PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: CONCEPTS AND PRACTICE

I. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

Graduate School of Asia and Pacific Studies University of Waseda, Tokyo-JAPAN 2008

CONTENTS

WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION? THE UNIVERSALITY OF ADMINISTRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT WHAT IS PUBLIC? DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MAIN CONCERNS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION APPROACHES TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PUBLIC vs PRIVATE DISTINCTIONS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ADIMINSTRATION
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WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ?

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IS A SPECIES BELONGING TO THE GENUS ADMINISTRATION, WHICH GENUS IN TURN BELONGS TO A FAMILY WHICH WE MAY CALL

COOPERATIVE HUMAN ACTION

(WALDO, 1955)

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WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION?

ADMINISTRATION IS A TYPE OF COOPERATIVE HUMAN EFFORT THAT HAS A HIGH DEGREE OF RATIONALITY. HUMAN ACTION IS COOPERATIVE IF IT HAS EFFECTS THAT WOULD BE ABSENT IF THE COOPERATION DID NOT TAKE PLACE.
(WALDO 1955) (WALDO,

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WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION?

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGH DEGREE OF RATIONALITY LIES IN THE FACT THAT HUMAN COOPERATION VARIES IN EFFECTIVENESS OF GOAL ATTAINMENT, WHETHER WE THINK IN TERMS OF FORMAL GOALS, , THE GOALS OF LEADERS, OR OF ALL WHO COOPERATE
(WALDO, 1955)

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WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION?

ADMINISTRATION IS A PART OF THE CULTURAL COMPLEX; AND IT NOT ONLY IS ACTED UPON, IT ACTS. INDEED, BY DEFINITION O A SYSTEM S S OF O RATIONAL O COOPERATIVE COO ACTION, C O , IT IN-AUGURATES AND CONTROLS MUCH CHANGE. ADMINISTRATION MAY BE THOUGHT OF AS THE MAJOR INVENTION AND DEVICE BY WHICH CIVILIZED MEN IN COMPLEX SOCIETIES TRY TO CONTROL THEIR CULTURE, BY WHICH THEY SEEK SIMULTANEOUSLY TO ACHIEVEWITHIN THE LIMITATIONS OF THEIR WIT AND KNOWLEDGETHE GOALS OF STABILITY AND THE GOALS OF CHANGE.
(WALDO, 1995)

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WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION?

ADMINISTRATION IS A PLANNED APPROACH TO THE SOLVING OF ALL KINDS OF PROBLEMS IN ALMOST EVERY INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP ACTIVITY, BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
(DIMOCK, DIMOCK, AND KOENIG, 1960)

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WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION?

IN ITS BROADEST SENSE ADMINISTRATION CAN BE DEFINED AS THE ACTIVITIES OF GROUPS COOPERATING TO ACCOMPLISH COMMON GOALS.
(SIMON, 1991)

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ILLUSTRATION
FAMILY HAVE SOME MONEY DECIDE TO BUY LOTTERIES

RESULTS WIN RICHER OR BETTER LIFE

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LOSE POORER OR WORSE LIFE

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ILLUSTRATION
FAMILY

HAVE SOME MONEY

WORKING TOGETHER IN THE OPERATION OF THE SHOP

DECIDE TO USE THE MONEY AS CAPITAL TO ESTABLISH A SHOP

RESULTS SUCCESFUL BETTER LIFE

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FAILURE FIND WAYS TO START AGAIN

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WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION?
THERE IS PURPOSE: MOVING THE STONE THERE IS COOPERATIVE ACTION: SEVERAL PERSONS USING COMBINED STRENGTH TO ACCOMPLISH SOMETHING THAT COULD NOT HAVE BEEN DONE WITHOUT SUCH A COMBINATION

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WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION?
THE STUDY OF ADMINISTRATION IS CONCERNED WITH QUESTIONS SUCH AS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

