Scribd
Upload
6K views33 pages

Molecular Basis of Inheritance, Class 12, Cbse Notes

The document summarizes key concepts about DNA and genetics including: 1) DNA is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. 2) Watson and Crick discovered that DNA takes the form of a double helix with the bases pairing in a specific way. 3) DNA can replicate semiconservatively and this was demonstrated by the Meselson-Stahl experiment. 4) DNA carries genetic information that is expressed via transcription and translation into proteins.

Uploaded by

Subho Bhattacharya
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6K views33 pages

Molecular Basis of Inheritance, Class 12, Cbse Notes

The document summarizes key concepts about DNA and genetics including: 1) DNA is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. 2) Watson and Crick discovered that DNA takes the form of a double helix with the bases pairing in a specific way. 3) DNA can replicate semiconservatively and this was demonstrated by the Meselson-Stahl experiment. 4) DNA carries genetic information that is expressed via transcription and translation into proteins.

Uploaded by

Subho Bhattacharya
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

DNA (Polynucleotide)
DNA

NITROGENOUS BASE

A DEOXYRIBOSE PENTOSE SUGAR

A PHOSPHATE GROUP

PURINE

PYRIMIDINE

ADENINE GUANINE

CYTOSINE THYMINE
http://schools.aglasem.com

DNA

Nitrogenous base is linked to pentose sugar through a nglycosidic linkage to form a nucleoside. Phosphate group attached to5-OH of a nucleoside through phospho-ester linkage, and a nucleotide is formed. Two nucleotides are linked through 3-5 phosphodiester linkage to form a dinucleotide, and in this manner many nucleotides are linked forming polynucleotide. A polynucleotide has a free sugar at its5 end and a free phosphate at its 3 end.

http://schools.aglasem.com

Double helix model of DNA ( Watson and Crick model)

DNA is made of 2 polynucleotides. Backbone is formed by sugar and phosphate. Nitrogen bases project inside. Hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases hold the chain together. Adenine pairs with thymine through 2 hydrogen bonds and guanine with cytosine with 3 bonds. Two chains have antiparallel polarity. Two chains are coiled in a right handed fashion. And pitch of each helix is3.4nm, and 10 base pairs in each turn.
http://schools.aglasem.com

A NUCLEOSOME

http://schools.aglasem.com

Griffiths experiment on transformation

http://schools.aglasem.com

DNA is the genetic material

http://schools.aglasem.com

Characteristics of genetic material

Able to generate its replica. Chemically and structurally stable. Provide the scope for mutation necessary for evolution. Able to express itself in the form of Mendalian character.
http://schools.aglasem.com

RNA (Polynucleotide)
RNA

NITROGENOUS BASE

A PENTOSE SUGAR

A PHOSPHATE GROUP

PURINE

PYRIMIDINE

ADENINE GUANINE

CYTOSINE URACIL
http://schools.aglasem.com

TYPES OF RNA

RNA

MESSENGER mRNA

TRANSFER/ SOLUBLE tRNA


http://schools.aglasem.com

RIBOSOMAL rRNA

A tRNA MOLECULE

http://schools.aglasem.com

Semiconservative replication of DNA

http://schools.aglasem.com

Meselson- Stahl experiment (semiconservative replication)

http://schools.aglasem.com

Replication of DNA (schematic representation)

http://schools.aglasem.com

A TRANSCRIPTION UNIT

A promoter Structural genes A terminator

http://schools.aglasem.com

A TRANSCRIPTION UNIT

Transcription

http://schools.aglasem.com

TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES

http://schools.aglasem.com

GENETIC CODE

Codons are triplets 61 codons code for 20 amino acids. Unambigous each coden codes for only one/ particular amino acid. Degenerate some amino acids are coded by more than one codon. Commaless codons are read in continuous manner in a 5 to 3 direction without punctuation Universal codes for same amino acid in any organism. AUG- initiation codon and codes for methionine. UAA, UAG and UGA are stop codons..
http://schools.aglasem.com

MUTATION
MUATION

POINT

FRAME SHIFT

SILENT

http://schools.aglasem.com

TRANSLATION

http://schools.aglasem.com

TRANSLATION

http://schools.aglasem.com

TRANSLATION

http://schools.aglasem.com

COMPONENTS OF OPERON

Structural gene Promoter gene Operator Regulator gene Inducer

http://schools.aglasem.com

LAC OPERON IN E.COLI

http://schools.aglasem.com

LAC OPERON IN E.COLI

http://schools.aglasem.com

GOALS OF HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP)

Identification of all genes Determination of the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs in human DNA. To store the information in data base. Improvement of the tools for data analysis Transfer of the technology to other sectors (industries) To address the ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from this project.

http://schools.aglasem.com

METHODOLOGIES OF HGP
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs)- identifying all genes that expressed as RNA. Sequence annotation- sequence the whole sequence of genome, that included all coding and noncoding sequences and later assigning function to different regions in the sequence.

http://schools.aglasem.com

SALIENT FEATURES OF HUMAN GENOME

Contains3164.7 million nucleotides.

Size of genes varies, average size contains 3000 bases, the largest gene dystrophin contains 2.4 million bases. Total no. genes about 30000 and99.9 % of the nucleotides are same in all humans. Function of 50% genes are not known. 2% of the genome codes for protein. Repetitive sequence make up large portion of genome which throw light on structure, dynamics and evolution though they do not have coding function. In 1.4 million locations DNA differs in single base.
http://schools.aglasem.com

USES OF HGP

To diagnose, treat and prevent a number of disease or disorder that affects human beings. Provides clues to the understanding of human biology.

http://schools.aglasem.com

THE PROCESS OF DNA FINGER PRINTING

http://schools.aglasem.com

STEPS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

Extraction Amplification Restriction digestion Separation of DNA sequence/ restriction fragments Southern blotting Hybridisation Autoradiography
http://schools.aglasem.com

USES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

To identify criminals To determine the true biological mother or father in case of disputes To verify an immigrant, really a close relative of a resident To identify racial groups to rewrite the biological evolution.

http://schools.aglasem.com

PRESENTATION BROUGHT TO YOU BY:

http://schools.aglasem.com

You might also like