Buckling
Buckling
9.1 SLENDER PIN-ENDED COLUMN (SI 649-657; 4th:652-657; 3rd Ed p.653661) Due to imperfections no column is really straight. At some critical compressive load it will buckle. To determine the maximum compressive load (Buckling Load) we assume that buckling has occurred as shown in Fig. 9.1,
y,v P P
L
Fig. 9.1 Deflection column due to applied compressive load P Look closely at the FBD of the left hand end of the beam as in Fig. 9.2:
y,v P x
M(x)
P v
V(x)
Fig. 9.2 FBD of section of length x of deflected column Equating moments at the cut end: M = 0 = Pv + M (x ) = 0
M ( x ) = Pv
(9.1)
But since the deflection of a beam is related with its bending moment distribution, then: d 2v EI 2 = Pv (9.2) dx d 2v P which simplifies to: + v = 0 (9.3) dx 2 EI where P/EI is a constant. This expression is in the form of a second order differential equation of the following type:
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9
d 2v + 2v = 0 (9.4) 2 dx P 2 = where: (9.5) EI The solution of this equation is: v = A cos(x ) + B sin(x ) (9.6) where A and B are constants, which can be determined using the columns kinematic boundary conditions.
Kinematic Boundary Conditions at x = 0, v = 0: 0 = A + 0, giving that A = 0 at x = L , v = 0, then: 0 = B sin(L ) If B = 0, No bending moment exists, so the only logical solution is for: sin(L ) = 0 and the only way that this can happen is if : L = n , (9.7) where n = 1,2,3,L . But since: 2 =
P n = EI L
(9.8)
then we get that buckling load as: 2 EI P = n2 2 L The values of 'n' define the buckling mode shapes, as in Fig. 9.3:
P1 P1
(9.9)
2 EI L2
P2
Second mode of buckling P2 =
P2
4 2 EI L2
P3
Third mode of buckling
P3
P3 = 9 2 EI L2
Fig. 9.3 First three modes of buckling loads Critical Buckling Load However, since P1 < P2 < P3, the column buckles at P1 and never gets to P2 or P3 unless bracing is placed at the points where v = 0 to prevent buckling at lower loads. The critical load for a pin ended column is therefore: 2 EI PCrit = 2 = PE (9.10) L which is also called Euler Buckling Load, PCrit Critical or maximum axial load on the column just before it begins to buckle E Youngs modulus of elasticity I least second moment of area for the columns cross sectional area L unsupported length of the column, whose ends are pinned
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9
L/4
L/2
L/4
P LE
Fig. 9.4 Built-in column at both ends showing the effective pin-ended length From symmetry conditions, at the points of inflection d 2v = 0 = M (x ) dx 2 which occurs at 1/4L points. Thus the middle half of the column can be taken out and treated as a pin-ended column of length LE = L/2 as shown in Fig. 9.4. The critical load for this half length is then : 2 EI 4 2 EI PCrit = 2 = = 4 PE (9.11) LE L2
L=LE/2 B P
This is similar to previous case. However, this span is equivalent to 1/2 of the Euler span LE, as illustrated in Fig. 9.5, thus: 2 EI 2 EI PE (9.12) PCrit = 2 = = 4 4 L2 LE
Note: Since PCrit is proportional to I, the column will buckle in the direction corresponding to the minimum value of I, as shown in Fig. 9.6:
Buckling Direction P y x P z
Cross-section y
A h
b Iy>Iz
Fig. 9.6 Column cross section showing the direction of buckling (here: I z =
bh 3 hb 3 < Iy = ) 12 12
Crit =
( L / r )2
2 E
89
L/r
For a column not to fail by either yielding or buckling, its stress must remain underneath this diagram in Fig. 9.7.
Example 9.1 A 2m long pin ended column of square cross section. Assuming E=12.5GPa, allow=12MPa for compression parallel to the grain, and using a factor of safety of 2.5 in computing Eulers critical load for buckling, determining the size of the cross section if the column is to safely support (a) a P = 100kN load and (b) a P = 200kN load.
