Discovering Types of Cannabis

People have used cannabis for its medicinal benefits for centuries, from ancient Egypt to India. Today, it's still a subject of interest in the UK, with many looking into how it might help manage conditions like chronic pain, anxiety, and insomnia.

There are three main types of cannabis plants: Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid. And research shows that hundreds of different cannabis strains within these groups can work in different ways. For instance, this 2020 study found that strains higher in CBD may help with anxiety and epilepsy, while strains higher in THC are often more effective for pain relief. Ongoing research continues to explore how specific strains target various conditions.

With so many strains available, how do patients know which one is right? In this article, we’ll break down the differences and explain how doctors can recommend the best medical cannabis strain to suit patient needs.

A General Overview of Cannabis Strains

Cannabis is usually grouped into three of the following types: Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid. These categories are used to describe how and where the plants grow, but can also help give a basic idea of what to expect from different strains, but recent research shows there’s more to it than that.

Indica strains are generally known for their relaxing, ‘body’ based effects and are often used to help with sleep or chronic pain. Sativa strains are often thought to be more energising, which can help improve mood or reduce tiredness. Hybrid strains combine Indica and Sativa qualities, offering a mix of effects depending on the blend.

However, experts now suggest that the effects of cannabis strains depend more on their chemical makeup than whether they’re labelled Indica or Sativa. This study found that the levels of chemicals like THC, CBD, and terpenes have a bigger impact on how a strain works than the traditional categories. Similarly, this study in Scientific Reports showed that even within these categories, strains can act differently because of their unique genetics. 

This means that how a strain affects a person depends on its chemical profile and their body’s response, not just whether it’s categorised as Indica, Sativa, or Hybrid. That’s why it’s important patients consult with a doctor to find the strain that works best for their individual needs.

Indica vs. Sativa: Understanding the Basics

When it comes to medical cannabis, the strains can fall into those three categories: Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid.

Characteristics of Indica

Indica plants are shorter and bushier, with broad leaves and Indica strains are often associated with a calming, sedating effect. Studies like this New England one have shown that Indica strains are more commonly recommended for relieving chronic pain, insomnia, and anxiety due to their ability to promote physical relaxation.

Indica plants, in their purest form, also tend to have higher levels of cannabidiol (CBD), which can contribute to these soothing effects. 

Some people feel that Indica strains have the following effects:

• Body relaxation
• Sleep aid for insomnia
• Relief from muscle tension and chronic pain

Characteristics of Sativa

Sativa strains are known for their more stimulating and uplifting properties. These strains, in their purest form, have higher levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (also known as THC—the component in cannabis that produces a “high”), which can boost energy levels and improve mood. While not typically prescribed for conditions like insomnia, Sativa strains are sometimes recommended to help with symptoms of depression, and fatigue, or to stimulate appetite.

Sativa plants are taller with narrow leaves and thrive in warmer climates. 

Some people feel that Sativa strains have the following effects:

• Mental clarity and focus
• Enhanced creativity and energy
• Mood elevation

While Indica and Sativa serve as useful categories, the actual effects experienced depend on several factors, including the strain’s cannabinoid and terpene profile, as well as personal body chemistry.

Hybrid Strains: The Best of Both Worlds

Hybrid strains combine effects from both Indica and Sativa, making them useful for different therapeutic needs. By blending different strains, hybrids can have specific CBD and THC levels, which allows doctors to offer more tailored treatments. Research shows they can help manage things like anxiety, pain, or appetite loss, giving patients a more personalised option than just using Indica or Sativa alone.

Although, it isn’t always that simple. A patient will often need to try a number of strains until they find the right one for their symptoms. This is due to individual differences and variations in terpene and cannabinoid content across various batches and phenotypes of similar strains. 

Terpenes and Their Role in Cannabis

While most people focus on THC and CBD when choosing cannabis strains, terpenes also play a big role in the effects of cannabis. The zingy freshness of lemon zest, the pungent aroma of rosemary and the relaxing fragrance of lavender are just some examples of terpenes in action every day.

Terpenes are the compounds naturally found in plants that give them their aromas and flavours and they are all around us. Approximately 20,000 terpenes have been identified in plants with over 150 different terpenes identified in cannabis. 

In cannabis, terpenes not only affect the aroma but might also play a role in how cannabinoids like THC and CBD work in the body. While research is ongoing, some studies suggest they may boost the therapeutic effects of these cannabinoids.

Common Misconceptions and Considerations

There are a lot of myths about cannabis strains, and it’s important to clear up a few common ones:

Myth: Indica is always drowsy, and Sativa always energises.

The reality is more complex. The effects of a strain depend more on its cannabinoid and terpene profile than just whether it’s called Indica or Sativa. Personal body chemistry and the exact strain's composition play a big role in how it makes a person feel.

Myth: More THC means a better experience.

Higher THC levels don’t necessarily lead to a better result. In fact, for many patients, a balanced combination of THC and CBD can provide a smoother and more enjoyable experience, especially for those new to medical cannabis. 

Myth: All cannabis strains offer the same benefits.

Not all strains are equal when it comes to medicinal benefits. Different strains are better suited for specific conditions, depending on their unique chemical makeup. That’s why it's vital for patient to work with a medical professional to help find the right strain for their condition.

FAQs

What is the most common type of cannabis?

Indica and sativa plants are the most commonly used cannabis plants historically. Now, a mixture of the two, known as hybrid, is what you’ll see prescribed most often. 

What are the 3 types of cannabis?

Indica, sativa and hybrid. Remember, the idea of indica for sleep and sativa for energy is outdated. Hybrid is a blend of the two strains, and allows doctors to offer more tailored treatments. Hybrid strains, cannabinoids like THC and CBD, and terpenes are what we’re moving our focus to now. 

Summary

Cannabis is classified into three main types: Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid. Each type can offer a different mix of effects that may help treat various symptoms.

While Indica is often associated with relaxation, Sativa tends to offer more energising effects, and Hybrids combine traits from both. However, this is not always the case and when considering effects, cannabinoid and terpene content should also be taken into account. Doctors can recommend specific types of cannabis to suit individual needs.