " A [minimal] generative meta-process framework! " Not a process, nor even a "process framework" but a meta-process framework (and a "generative" one at that). Granted, that's a bit of a mouthful, and non-trivial to unpack! So it was often oversimplified by "method" or "methodology" or even (occasionally) "process". As for being a "pattern language" - a pattern language *describes* something (it's not necessarily the thing itself). What ot describes can be any of a: framework, process, methodology. But at that time, Scrum was very much a [generative] meta-process framework!

Rob P.

Coach, learner, confidante, ICF-PCC, 🪷

2w

Interesting as usual Tobias Mayer I know that what we say and how we say it can be important (hence why this comment will take me some time to write 🤣).[edit: and edit after posting] 🤣🤣 The trouble begins when we assume that other people’s explanations or words mean the same to them as they do to us. How about we explain Scrum in its simplest terms. Scrum is a bundle of thoughts, put down in a way that the thinkers believed would make sense. That’s it. Should “what scrum is” matter more to people than a willingness to try out someone else’s thoughts and see how it works in their own situation?

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