QUESTIONS: (1) Give five (5) examples each and five (5) systems each for the following

types of models. Physical model. Analytical model. Simulation model.

(2) Do an exhaustive study of the different types of models stating at least ten (10) types with their area of application.

SEPTEMBER, 2012
(1) ANSWER TO QUESTION ONE
The examples and systems for the types of models mentioned are summarized in the table below:

S/N 1

Models Physical Model

Analytical Model

Examples i. Toy model car ii. Stuffed animal lion iii. Optimizing system performance. For example: DC Motor iv. Running Parallel Simulation. E.g Fan speed v. Simscape Language. E.g Hydraulic i. The Ball and Beam problem ii. Decision Matrix model iii. Acquisition Plan (AP) Template model iv. Process and Discrete Enterprise Resource Planning model

Systems i. Solar system ii. Maps description system iii. Measurements taken with scales iv. Agent-Based system v. Wind tunnels system i. Fluid system ii. Energy system iii. Graph theory iv. Linear Programming system

v. Supply Chain Management model Simulation i. A job Shop Model model ii. A Harbor Model iii. A computer Center Study iv. Waterways Network Model v. Gas Station Model

v. Mechanical system i. Queuing system ii. Game theory iii. Satellite Communication System iv. Shuttle Systems in space v. Dynamic system

(2)

ANSWER TO QUESTION TWO Ten types of models are explained below: a. Regression Model: Regression models form the core of the discipline of econometrics. Although econometricians routinely estimate a wide variety of statistical models, using many dierent types of data, the vast majority of these are either regression models or close relatives of them. In this chapter, we introduce the concept of a regression model; discuss several varieties of them, andintroducetheestimationmethodthatismostcommonlyusedwithregressionmodels, namely, least squares. This estimation method is derived by using the method of moments, which is a very general principle of estimation that has many applications in econometrics. b. Relational Model: We apply them to modeling the behavior of web site users, improving prediction in our PROTEUS architecture for personalizing web sites. We present experiments on an e-commerce and an academic web site showing that Relational Models are substantially more accurate than alternative methods, and make good predictions even when applied to previously-unvisited parts of the site. Relational Models (RMs) are obtained from the propositional variety by imposing a relational structure on the set of states. c. Visual Model: Visual models are simply pictures of an abstract economy; graphs with lines and curves that tell an economic story. They are primarily used in textbooks and teaching, and the reader who has had any exposure to economics at all has probably seen dozens, if not hundreds of them. Some visual models are merely diagrammatic, such as those which show the flow of income through the economy from one sector to another. In other words, they employ a visual device to present a very general economic concept. Most visual models, though, are visual extensions of mathematical models. Implicit in their structure is an underlying mathematical model. Sometimes when they are presented the mathematics are explained, sometimes they are not. The models do not normally require knowledge of mathematics, but still allow the presentation of complex relationships between economic variables. These models are relatively easy to understand, but are somewhat limited in their scope.

d. Empirical Model: Empirical models are mathematical models designed to be used with data. The fundamental model is mathematical, exactly as described above. With an empirical model, however, data is gathered for the variables, and using accepted statistical techniques, the data are used to provide estimates of the model's values. For example, suppose in an economic study the following question is asked: "What will happen to investment if income rises one percent?" The purely mathematical model might only allow the analyst to say, "Logically, it should rise." The user of the empirical model, on the other hand, using actual historical data for investment, income, and the other variables in the model, might be able to say, "By my best estimate, investment should rise by about two percent. e. Mathematical Model: The most formal and abstract of the economic models are the purely mathematical models. These are systems of simultaneous equations with an equal or greater number of economic variables. Some of these models can be quite large. Even the smallest will have five or six equations and as many unknown variables. The manipulation and use of these models require a good knowledge of algebra or calculus. For example, a very simple microeconomics model would include a supply function (explaining the behavior of producers, or those who supply commodities to the market), a demand curve (explaining the behavior of purchasers) and an equilibrium equation, specifying the simple conditions that must be met if the models equilibrium is to be satisfied. The variables in a model like this represent a type of economic activity (such as demand) or data (information) that either determines or is determined by that activity (such as a price or interest rate). Variables can usually be classified as endogenous or exogenous. An endogenous variable is one that is determined within the model, or by the model's solution. Its value becomes known when the model is solved. For example, if the final level of demand is determined by the model's solution, demand is an endogenous variable. On the other hand, if the value of a variable comes from outside the model, if its value is preset, it is an exogenous variable. In macroeconomics, many policy variables, such as the income tax rate or money supply growth rate, are treated as exogenous. For example, the money supply growth rate is regarded as exogenous because it is set by policy-makers rather than determined by the dynamics of the model. f. Dynamic Model: The dynamic model is used to express and model the behaviour of the system over time. It includes support for activity diagrams, sequence diagrams and extensions including business process modeling. g. Functional Model: The Functional Model describes a functional entity envisioned to ensure that all of the Tasks related to its Function are performed. The Model, while using the term functional entity", is a guideline and cannot prescribe responsibility. It is NERC's compliance processes, backed by regulatory authority, that specify the manner in which, a functional entity is legally responsible for meeting the standards requirements assigned to that functional entity. The work performed to meet the requirements may be self performed or performed by others. The Functional Model is maintained by the Functional Model

