A / 682

Table A.1 Properties of Metallic Elements

Elementa

Aluminum
Antimony
Beryllium
Bismuthc
Boronc
Cadmiumc
Cesium
Chromium
Cobaltc
Copper
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Indium
Iridium
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercuryc

Thermal Conductivity k (W/m K)b

Properties at 293 K (20 C)

200 K
73 C

273 K
0 C

400 K
127 C

600 K
327 C

800 K
527 C

1000 K
727 C

237
30.2
301
9.7
52.5
99.3
36.8
111
122
413
96.8
327
24.4
89.7
153
94
36.6
88.1
159
7.17
28.9

236
25.5
218
8.2
31.7
97.5
36.1
94.8
104
401
66.7
318
23.3
83.7
148
83.5
35.5
79.2
157
7.68

240
21.2
161

232
18.2
126

220
16.8
107

18.7
94.7

11.3

8.1

6.3

5.2

87.3
84.8
392
43.2
312
22.3
74.5
144
69.4
33.8
72.1
153

80.5

71.3

65.3

62.4

383
27.3
304
21.3

371
19.8
292
20.8

357
17.4
278
20.7

342
17.4
262
20.9

138
54.7
31.2

132
43.3

126
32.6

120
28.2

149

146

89

1200 K
927 C

73

(kg/m3 )

c
(J/kg K)

k
(W/m K)

106
(m2 /s)

2702
6684
1850
9780
2500
8650
1873
7160
8862
8933
5360
19300
13280
7300
22500
7870
11340
534
1740
7290
13546

896
208
1750
124
1047
231
230
440
389
383

236
24.6
205
7.9
28.6
97
36
91.4
100
399
61.6
316
23.1
82.2
147
81.1
35.3
77.4
156
7.78

97.5
17.7
63.3
6.51
10.9
48.5
83.6
29.0
29.0
116.6

129

134
452
129
3391
1017
486

126.9

48.8
22.8
24.1
42.7
88.2
2.2

Melting
Temperature
(K)
933
904
1550
545
2573
594
302
2118
1765
1356
1211
1336
2495
430
2716
1810
601
454
923
1517
234

APPENDIX

Appendix A: Thermophysical Properties of Materials

Molybdenum
Nickel
Niobium
Palladium
Platinum
Potassium
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Tantalum
Tinc
Titaniumc
Tungstenc
Uraniumc
Vanadium
Zinc
Zirconiumc

143
106
52.6
75.5
72.4
104
51
154
58.9
264
403
138
57.5
73.3
24.5
197
25.1
31.5
123
25.2

139
94
53.3
75.5
71.5
104
48.6
151
58.3
168
428
135
57.4
68.2
22.4
182
27
31.3
122
23.2

134
80.1
55.2
75.5
71.6
52
46.1
146

126
65.5
58.2
75.5
73.0

118
67.4
61.3
75.5
75.5

112
71.8
64.4
75.5
78.6

105
76.1
67.5

44.2
136

44.1
127

44.6
121

45.7
115

98.9
420

61.9
405

42.2
389

31.2
374

25.7
358

57.8
62.2
20.4
162
29.6
32.1
116
21.6

58.6

59.4

60.2

61

19.4
139
34
34.2
105
20.7

19.7
128
38.8
36.3

20.7
121
43.9
38.6

22
115
49
41.2

21.6

23.7

25.7

82.6

10240
8900
8570
12020
21450
860
21100
12450
1530
2330
10500
971
16600
5750
4500
19300
19070
6100
7140
6570

251
446
270
247
133
741
137
248
348
703
234
1206
138
227
611
134
113
502
385
272

138
91
53.6
75.5
71.4
103
48.1
150
58.2
153
427
133
57.5
67.0
22.0
179
27.4
31.4
121
22.8

53.7
22.9
23.2
25.4
25.0
161.6
16.6
48.6
109.3
93.4
173.8
113.6
25.1
51.3
8.0
69.2
12.7
10.3
44.0
12.8

2883
1726
2741
1825
2042
337
3453
2233
312
1685
1234
371
3269
505
1953
3653
1407
2192
693
2125

APPENDIX

Purity for all elements exceeds 99%.

The expected percent errors in the thermal conductivity values are approximately within 5% of the true values near room temperature and within about 10% at
other temperatures.
c
For crystalline materials, the values are given for the polycrystalline materials.
Source: Refs. [14].
b

A / 683

A / 684

APPENDIX

Table A.2 Properties of Alloys

Metal

Aluminum
Duralumin
Silumin
Copper
Aluminum
bronze
Bronze
Red brass
Brass
German silver
Constantan
Iron
Cast iron
Wrought iron
Steel
Carbon steel
Chrome steel

Chrome-nickel
steel
Nickel steel

Nickel-chrome
steel

Manganese
steel
Silicon steel
Stainless steel
Tungsten steel
Source: Refs. [1] and [2].

