Joint Restraint Improper Bead Shape
High Carbon/Alloy Content Low Melting Point Contaminants
Hydrogen Pickup Rapid Cooling Rate
STEEL
ALUMINUM
STEEL
STEEL
STEEL
Possible Causes
Excess Hydrogen High Carbon/Alloy Content in Base Metal High Residual Stress Levels
Possible Cause
Inadequate Crater Fill
Possible Causes
Excess Hydrogen Excessive Strength in Weld Metal High Residual Stress Levels
Possible Causes
Improper Width to Depth Ratio Low Melting Point Contaminants Concave Weld Surface
Possible Cures
Use Low Hydrogen Consumables Control Hydrogen Content in Weld Metal Increase Pre-Heat Increase Post-Heat
Possible Cures
Backstep at the End of the Weld Use Crater Fill Machine Settings
Possible Cures
Increase Pre-Heat Use Lower Strength Consumables (Consistent with design requirements) Increase Post-Heat
Possible Cures
Use Width to Depth Ratio of 1:1 to 1.4:1 Limit Excess Penetration Decrease Voltage and/or Travel Speed
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