William Stallings Data and Computer Communications

Chapter 8 Multiplexing

Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing

FDM Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard bands) e.g. broadcast radio Channel allocated even if no data

Frequency Division Multiplexing Diagram

FDM System

FDM of Three Voiceband Signals

Analog Carrier Systems

AT&T (USA) Hierarchy of FDM schemes Group
12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz Range 60kHz to 108kHz

Supergroup
60 channel FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz

Mastergroup
10 supergroups

Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signal to be transmitted Multiple digital signals interleaved in time May be at bit level of blocks Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed Time slots allocated even if no data Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed amongst sources

Time Division Multiplexing

TDM System

TDM Link Control

No headers and tailers Data link control protocols not needed Flow control
Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed If one channel receiver can not receive data, the others must carry on The corresponding source must be quenched This leaves empty slots

Error control
Errors are detected and handled by individual channel systems

Data Link Control on TDM

Framing
No flag or SYNC characters bracketing TDM frames Must provide synchronizing mechanism Added digit framing
One control bit added to each TDM frame
Looks like another channel - control channel

Identifiable bit pattern used on control channel e.g. alternating 01010101unlikely on a data channel Can compare incoming bit patterns on each channel with sync pattern

Pulse Stuffing
Problem - Synchronizing data sources Clocks in different sources drifting Data rates from different sources not related by simple rational number Solution - Pulse Stuffing
Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum of incoming rates Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming signal until it matches local clock Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and removed at demultiplexer

TDM of Analog and Digital Sources

Digital Carrier Systems

Hierarchy of TDM USA/Canada/Japan use one system ITU-T use a similar (but different) system US system based on DS-1 format Multiplexes 24 channels Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one framing bit 193 bits per frame

Digital Carrier Systems (2)

For voice each channel contains one word of digitized data (PCM, 8000 samples per sec)
Data rate 8000x193 = 1.544Mbps Five out of six frames have 8 bit PCM samples Sixth frame is 7 bit PCM word plus signaling bit Signaling bits form stream for each channel containing control and routing info

Same format for digital data

23 channels of data
7 bits per frame plus indicator bit for data or systems control

24th channel is sync

Mixed Data
DS-1 can carry mixed voice and data signals 24 channels used No sync byte Can also interleave DS-1 channels
Ds-2 is four DS-1 giving 6.312Mbps

ISDN User Network Interface

ISDN allows multiplexing of devices over single ISDN line Two interfaces
Basic ISDN Interface Primary ISDN Interface

Basic ISDN Interface (1)

Digital data exchanged between subscriber and NTE - Full Duplex Separate physical line for each direction Pseudoternary coding scheme
1=no voltage, 0=positive or negative 750mV +/-10%

Data rate 192kbps Basic access is two 64kbps B channels and one 16kbps D channel This gives 144kbps multiplexed over 192kbps

Basic ISDN Interface (2)

B channel is basic iser channel Data PCM voice Separate logical 64kbps connections o different destinations D channel used for control or data
LAPD frames

Each frame 48 bits long One frame every 250s

Frame Structure

Primary ISDN
Point to point Typically supporting PBX 1.544Mbps
Based on US DS-1 Used on T1 services 23 B plus one D channel

2.048Mbps
Based on European standards 30 B plus one D channel Line coding is AMI usingHDB3

Primary ISDN Frame Formats

Sonet/SDH
Synchronous Optical Network (ANSI) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU-T) Compatible Signal Hierarchy
Synchronous Transport Signal level 1 (STS-1) or Optical Carrier level 1 (OC-1) 51.84Mbps Carry DS-3 or group of lower rate signals (DS1 DS1C DS2) plus ITU-T rates (e.g. 2.048Mbps) Multiple STS-1 combined into STS-N signal ITU-T lowest rate is 155.52Mbps (STM-1)

SONET Frame Format

SONET STS-1 Overhead Octets

Statistical TDM
In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on demand Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame full Data rate on line lower than aggregate rates of input lines

Statistical TDM Frame Formats

Performance
Output data rate less than aggregate input rates May cause problems during peak periods
Buffer inputs Keep buffer size to minimum to reduce delay

Buffer Size and Delay

Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL Link between subscriber and network
Local loop

Uses currently installed twisted pair cable

Can carry broader spectrum 1 MHz or more

ADSL Design
Asymmetric
Greater capacity downstream than upstream

Frequency division multiplexing

Lowest 25kHz for voice
Plain old telephone service (POTS)

Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands Use FDM within bands

Range 5.5km

ADSL Channel Configuration

Discrete Multitone
DMT Multiple carrier signals at different frequencies Some bits on each channel 4kHz subchannels Send test signal and use subchannels with better signal to noise ratio 256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz (60kbps)
15.36MHz Impairments bring this down to 1.5Mbps to

DMT Transmitter

xDSL
High data rate DSL Single line DSL Very high data rate DSL

Required Reading
Stallings chapter 8 Web sites on
ADSL SONET