Properties at 293 K (20 C)

Composition (%)

(kg/m3 )

c
(J/kgK)

k
(W/mK)

105
(m2 /s)

94-96 A1, 3-5 Cu, trace Mg

87 A1, 13 Si

2787
2659

833
871

164
164

6.676
7.099

95 Cu, 5 A1

8666

410

83

2.330

75 Cu, 25 Sn
85 Cu, 9 Sn, 5 Zn
70 Cu, 30 Zn
62 Cu, 15 Ni, 22 Zn
60 Cu, 40 Ni

8666
8714
8522
8618
8922

343
385
385
394
410

26
61
111
24.9
22.7

0.859
1.804
3.412
0.733
0.612

4 C

7272
7849

420
460

52
59

1.702
1.626

1C
1.5 C
1 Cr
5 Cr
10 Cr
15 Cr, 10 Ni
20 Cr, 15 Ni
10 Ni
20 Ni
40 Ni
60 Ni
80 Ni, 15 Cr
60 Ni, 15 Cr
40 Ni, 15 Cr
20 Ni, 15 Cr
1 Mn
5 Mn
1 Si
5 Si
Type 304
Type 347
1W
5W

7801
7753
7865
7833
7785
7865
7833
7945
7993
8169
8378
8522
8266
8073
7865
7865
7849
7769
7417
7817
7817
7913
8073

473
486
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
461
461
448
435

43
36
61
40
31
19
15.1
26
19
10
19
17
12.8
11.6
14.0
50
22
42
19
14.4
14.3
66
54

1.172
0.970
1.665
1.110
0.867
0.526
0.415
0.720
0.526
0.279
0.493
0.444
0.333
0.305
0.390
1.388
0.637
1.164
0.555
0.387
0.387
1.858
1.525

APPENDIX

A / 685

Table A.3 Properties of Insulations and Building Materials

Substance
Structural and heat-resistant materials
Asphalt
Brick
Building brick, common
Face
Carborundum brick
Chrome brick

Diatomaceous earth,
molded and fired
Fireclay brick, burnt 2426 F

Burnt 2642 F

Missouri

Magnesite

Cement, portland
Mortar
Concrete, cinder
Stone, 1-2-4 mix
Glass, window
Corosilicate
Plaster, gypsum
Metal lath
Wood lath
Stone
Granite
Limestone
Marble
Sandstone
Wood (across the grain)
Balsa, 8.8 lb/ft3
Cypress
Fir
Maple or oak
Yellow pine
White pine

Temperature
( C)
2055
20
600
1400
200
550
900
200
870
500
800
1100
500
800
1100
200
600
1400
200
650
1200
23
23
20
20
3075
20
20
20

k
(W/m C)

(kg/m3 )

c
(kJ/kg C)

107
(m2 /s)

1600
2000

0.84

5.2

3000

0.84

9.2
9.8
7.9

2000

0.96

5.4

2300

0.96

5.8

2600

0.96

4.0

0.740.76
0.69
1.32
18.5
11.1
2.32
2.47
1.99
0.24
0.31
1.04
1.07
1.09
1.28
1.37
1.40
1.00
1.47
1.77
3.81
2.77
1.90
0.29
1.16
0.76
1.37
0.78 (avg)
1.09
0.48
0.47
0.28

1.13

1500

19002300
2700
2200
1440

0.88
0.84

8.26.8
3.4

0.84

4.0

40

1.733.98
1.261.33
2.072.94
1.83

2640
2500
25002700
21602300

0.82
0.90
0.80
0.71

818
5.65.9
1013.6
11.211.9

30
30
23
30
23
30

0.055
0.097
0.11
0.166
0.147
0.112

140
460
420
540
640
430

2.72
2.4
2.8

0.96
1.28
0.82

100300

(Continued)

A / 686

APPENDIX

Table A.3 (Continued)

Substance
Insulating materials
Asbestos
Loosely packed

Asbestoscement boards
Sheets
Felt, 40 laminations/in.

20 laminations/in.

Corrugated, 4 plies/in.

