DR. S.K.
SHARMA Consultant (GW)
ADVANTAGES OF REMOTE SENSING
Continuous & Repetitive acquisition of data Wide regional coverage Relatively economic & less time consuming Accurate in comparison to conventional methods of surveying & mapping
SCOPE FOR INTEGRATED USES OF DATA
Mapping vegetation types & coverage Soil types & maps Monitoring water bodies Mapping land use categories Assessing natural disaster e.g. landslides Targeting ground water occurrence & availability Mapping floods & flood plains Rock structure & rock lithologies Landscape units Enables mapping recharge & discharge areas Establishing watershed characteristics Mapping of ground water vulnerable/ risk zones Site selection for landfill sites Monitoring of water logged & soil salinity areas Assessment of ground water irrigated areas
Landscape analysis and remote Sensing methods in hydrogeological mapping
Objective of study Boundaries of geological/ soil units Depth to ground water Indicative features Topography, vegetation type Vegetation type, topography incision, depth of the river network Application & resolution Surface surveys Down to the depth of root zone of plants
Chemical composition of Vegetation Type ground water
The root zone
Area of recharge , flow Topographic position, Qualitative and discharge of ground vegetation type, depth characteristics water of river network, presence of springs, seepage zone, lakes and swamps
Objective of study Soil salination Surfacial Geological processes Boundaries of aquifers and aquiclude
Indicative features Vegetation type Visual identification Correlation of boundaries of hydrogeological units and area of recharge / discharge of ground water Change in color of remote sensing image Change in color of remote sensing image
Application & resolution Qualitative characteristics Depending upon scale of image When geological structures is known or strata of hydrogeological interest are exposed
Surface water quality Shallow ground water quality
Depending upon resolution of image Depending upon resolution of image
DECIPHERING GROUND WATER WITH SATELLITE IMAGERY Procedure
A. Processing & Analysis of Satellite Data Image processing & analysis Image enhancement & classification Ground truthing B. Aquifer Detection Keys
Indices of geomorphology Indices of geological structures Geo-botanical indices
CRITERIA TO LOCATE WATER WELLS WITH USE OF SATELLITE IMAGES
Detailed geomorphological mapping
Weathered zones over hard rocks Landforms over alluvial, coastal plains & desert plains and inter- mountain valleys (viz. alluvial fans, terraces, abandoned river channels)
Mapping of fractures, lineaments & rock dykes Mapping of drainage patterns, drainage densities & changes in drainage
LOCATING WATER-WELL
STEP 1.
Towards this Remote Sensing data is used to develop GIS layers Rock lithology layer Structural geology (fracture, lineament & joints) Topographic slope, elevation Drainage density Ground water quality layers Land use, land cover layer (vegetation layer) Soil layer
LOCATING WATER-WELL STEP 2. Subsequently expert choice & relational methods are used in GIS environment to conjunctively analyze all layers through convergence of evidences to delineate promising and preferable regions & sites in which to drill water wells
LOCATING WATER-WELL
STEP 3. Locating of wells within satellite images & grouping according to their yield
LOCATING WATER-WELL
STEP 4. Comparison of enhanced images of different dates (dry/ wet season images) Vegetation stress due to lack of moisture at the end of dry season Examining biomass index Geological overlay draped on vegetation/ biomass image
CONTROLL OF HYPOTHESIS
by: Selective geophysical surveys and Field verification & validation via
Drilling Well yield tests
SEARCH FOR AREAS FAVOURABLE TO PERCOLATION
Definition of zones of storage Analysis based on three main factors
Landscape units: for demarcating percolation potential & zones of recharge Drainage & irrigation networks Rock fracturing
Combining of maps of percolation areas with that of density of irrigation canals enable selection of areas where contribution of free surface water to the percolation potential is maximum
REMOTE SENSING CRITERIA TO LOCATE GROUND WATER RECHARGING SITES
Delineation of sub-watersheds Mapping land facets in watersheds Percent slope on different land forms Nature & thickness of soil cover Drainage network & drainage density Delineating runoff producing areas in relation to land use/ land cover & soil categories
Recharge Shaft for Artificial Recharge in Fractured Rock Areas
CASE EXAMPLES
Water-well siting in Hard Rock Terrain, Anantpur area, Andhra Pradesh
CASE EXAMPLES
Kandaria catchment, Mayurbhanj, Orissa
Understanding of recharge phenomena & relating the well yields with rock fracture/ lineament
CASE EXAMPLES
Mapping of Ground Water Irrigated Cropland in Faridabad District, Haryana
Integrated Watershed Assessment
In the detection of changes/ characterization of watershed, following may done with the use of satellite imagery
Change in vegetation cover (forest decline) Agricultural & land use changes Soil erosion Water pollution Changes in water bodies
Thematic layer are generated
Thermal Imagery in Locating Offshore Fresh Ground Water Discharge
(an example)
Use of Satellite Imageries for Mapping Lakes & Water Bodies
Madhya Pradesh Ponds in Chittoor, A.P.
Water Reservoir in A.P.
REMOTE SENSING TO SUPPORT GROUND WATER MONITORING & VULNERABILITY
In our ability to protect current & future ground water supplies, two major gaps exist, which can be quantified with the support of remote sensing derived information Effect of climate change & land use change on ground water; and Improved information for ground water modeling The main question is to quantify the impact of historical and projected climate variability on water availability from aquifers.
Approach: Derive land cover land use maps Use thermal high resolution imagery during snowmelt to identify sinks and drains Use Radrasat and Landsat/ ASTER imagery to map surficial properties Use hydrological model to estimate spatial pattern of net recharge
USE OF REMOTE SENSING IN GROUND WATER MODELLING Various data sets with the use of Remote Sensing & GIS for input to hydrologic models are generated
Stream drainage network Canal network Recharge zones Digital terrain models 3-D sub-surface aquifer layers
Mapping Trans-boundary Aquifers
Image of Himalayas
UTILITY OF REMOTE SENSING
The utility of remote sensing is in facilitating the hydrogeologists conventional tasks of observation, description and comprehension, and in making available hitherto inaccessible information. It has perhaps not revolutionalised their work but it has at least been added to their list of preferred tool-kit. The excellent satellite imagery of high ground resolution is a key factor for a good interpretation of remote sensing data in a GIS environment. The resulting precession enables successful integration of geo-coded multi-source data. Image processing & analysis together with GIS enable profit to be taken reciprocally of the data used, and assist the prior analysis necessary for modeling water resource systems.
A Look Ahead & Way Forward Application of high resolution satellite data combined with information collected through geophysical and ground surveys would help in making GIS based ground water information system very effective for management of ground water resource.
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