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Histogram

A histogram is a graphical representation showing the distribution of data values and the frequency of observations in each of several ranges (or bins). It was first introduced by Karl Pearson to roughly assess the probability distribution of a given variable. A histogram consists of adjacent rectangles erected over discrete intervals, with the area of each rectangle corresponding to the frequency of observations in that interval. The histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control.

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26 views2 pages

Histogram

A histogram is a graphical representation showing the distribution of data values and the frequency of observations in each of several ranges (or bins). It was first introduced by Karl Pearson to roughly assess the probability distribution of a given variable. A histogram consists of adjacent rectangles erected over discrete intervals, with the area of each rectangle corresponding to the frequency of observations in that interval. The histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control.

Uploaded by

Christian Paolo Castro Bautista
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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or the histograms used in digital image processing, see Image histogram and Color histogram.

Histogram

One of the Seven Basic Tools of Quality

First described by

Karl Pearson

Purpose

To roughly assess the probability distribution of a given variable by depicting the frequencies of observations occurring in certain ranges of values

In statistics, a histogram is a graphical representation showing a visual impression of the distribution of data. It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable and was first introduced by Karl Pearson.
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histogram consists of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval. The height of a rectangle is also equal to the frequency density of the interval, i.e., the frequency divided by the width of the interval. The total area of the histogram is equal to the number of data. A histogram may also be normalizeddisplaying relative frequencies. It then shows the proportion of cases that fall into each of several categories, with the total area equaling 1. The categories are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The categories (intervals) must be adjacent, and often are chosen to be of the same size.
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The rectangles of a histogram are drawn so that they touch


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each other to indicate that the original variable is continuous.

Histograms are used to plot density of data, and often for density estimation: estimating the probability density function of the underlying variable. The total area of a histogram used for probability density is always normalized to 1. If the length of the intervals on the x-axis are all 1, then a histogram is identical to a relative frequency plot. An alternative to the histogram is kernel density estimation, which uses a kernel to smooth samples. This will construct a smooth probability density function, which will in general more accurately reflect the underlying variable. The histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control.
Contents
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1 Etymology 2 Examples 3 Activities and demonstrations 4 Mathematical definition

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4.1 Cumulative histogram 4.2 Number of bins and width

5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links

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