Asbestos cement
Balsam wool, 2.2 lb/ft3
Cardboard, corrugated
Celotex
Corkboard, 10 lb/ft3
Cork, regranulated
Ground
Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel)
Felt, hair
Wool
Fiber, insulating board
Glass wool, 1.5 lb/ft3
Insulex, dry
Kapok
Magnesia, 85%

Rock wool, 10 lb/ft3

Loosely packed
Sawdust
Silica aerogel
Wood shavings
Source: Refs. [5] and [6].

Temperature
( C)

45
0
100
20
51
38
150
260
38
150
260
38
93
150

32

32
30
32
32
0
30
30
20
23
32
30
38
93
150
204
32
150
260
23
32
23

k
(W/m C)

0.149
0.154
0.161
0.74
0.166
0.057
0.069
0.083
0.078
0.095
0.112
0.087
0.100
0.119
2.08
0.04
0.064
0.048
0.043
0.045
0.043
0.061
0.036
0.052
0.048
0.038
0.064
0.144
0.035
0.067
0.071
0.074
0.080
0.040
0.067
0.087
0.059
0.024
0.059

(kg/m3 )

c
(kJ/kg C)

107
(m2 /s)

470570

0.816

3.34

1.88

25.3

0.7

22.6

35

160
45120
150
320
130200
330
240
24

270

160
64

140

APPENDIX

A / 687

Table A.4 Properties of Dry Air at Atmospheric Pressure: SI Units

T
(K)

( C)

273
0
293
20
313
40
333
60
353
80
373 100
473 200
573 300
673 400
773 500
1273 1000

103 CP
k
106
3
(kg/m ) (1/K)
(J/kg K) (W/m K) (m2 /s)

106
106 Pr
2
(N s/m ) (m2 /s)

g/2 108
(1/K m3 )

1.252
1.164
1.092
1.025
0.968
0.916
0.723
0.596
0.508
0.442
0.268

17.456
18.240
19.123
19.907
20.790
21.673
25.693
39.322
32.754
35.794
48.445

1.85
1.36
1.01
0.782
0.600
0.472
0.164
0.0709
0.0350
0.0193
0.00236

3.66
3.41
3.19
3.00
2.83
2.68
2.11
1.75
1.49
1.29
0.79

1011
1012
1014
1017
1019
1022
1035
1047
1059
1076
1139

0.0237
0.0251
0.0265
0.0279
0.0293
0.0307
0.0370
0.0429
0.0485
0.0540
0.0762

19.2
22.0
24.8
27.6
30.6
33.6
49.7
68.9
89.4
113.2
240

13.9
15.7
17.6
19.4
21.5
23.6
35.5
49.2
64.6
81.0
181

0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.72
0.72
0.74

Source: Refs. [1] and [3].

Table A.5 Properties of Dry Air at Atmospheric Pressure: English Units

T( F)

CP (Btu/lbm F)

k(Btu/h ft F)

(lbm/ft h)

(lbm/ft3 )

Pr

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000

0.241
0.241
0.241
0.241
0.241
0.241
0.241
0.242
0.242
0.242
0.242
0.243
0.244
0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.251
0.254
0.257
0.260
0.263

0.0131
0.0136
0.0141
0.0147
0.0152
0.0156
0.0161
0.0166
0.0171
0.0176
0.0180
0.0192
0.0203
0.0214
0.0225
0.0236
0.0246
0.0266
0.0285
0.0303
0.0320
0.0337

0.0387
0.0402
0.0416
0.0428
0.0440
0.0455
0.0467
0.0479
0.0491
0.0503
0.0515
0.0544
0.0573
0.0600
0.0627
0.0653
0.0677
0.0723
0.0767
0.0810
0.0849
0.0885

0.0864
0.0828
0.0795
0.0764
0.0735
0.0709
0.0685
0.0662
0.0640
0.0620
0.0601
0.0559
0.0522
0.0490
0.0461
0.0436
0.0413
0.0374
0.0342
0.0315
0.0292
0.0272

0.71
0.71
0.71
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.69
0.69
0.69

Data generated using the PRO II process simulator

A / 688

APPENDIX

Table A.6 Properties of Steam at Atmospheric Pressure

T

103 CP
k
104
3
(K) ( C) (kg/m ) (1/K)
(J/kg K) (W/m K) (m2 /s)

106
106 Pr
2
(N s/m ) (m2 /s)

373
380
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850

12.10
12.71
13.44
15.25
17.04
18.84
20.67
22.47
24.26
26.04
27.86
29.69

100
107
127
177
227
277
327
377
427
477
527
577

0.5977
0.5863
0.5542
0.4902
0.4405
0.4005
0.3652
0.3380
0.3140
0.2931
0.2739
0.2579

