This function 'parse_rebuild_url' will parse and reassemble your URL with new values provided by the 'overwrite_parsed_url_array' back together.
It is also possible to overwrite the URL components by key name and to merge or overwrite query parameters.
<?php

    $test_url = 'http://usr:pss@example.com:81/mypath/myfile.html?a=b&b[]=2&b[]=3&z=9#myfragment';

    $new_url_01_overwrite_query_params = parse_rebuild_url( $test_url, array(
        'host' => 'new-hostname.tld',
        'query' => array(
            'test' => 'Hello World',
            'a'    => array( 'c', 'd' ),
            'z'    => 8
        ),
        'fragment' => 'new-fragment-value'
    ), false );

    $new_url_02_mergewith_query_params = parse_rebuild_url( $test_url, array(
        'query' => array(
            'test' => 'Hello World',
            'a'    => array( 'c', 'd' ),
            'z'     => 8
        ),
        'fragment' => 'new-fragment-value'
    ), true );

    function parse_rebuild_url( $url, $overwrite_parsed_url_array, $merge_query_parameters = true ) {

        $parsed_url_array = parse_url( $url );
        $parsed_url_keys_array = array(
            'scheme'        => null,
            'abempty'       => isset( $parsed_url_array['scheme'] ) ? '://' : null,
            'user'          => null,
            'authcolon'     => isset( $parsed_url_array['pass'] ) ? ':' : null,
            'pass'          => null,
            'authat'        => isset( $parsed_url_array['user'] ) ? '@' : null,
            'host'          => null,
            'portcolon'     => isset( $parsed_url_array['port'] ) ? ':' : null,
            'port'          => null,
            'path'          => null,
            'param'         => isset( $parsed_url_array['query'] ) ? '?' : null,
            'query'         => null,
            'hash'          => isset( $parsed_url_array['fragment'] ) ? '#' : null,
            'fragment'      => null
        );

        if ( isset( $parsed_url_array['query'] ) && $merge_query_parameters === true ) {
            parse_str( $parsed_url_array['query'], $query_array );
            $overwrite_parsed_url_array['query'] = array_merge_recursive( $query_array, $overwrite_parsed_url_array['query'] );
        }

        $query_parameters = http_build_query( $overwrite_parsed_url_array['query'], null, '&', PHP_QUERY_RFC1738 );
        $overwrite_parsed_url_array['query'] = urldecode( preg_replace( '/%5B[0-9]+%5D/simU', '%5B%5D', $query_parameters ) );

        $fully_parsed_url_array = array_filter( array_merge( $parsed_url_keys_array, $parsed_url_array, $overwrite_parsed_url_array ) );
        return implode( null, $fully_parsed_url_array );

    }