Working Group under the direction of the Standards Committee, with technical content in the Model and accompanying technical document approved by the Standing Committees. h. Language Model: Language models are very useful in a broad range of applications, the most obvious perhaps being speech recognition and machine translation. In many application sit is very useful to have a good prior distribution p(x1...xn) over which sentences are or arent probable in a language. For example, in speech recognition the language model is combined with an acoustic model that models the pronunciation of different words: one way to think about it is that the acoustic model generates a large number of candidate sentences, together with probabilities; the language model is then used to reorder these possibilities based on how likely they are to be a sentence in the language. i. Software Process Model: A software process model is a standardized format for planning, organizing, and running a development project.

j. Process Model: Process Model( = () ) is combination of different system (Reactor System, Separation System, Control and Safety System and so on) of a process plant. Process modeling is not a new concept to chemical engineer. Due to advancement of computer base mathematical and process modeling software modeling played an important role in design and operation by simulation and optimisation study. It arises from the traditional disciplines such as transport phenomena, Chemical Kinetics, reaction design and Thermodynamics. The variety of products made by processes of chemical technology is overwhelming; it comprises inorganic and organic basic chemicals. The equipment (apparatus, machines, pipelines, automation and safety systems, etc.) has to be chosen so that the investments made in them yield the maximum economy. The plant must be reliable and sufficiently flexible. The computer aided process modeling permit the chemical process to be interpreted in a computer base software package to understand the chemical process behaviour quickly.

Figure1 Basic Chemical Process Model

The table below shows the ten (10) different types of model and their areas of application.
S/N 1 Types of Model

Regression Model

Relational Model

3 4

Visual Model Empirical Model

Areas of Application i. Analyze relationships between variables while controlling for other variables. ii. Notation for Prediction Equation iii. Partial Plots for Partial Relationships iv. Geometry of vector space v. Partial correlation i. Set operation ii. for handling binary operations iii. Commercial data processing iv. Database application v. Fuzzy logic i. Visual support for the simulation of climate models. ii. Map display design i. Solar radiation ii. Extract information on topography iii. Baggage claim area congestion at airports iv. http network traffic control

Mathematical Model

Dynamic Model

Functional Model

Language Model

Software Process Model Process Model

v. Predicting Electric Energy Efficiency Acquisition i. Application to corrosion in petroleum industry ii. Statistical Simulations of Service systems iii. Anthropology for classifying and reconstructing skulls iv. Architecture for virtual reality v. Artificial Intelligence for computer vision, robotics, speech recognition, image interpretation, and reasoning under uncertainty i. To simulate the biological composting process ii. For global economic analysis e.g environmental and integration issues iii. To assess microbial risks iv. Application to signal transduction v. Access control i. System engineering ii. Software engineering iii. Dynamic enterprise modeling iv. For spatial databases v. Partitioning, abstraction and projection i. Newswire and newspaper search ii. topic detection and tracking iii. Automatic speech recognition iv. Machine translation of language v. Optical character recognition. i. Software engineering ii. software development processes i. Natural processes e.g atmospheric pollution, hydrology, geology, biology and ecosystem ii. socio-economic processes such as transportation, population, urbanization, manufacturing, farming, e. t. c. iii. Interaction of natural and anthropogenic phenomena such as environmental models, food production, forestry and mining.

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