2.50
2.22
2.00
1.82
1.67
1.54
1.43
1.33
1.25
1.18

2034
2060
2014
1980
1985
1997
2026
2056
2085
2119
2152
2186

0.0249
0.0246
0.0261
0.0299
0.0339
0.0379
0.0422
0.0464
0.0505
0.0549
0.0592
0.0637

0.204
0.204
0.234
0.307
0.387
0.475
0.573
0.666
0.772
0.883
1.001
1.130

20.2
21.6
24.2
31.1
38.6
47.0
56.6
66.4
77.2
88.8
102.0
115.2

g/2 106
(1/K m3 )

0.987
1.060
1.040 41.86
1.010 22.51
0.996 13.16
0.991 8.08
0.986 5.11
0.995 3.43
1.000 2.35
1.005 1.65
1.010 1.18
1.019 0.872

Source: Refs. [1] and [2].

Table A.7 Properties of Liquid Water at Saturation Pressure: SI Units

T

104
(K) ( C) (kg/m3 ) (1/K)

CP
k
106
(J/kg K) (W/m K) (m2 /s)

106
106 Pr
(N s/m2 ) (m2 /s)

g/2 109
(1/K m3 )

273
278
283
288
293
298
303
308
313
318
323
348
373
393
413
433
453
473
493
513
533
553
573

4226
4206
4195
4187
4182
4178
4176
4175
4175
4176
4178
4190
4211
4232
4257
4285
4396
4501
4605
4731
4982
5234
5694

1794
1535
1296
1136
993
880.6
792.4
719.8
658.0
605.1
555.1
376.6
277.5
235.4
201.0
171.6
152.0
139.3
124.5
113.8
104.9
98.07
92.18

0.551

2.035

4.540

8.833

14.59

85.09
140.0
211.7
290.3
396.5
517.2
671.4
848.5
1076
1360
1766

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
75
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300

999.9
1000
999.7
999.1
998.2
997.1
995.7
994.1
992.2
990.2
988.1
974.9
958.4
943.5
926.3
907.6
886.6
862.8
837.0
809.0
779.0
750.0
712.5

Source: Refs. [1] and [3].

0.7

0.95

2.1

3.0

3.9

4.6

7.5
8.5
9.7
10.8
12.1
13.5
15.2
17.2
20.0
23.8
29.5

0.558
0.568
0.577
0.585
0.597
0.606
0.615
0.624
0.633
0.640
0.647
0.671
0.682
0.685
0.684
0.680
0.673
0.665
0.652
0.634
0.613
0.588
0.564

0.131
0.135
0.137
0.141
0.143
0.146
0.149
0.150
0.151
0.155
0.157
0.164
0.169
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.172
0.170
0.167
0.162
0.156
0.147
0.132

1.789
1.535
1.300
1.146
1.006
0.884
0.805
0.725
0.658
0.611
0.556
0.366
0.294
0.244
0.212
0.191
0.173
0.160
0.149
0.141
0.135
0.131
0.128

13.7
11.4
9.5
8.1
7.0
6.1
5.4
4.8
4.3
3.9
3.55
2.23
1.75
1.43
1.23
1.10
1.01
0.95
0.90
0.86
0.86
0.89
0.98

Table A.9 Viscosities of Steam and Water: English Units

A / 696

Temperature
( F)

Viscosity of steam and water in centipoise

2
psia

5
psia

10
psia

20
psia

50
psia

100
psia

200
psia

500
psia

1000
psia

2000
psia

5000
psia

7500
psia

10000
psia

12000
psia

Saturated water
Saturated steam

0.667
0.010

0.524
0.010

0.388
0.011

0.313
0.012

0.255
0.012

0.197
0.013

0.164
0.014

0.138
0.015

0.111
0.017

0.094
0.019

0.078
0.023

...
...

...
...

...
...

...
...

