Solar Power Plant Design and Interconnection
Wind & Solar Super Session July 27, 2011
E.H. Camm, S.E. Williams
S&C Electric Company
Outline
Introduction Utility-scale PV power plant
Grounding Reactive Power and Voltage Control Low Voltage Ride-Through and System Stability Short-Circuit Contributions
Utility-scale CSP power plant
Introduction
Solar Power Development in the US
Photovoltaic (PV) power plants Steady growth in residential, commercial PV installations Utility-scale installations emerging in 2008
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 Capacity (MW)
PV Plants
Annual Capacity Additions Cumulative Capacity
Introduction
Concentrating solar power (CSP) power plants 9 CSP plants totaling 354 MW constructed from 1984 to 1990 60 MW Solar One plant installed in Nevada in 2007 New CSP technology developments in 2010: dish Stirling systems
Introduction
Most recent developments include large utility-scale PV plants 80 MW Sarnia Plant in Ontario, Canada 3 Large projects in CA just received conditional loan guarantees
Introduction
Large utility-scale PV plant developments are driving changes in inverter design Distributed generation (DG) applications: no reactive power capability for voltage control fast disconnection from the utility system in the event of a disturbance anti-islanding protection Rules for large transmission-connect plants require this performance and are leading to changes in PV plant design practices
Utility-Scale PV Power Plant Design
DC + DC -
DC Voltage Monitoring
Inverter Control
Module 1
EMC Filter EMC Filter
Filter
To Collector System
from PV arrays Module 2
EMC Filter EMC Filter
from PV arrays
To other modules
Filter
Utility-Scale PV Power Plant
Design
issues
Grounding Reactive power and voltage control Low voltage ride-through and system stability Short-circuit contributions
Utility-Scale PV Power Plant
Grounding
Grounding in LV system in accordance with the applicable articles of NEC PV array grounding at a single point Equipment grounding Grounding on the MV system in accordance with applicable NEC and NESC requirements
Utility-Scale PV Power Plant
Requirements for grounding transformers on the MV feeders dependent on inverter design IEEE Std 1547/UL 1741 compliant inverters: no need for a grounding transformer or other means of feeder grounding once the feeder is isolated Changes in inverter designs will require grounding transformer or other means of feeder grounding to limit temporary overvoltages on the feeder to within acceptable levels
Utility-Scale PV Power Plant
Reactive power and voltage control IEEE Std 1547/UL 1741 compliant inverters will typically not have reactive power capability & operate with a unity power factor To meet transmission interconnection requirements for reactive power and voltage control, substation-based reactive power compensation systems (RCS) will typically be applied
Utility-Scale PV Power Plant
RCS typically consist of a STATCOM with dynamic reactive power capability and switched capacitor and reactor banks
Utility-Scale PV Power Plant
Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) and System Stability
PV plants using inverters that are IEEE Std 1547/UL 1741 compliant do not have LVRT Large penetration levels of PV plants using these types of inverters at distribution voltage level can affect the grid stability New inverter designs with reactive power and LVRT capability and other grid friendly features are expected to be required in new plant designs
Utility-Scale PV Power Plant
Short-Circuit Contributions
PV plants using inverters that are IEEE Std 1547/UL 1741 compliant contribute fault current for a few cycles A fault on the line will typically trigger an instantaneous AC undervoltage trip of the inverter Inverter gating will stop immediately, followed by the opening of the AC contactor after a few cycles New inverter design expected to have short-circuit contribution limited by the inverter apparent power (kVA) rating and similar to that of a Type 4 (full converter) type wind turbine generator
Utility-Scale CSP Plant
Utility-scale CSP power plants have been predominantly solar thermal plants using parabolic trough technology Since these plants use conventional synchronous generators with or without thermal energy storage electrical characteristics of the plant does not differ appreciable from that of a conventional power plant Development of newer technologies in CSP plants, particularly dish Stirling systems, is creating new challenges in the design of the low- and medium-voltage collector systems for large solar power plants
Utility-Scale CSP Plant
New dish Stirling systems use 10 to 25 kW solar concentrator in a dish structure
Mirrors collect and concentrate solar energy into a power conversion unit Includes a reciprocating Stirling engine The Sterling engine uses an internal working fluid, typically hydrogen or helium
Utility-Scale CSP Plant
Stirling engine drives a squirrel-cage induction generator Multiple 10 to 25 kW units are connected at low voltage into groups & connected to a step-up transformer The thermal, electrical, and control systems of the dishStirling system, along with a method for simulation are presented in "Modeling of Dish-Stirling Solar Thermal Power Generation" by Dustin Howard and Ronald G. Harley, in Proc. 2010 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Minneapols, Minnesota, USA, July 25-29, 2010
Utility-Scale CSP Plant
Reactive power and voltage control requirements of new dish Stirling CSP plant: STATCOM and switched capacitors Induction generators and Stirling engines in dish Stirling systems have minimal rotational inertia Need for additional internal speed control measures to avoid overspeeding during a grid fault Speed-control measures allow the units to ride through up to a few seconds of grid or in-plant faults prior to eventual disconnection
Utility-Scale CSP Plant
The induction generators in dish Stirling systems will respond similarly to small induction machines to contribute to faults Peak fault current contribution will be approximately 5 to 6 per unit Decaying to nominal current in less than 6 cycles
Utility-Scale CSP Plant
Rapid power fluctuations in dish Stirling system plants will be mitigated by the thermal inertia of the Stirling engine The composite effect of a large number of units will also mitigate power ramp rates During plant start-up, a large number of units must be brought on-line in a relatively short time period to maximize plant productivity Start-up sequences must be controlled to limit the power ramp rates to within specified limits