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9
a a
Section a-a y I s s z
Part (a)
Iz = Iy =
1 3 s4 ss = 12 12
Buckling criterion
F fail , we make the required critical load as Using given Factor of Safety FS=2.5 FS = F allow PCrit FS P = 2.5 100kN = 250 10 3 N Based on Eulers formula, Eq. (9.10), we have 250 10 3 L2 2 EI PCrit = 2 250 10 3 N I L 2 E 250 10 3 L2 250 10 3 2 2 4 12 = 12 = 0.0993m = 99.3mm 2 E 2 12.5 10 9 P P A = s2 Stress criterion = = allow A allow
or:
s B1 4
100 10 3 = 0.0913m = 91.3mm allow 12 10 6 Comparing the results from these two criteria, we have s max{s B 2 , s 2 } = 99.3mm . In this case, the design is taken against the buckling criterion. Finally, one may select a round-up amount, e.g. s = 100mm, as the design of the size of cross section. i.e. s 1
500 10 3 L2 500 10 3 2 2 4 or: sB2 12 = 12 = 0.1181m = 118.1mm 2 E 2 12.5 10 9 P P = = allow A = s2 Stress criterion A allow
200 10 3 i.e. s 2 = = 0.1291m = 129.1mm allow 12 10 6 Comparing the results from these two criteria, we have s max{s B 2 , s 2 } = 129.1mm . In this case, the design is taken against the stress criterion. One may select s = 130mm as the design of the size of cross section.
Example 9.2 Determine the largest load P which may be applied to the structure as shown. Assume that E=200GPa, allowable vertical deflection at point A allow=0.5mm and allowable compressive and tensile stress allow=50MPa.
Pin A FAB A P 30 FAC A P 30 8m b=100mm B 3m C Cross section for AB & AC h=50mm y z
(+ tensile force)
Step 2: Buckling criterion FAB is in tension, we do not considered its buckling. But bar AC is a strut and we need to check for buckling. I about y and z is computed respectively bh 3 0.1 0.53 hb 3 0.5 0.13 6 4 6 4 Iz = = = = = = 1 . 04267 10 m < I 41 . 667 10 m y 12 12 12 12
PCrit ,AC =
2 E AC I AC L2 AC
2 200 10 9 1.04267 10 6
8
2
)(
) = 32.128kN
But FAC = PCrit ,AC = 3PB , PB = PCrit / 3 = 18.55kN Step 3: Strength criterion Consider tensile and compressive stresses in AB and AC respectively. F 50 10 6 2P AB = AB = allow = 50 10 6 P= = 125kN AAB 0.05 0.1 400
FAC 3P 50 10 6 6 AC = = allow = 50 10 P= = 144.3kN AAC 0.05 0.1 400 From stress criterion, the maximum allowable load should be the smallest one i.e. P=125kN Step 4: Stiffness criterion Consider vertical deflection at point A using Castiglianos method. F 2L F2 L F2 L Total strain energy due to axial forces: U = i i = AB AB + AC AC 2 E AB AAB 2 E AC AAC i 2 E i Ai Fi 2 Li The displacement can be then computed as: P = P i 2 Ei Ai Member AB AC Fi (N) 2P - 3P Fi P 2 - 3 Li(m) 6 8 Ai (m2) 0.05 0.05 F Li = (Fi ) i P Ei Ai i Fi (Li Ei Ai )(Fi P ) 2.410-9P 2.410-9P
Thus we have: P = 2.4 10 9 P + 2.4 10 9 P = 4.8 10 9 P allow 0.0005 P = = 104.17kN 4.8 10 9 Step 5: Determine the maximum allowable load P from the above three criteria Clearly, for the safety reason, we should pick the lowest level as the allowable load P = min{PB , P , P } = 18.55kN
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9
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