1500
1450
1400
1350
1300

0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037

0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037

0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037

0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037

0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037

0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037

0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037

0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037

0.042
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037

0.042
0.041
0.040
0.038
0.037

0.042
0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038

0.044
0.043
0.042
0.041
0.040

0.046
0.045
0.044
0.044
0.043

0.048
0.047
0.047
0.046
0.045

0.050
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.048

1250
1200
1150
1100
1050

0.035
0.034
0.034
0.032
0.031

0.035
0.034
0.034
0.032
0.031

0.035
0.034
0.034
0.032
0.031

0.035
0.034
0.034
0.032
0.031

0.035
0.034
0.034
0.032
0.031

0.035
0.034
0.034
0.032
0.031

0.035
0.034
0.034
0.032
0.031

0.036
0.034
0.034
0.032
0.031

0.036
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.032

0.036
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.032

0.037
0.036
0.034
0.034
0.033

0.039
0.038
0.037
0.037
0.036

0.042
0.041
0.041
0.040
0.040

0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.047

0.048
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.052

1000
950
900
850
800

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.026
0.025

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.026
0.025

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.026
0.025

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.026
0.025

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.026
0.025

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.026
0.025

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.027
0.025

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.027
0.025

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.027
0.026

0.031
0.030
0.028
0.027
0.026

0.032
0.031
0.029
0.028
0.027

0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.040

0.041
0.042
0.045
0.052
0.062

0.049
0.052
0.057
0.064
0.071

0.055
0.059
0.064
0.070
0.075

750
700
650
600
550

0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020

0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020

0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020

0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020

0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020

0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020

0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020

0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020

0.025
0.023
0.023
0.021
0.020

0.025
0.024
0.023
0.021
0.019

0.026
0.026

0.023
0.087
0.095

0.057
0.071
0.082
0.091
0.101

0.071
0.079
0.088
0.096
0.105

0.078
0.085
0.092
0.101
0.109

0.081
0.086
0.096
0.104
0.113

500
450
400
350
300

0.019
0.018
0.016
0.015
0.014

0.019
0.018
0.016
0.015
0.014

0.019
0.018
0.016
0.015
0.014

0.019
0.018
0.016
0.015
0.014

0.019
0.017
0.016
0.015
0.014

0.019
0.017
0.016
0.015
0.014

0.019
0.017
0.016
0.015
0.182

0.018
0.017
0.016
0.152
0.183

0.018
0.115
0.131
0.153
0.183

0.103
0.116
0.132
0.154
0.184

0.105
0.118
0.134
0.155
0.185

0.111
0.123
0.138
0.160
0.190

0.114
0.127
0.143
0.164
0.194

0.119
0.131
0.147
0.168
0.198

0.122
0.135
0.150
0.171
0.201

250
200
150
100
50

0.013
0.012
0.011
0.680
1.299

0.013
0.012
0.011
0.680
1.299

0.013
0.012
0.427
0.680
1.299

0.013
0.012
0.427
0.680
1.299

0.013
0.300
0.427
0.680
1.299

0.228
0.300
0.427
0.680
1.299

0.228
0.300
0.427
0.680
1.299

0.228
0.300
0.427
0.680
1.299

0.228
0.301
0.427
0.680
1.299

0.229
0.301
0.428
0.680
1.298

0.231
0.303
0.429
0.680
1.296

0.235
0.306
0.431
0.681
1.289

0.238
0.310
0.434
0.682
1.284

0.242
0.313
0.437
0.683
1.279

0.245
0.316
0.439
0.683
1.275

32

1.753

1.753

1.753

1.753

1.753

1.753

1.753

1.752

1.751

1.749

1.745

1.733

1.723

1.713

1.705

Values directly below underscored viscosities are for water.

Critical point.
Source: Ref. [8].

APPENDIX

1
psia

APPENDIX

A / 697

Table A.10 Properties of Carbon Dioxide at One Atmosphere

(K) ( C)

103 CP
k
104 106
106 Pr
(kg/m3 ) (1/K) ( J/kg K) (W/m K) (m2 /s) (N s/m2 ) (m2 /s)

g/2 106
(1/K m3 )

220
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600

2.4733
2.1657
1.7973
1.5362
1.3424
1.1918
1.0732
0.9739
0.8938

472
224
118
67.9
41.8
26.9
18.2

53
23
27
77
127
177
227
277
327

3.33
2.86
2.50
2.22
2.00
1.82
1.67

783
804
871
900
942
980
1013
1047
1076

0.010805
0.012884
0.016572
0.02047
0.02461
0.02897
0.03352
0.03821
0.04311

0.0558
0.0740
0.1059
0.1481
0.1946
0.2480
0.3083
0.3747
0.4483

11.105
12.590
14.958
17.205
19.32
21.34
23.26
25.08
26.83

4.490
5.813
8.321
11.19
14.39
17.90
21.67
25.74
30.02

0.818
0.793
0.770
0.755
0.738
0.721
0.702
0.685
0.668

Source: Refs. [1] and [2].

Table A.11 Properties of Ammonia Vapor at Atmospheric Pressure

T
(K)

(kg/m3 )

CP
(J/kg K)

107
(N s/m2 )

106
(m2 /s)

k 103
(W/m K)

106
(m2 /s)

Pr

300
320
340
360
380

0.6894
0.6448
0.6059
0.5716
0.5410

2158
2170
2192
2221
2254

101.5
109
116.5
124
131

14.7
16.9
19.2
21.7
24.2

24.7
27.2
29.3
31.6
34.0

16.6
19.4
22.1
24.9
27.9

0.887
0.870
0.872
0.872
0.869

400
420
440
460
480

0.5136
0.4888
0.4664
0.4460
0.4273

2287
2322
2357
2393
2430

138
145
152.5
159
166.5

26.9
29.7
32.7
35.7
39.0

37.0
40.4
43.5
46.3
49.2

31.5
35.6
39.6
43.4
47.4

0.853
0.833
0.826
0.822
0.822

500
520
540
560
580

0.4101
0.3942
0.3795
0.3708
0.3533

2467
2504
2540
2577
2613

173
180
186.5
193
199.5

42.2
45.7
49.1
52.0
56.5

52.5
54.5
57.5
60.6
63.8

51.9
55.2
59.7
63.4
69.1

0.813
0.827
0.824
0.827
0.817

Source: Refs. [9] and [10].

A / 698

APPENDIX

Table A.12 Properties of Saturated Liquid Freon 12 (C Cl2 F2 )

(K) ( C)

103 CP
k
108 104
106 Pr
(kg/m3 ) (1/K) (J/kg K) (W/m K) (m2 /s) (N s/m2 ) (m2 /s)

g/2 1010
(1/K m3 )

223
233
243
253
263
273
283
293
303
313
323

1547
1519
1490
1461
1429
1397
1364
1330
1295
1257
1216

26.84

50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50

Source: Refs. [1] and [2].

2.63

3.10

875.0
884.7
895.6
907.3
920.3
934.5
949.6
965.9
983.5
1001.9
1021.6

0.067
0.069
0.069
0.071
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.071
0.069
0.067

5.01
5.14
5.26
5.39
5.50
5.57
5.60
5.60
5.60
5.55
5.45

4.796
4.238
3.770
3.433
3.158
2.990
2.769
2.633
2.512
2.401
2.310

0.310
0.279
0.253
0.235
0.221
0.214
0.203
0.198
0.194
0.191
0.190

6.2
5.4
4.8
4.4
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5

6.68

Table A.13 Properties of Selected Organic Liquids at 20C

Liquid

Chemical
formula

(kg/m3 )

104
(1/K)

CP
(J/kg K)

k
(W/m K)

109
(m2 /s)

104
(N s/m2 )

106
(m2 /s)

Pr

g/2 108
(1/K m3 )

Acetic acid
Acetone
Aniline
Benzene
n-Butyl alcohol
Chloroform
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene glycol
Glycerine
n-Heptane
n-Hexane
Isobutyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol
n-Octane
n-Pentane
Toluene
Turpentine

C2 H4 O2
C 3 H6 O
C 6 H7 N
C 6 H6
C4 H10 O
CHCl3
C4 H8 O2
C2 H6 O
C2 H6 O2
C3 H8 O3
C7 H14
C6 H14
C4 H10 O
CH4 O
C8 H18
C5 H12
C 7 H8
C10 H16

1049
791
1022
879
810
1489
900
790
1115
1260
684
660
804
792
720
626
866
855

10.7
14.3
8.5
10.6
8.1
12.8
13.8
11.0

5.0
12.4
13.5
9.4
11.9
11.4
16.0
10.8
9.7

2031
2160
2064
1738
2366
967
2010
2470
2382
2428
2219
1884
2303
2470
2177
2177
1675
1800

0.193
0.180
0.172
0.154
0.167
0.129
0.137
0.182
0.258
0.285
0.140
0.137
0.134
0.212
0.147
0.136
0.151
0.128

90.6
105.4
81.5
100.8
87.1
89.6
75.7
93.3
97.1
93.2
92.2
110.2
72.4
108.4
93.8
99.8
104.1
83.2

3.31
44.3
6.5
29.5
5.8
4.49
12.0
199
14,800
4.09
3.20
39.5
5.84
5.4
2.29
5.86
14.87

0.418
4.34
0.739
3.64
0.390
0.499
1.52
17.8
1175
0.598
0.485
4.91
0.737
0.750
0.366
0.677
1.74

3.97
53.16
7.34
41.79
4.35
6.59
16.29
183.7
12,609
6.48
4.40
67.89
6.8
8.00
3.67
6.5
20.91

802.6
4.43
190.3
5.99
825.3
543.5
46.7

APPENDIX

Source: Refs. [1] and [3].

0.0000355
340.1
562.8
3.82
214.9
198.8
1171
231.1
31.4

A / 699

A / 700

APPENDIX

Table A.14 Properties of Selected Saturated Liquids

CP
(kJ/kg K)

102
(N s/m2 )

106
(m2 /s)

k 103
(W/m K)

107
(m2 /s)

Pr

103
(K1 )

Engine oil (unused)

273
899.1
280
895.3
290
890.0
300
884.1
310
877.9
320
871.8
330
865.8
340
859.9

1.796
1.827
1.868
1.909
1.951
1.993
2.035
2.076

385
217
99.9
48.6
25.3
14.1
8.36
5.31

4280
2430
1120
550
288
161
96.6
61.7

147
144
145
145
145
143
141
139

0.910
0.880
0.872
0.859
0.847
0.823
0.800
0.779

47,000
27,500
12,900
6400
3400
1965
1205
793

0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70

350
360
370
380
390

853.9
847.8
841.8
836.0
830.6

2.118
2.161
2.206
2.250
2.294

3.56
2.52
1.86
1.41
1.10

41.7
29.7
22.0
16.9
13.3

138
138
137
136
135

0.763
0.753
0.738
0.723
0.709

546
395
300
233
187

0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70

400
410
420
430

825.1
818.9
812.1
806.5

2.337
2.381
2.427
2.471

0.874
0.698
0.564
0.470

10.6
8.52
6.94
5.83

134
133
133
132

0.695
0.682
0.675
0.662

152
125
103
88

0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70

Ethylene glycol [C2 H4 (OH)2 ]

273
1130.8
2.294
280
1125.8
2.323
290
1118.8
2.368

6.51
4.20
2.47

57.6
37.3
22.1

242
244
248

0.933
0.933
0.936

617
400
236

0.65
0.65
0.65

300
310
320
330
340

1114.4
1103.7
1096.2
1089.5
1083.8

2.415
2.460
2.505
2.549
2.592

1.57
1.07
0.757
0.561
0.431

14.1
9.65
6.91
5.15
3.98

252
255
258
260
261

0.939
0.939
0.940
0.936
0.929

151
103
73.5
55.0
42.8

0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65

350
360
370
373

1079.0
1074.0
1066.7
1058.5

2.637
2.682
2.728
2.742

0.342
0.278
0.228
0.215

3.17
2.59
2.14
2.03

261
261
262
263

0.917
0.906
0.900
0.906

34.6
28.6
23.7
22.4

0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65

282
284
286
286
286
287

0.977
0.972
0.955
0.935
0.916
0.897

T
(K)

(kg/m3 )

Glycerin [C3 H5 (OH)3 ]

273
1276.0
2.261
280
1271.9
2.298
290
1265.8
2.367
300
1259.9
2.427
310
1253.9
2.490
320
1247.2
2.564
Source: Refs. [2] and [9].

1060
534
185
79.9
35.2
21.0

8310
4200
1460
634
281
168

85,000
43,200
15,300
6780
3060
1870

0.47
0.47
0.48
0.48
0.49
0.50

APPENDIX

A / 701

Table A.15 Thermal Conductivities of Liquids

Liquid

T ( F)

k(Btu/h ft F)

Liquid

T ( F)

k(Btu/h ft F)

Acetic acid 100%

Acetic acid 50%
Acetone

68
68
86
167
7786
586
68
140
50
86
212
86
167
3268

0.099
0.20
0.102
0.095
0.104
0.29
0.261
0.29
0.083
0.094
0.089
0.088
0.087
0.100

Ethyl alcohol 40%

Ethyl alcohol 20%
Ethyl alcohol 100%
Ethyl benzene

Ethylene glycol

68
68
122
86
140
68
86
167
104
167
32

0.224
0.281
0.087
0.086
0.082
0.070
0.080
0.078
0.064
0.063
0.153

86
140
86
212
7786
86
167
50

0.092
0.087
0.074
0.070
0.085
0.097
0.095
0.091

Gasoline
Glycerol 100%
Glycerol 80%
Glycerol 60%
Glycerol 40%
Glycerol 20%
Glycerol 100%

86
68
68
68
68
68
212

0.078
0.164
0.189
0.220
0.259
0.278
0.164

Heptane (n-)

86
86
86
167
32
154
50
86
86
140

0.32
0.34
0.093
0.088
0.107
0.094
0.083
0.080
0.078
0.079

86
140
86
140
86
167
86
167

0.081
0.079
0.080
0.078
0.094
0.091
0.093
0.090

Kerosene

68
167

0.086
0.081

86
140

0.085
0.083

20
60
100
140
180
122
5
86

0.057
0.053
0.048
0.043
0.038
0.082
0.111
0.096

Mercury
Methyl alcohol 100%
Methyl alcohol 80%
Methyl alcohol 60%
Methyl alcohol 40%
Methyl alcohol 20%
Methyl alcohol 100%
Methyl alcohol chloride

82
68
68
68
68
68
122
5
86

4.83
0.124
0.154
0.190
0.234
0.284
0.114
0.111
0.089

Nitrobenzene

86
212
86
140
86
140

0.095
0.038
0.125
0.120
0.084
0.082

68
68
68
68

0.101
0.105
0.137
0.176

86
140

0.083
0.081

Allyl alcohol
Ammonia
Ammonia, aqueous 26%
Amyl acetate
Amyl alcohol (n-)
Amyl alcohol (iso-)
Aniline
Benzene
Bromobenzene
Butyl acetate (n-)
Butyl alcohol (n-)
Butyl alcohol (iso-)
Calcium chloride
brine 30%
15%
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cymene (para-)
Decane (n-)
Dichlorodifluoromethane

Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol 100%
Ethyl alcohol 80%
Ethyl alcohol 60%

Ethyl bromide
Ethyl ether
Ethyl iodide

Hexane (n-)
Heptyl alcohol (n-)
Hexyl alcohol (n-)

Nitromethane
Nonane (n-)
Octane (n-)

(Continued)

A / 702

APPENDIX

Table A.15 (Continued)

Liquid

T ( F)

k(Btu/h ft F)

Liquid

Oils
Oils, castor

86
68
212
68
212

0.079
0.104
0.100
0.097
0.095

Sulfuric acid 90%

Sulfuric acid 60%
Sulfuric acid 30%
Sulfur dioxide

86
212
86
167
122
86
167
86
167
86
140

0.084
0.078
0.078
0.074
0.092
0.075
0.073
0.099
0.095
0.091
0.090

Toluene

212
410

49
46

Oils, Olive
Paraldehyde
Pentane (n-)
Perchloroethylene
Petroleum ether
Propyl alcohol (n-)
Propyl alcohol (iso-)
Sodium
Sodium chloride
brine 25.0%
12.5%
Source: Ref. [11].

86
86

0.33
0.34

-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Turpentine
Vaseline
Water

Xylene (ortho-)
Xylene (meta-)

T ( F)

k(Btu/h ft F)

86
86
86
5
86

0.21
0.25
0.30
0.128
0.111

86
167
122
122
59

0.086
0.084
0.077
0.080
0.074

59

0.106

32
100
200
300
420
620

0.343
0.363
0.393
0.395
0.376
0.275

68
68

0.090
0.090

APPENDIX

A / 703

Table A.16 Thermal Conductivities of Tubing Materials

Material

k (Btu/h ft F)

Material

k (Btu/h ft F)

Carbon steel
304 Stainless steel
309 Stainless steel
310 Stainless steel
316 and 317 Stainless steel

2430
8.612
29
7.311
7.712

Inconel 800
Inconel 825
Hastelloy B
Hastelloy C
Alloy 904L

6.78
7.2
6.19
5.910
7.59

321 and 347 Stainless steel

25Cr12Ni Steel
22Cr5Ni3Mo Steel
3.5Ni Steel
Carbon0.5Mo Steel

812
6.510
9.5
23.5
25

Alloy 28
CrMo Alloy XM27
Alloy 20CB
Copper
9010 CuNi

6.59
11.3
7.6
225
30

1.0 & 1.25Cr0.5Mo Steel

2.25Cr1.0Mo Steel
5Cr0.5Mo Steel
12Cr & 13Cr Steel
15Cr Steel

21.5
21
16.919
15.3
14.4

7030 CuNi
Admirality brass
Naval brass
Muntz metal (60Cu40Zn)
Aluminum bronze

18
6475
7174
71
71

17Cr Steel
Nickel alloy 200
Nickel alloy 400
Inconel 600
Inconel 625

13
38.5
12.615
9
7.59

AlNi Bronze
Aluminum alloy 3003
Aluminum alloy 6061
Titanium
Zirconium

72
102106
96102
11.512.7
12

This table lists typical values of thermal conductivity that can be used to estimate the thermal resistance of tube and pipe
walls. These values may not be appropriate for operation at very high or very low temperatures.