HOW THE METHOD WAS CHOOSEN, HOW THE MEN MOVING THE STONE WERE SELECTED AND INDUCED TO COOPERATE IN CARRYING OUT SUCH A TASK, HOW THE TASK WAS DIVIDED BETWEEN THEM, HOW EACH ONE LEARNED WHAT HIS PARTICULAR JOB WAS IN THE TOTAL PATTERN, PATTERN HOW HE LEARNED TO PERFORM IT, HOW HIS EFFORTS ARE COORDINATED WITH THE EFFORTS OF THE OTHER
(SIMON, 1991)
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THE UNIVERSALITY OF ADMINISTRATION

SINCE ADMINISTRATION IS CONCERNED WITH ALL PATTERNS OF COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR, BEHAVIOR IT IS OBVIOUS THAT ANY PERSON ENGAGED IN AN ACTIVITY IN COOPERATION WITH OTHER PERSONS IS ENGAGED IN ADMINISTRATION. SINCE EVERYONE HAS COOPERATED WITH OTHERS THROUGHOUT HIS LIFE LIFE, HE HAS SOME BASIC FAMILIARITY WITH ADMINISTRATION AND SOME OF ITS PROBLEMS.
(SIMON, 1991)
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THE UNIVERSALITY OF ADMINISTRATION

MUCH OF THIS ADMINISTRATION IS UNCONSCIOUSTHAT IS, NOT DELIBERATELY OR FORMALLY PLANNEDBUT IT IS ADMINISTRATION NEVERTHELESS. THE FATHER IS OFTEN CONSIDERED THE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD, BUT HE IS NOT CONSCIOUSLY SELECTED AS SUCH BY A FORMAL VOTE. HE CERTAINLY PERFORMS ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS, MAKING DECISIONS FOR THE FAMILY AND ASSIGNING TASKS TO ITS MEMBER
(SIMON, 1991)

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THE UNIVERSALITY OF ADMINISTRATION

MOST PERSONS, WHILE THEY ARE ENGAGED IN ADMINISTRATION EVERY DAY OF THEIR LIVES, SELDOM THINK FORMALLY ABOUT THE PROCESS. THEY SELDOM DELIBERATELY SET OUT TO CONSIDER THE WAYS IN WHICH THE COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES OF GROUPS ARE ACTUALLY ARRANGED; HOW THE COOPERATION COULD BE MADE MORE EFFECTIVE OR SATISFYING; WHAT THE REQUIREMENTS ARE FOR THE CONTINUANCE OF THE COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY
(SIMON, 1991)

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CHARACTERISTICS OF ADMINISTRATION
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ADMINISTRATION ARE BEST SUBSUMED UNDER THE TWO TERMS ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
(WALDO, 1955)

ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT ARE THE TWO FACES OF THE SAME COIN.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF ADMINISTRATION

ORGANIZATION IS THE ANATOMY, MANAGEMENT THE PHYSIOLOGY, OF ADMINISTRATION. ORGANIZATION IS THE STRUCTURE; MANAGEMENT IS THE FUNCTIONING OF ADMINISTRATION.
(WALDO 1955) (WALDO,

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ORGANIZATION

Directorate General

Directorate/Bureau /

Division

Section

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MANAGEMENT

MANAGER

PLANNING

IMPLEMENTATION

CONTROLLING

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ORGANIZATION
THE STRUCTURE OF AUTHORITATIVE AND HABITUAL PERSONAL INTERRELATIONS IN AN ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
(WALDO, 1955)

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IN GENERAL, ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY IS GENERIC IN THE SENSE THAT IT DOES NOT MAKE DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS
(BOZEMAN 1987) (BOZEMAN,

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ORGANIZATION IS A GROUP OF PEOPLE, WORKING TOWARD OBJECTIVES, WHICH DEVELOPS AND MAINTAINS RELATIVELY STABLE AND PREDICTABLE BEHAVIOR PATTERNS, PATTERNS EVEN THOUGH THE INDIVIDUALS IN THE ORGANIZATION MAY CHANGE.
(TOSI, RIZZO, AND CARROLL, 1998)

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THE STRUCTURE OF AN ORGANIZATION AFFECTS THE BEHAVIOR OF ITS WORKERS, PARTICIPANTS AND PERHAPS EVEN CASUAL PARTICIPANTS, MEMBERS, ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES ALSO AFFECT ORGANIZATIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR,

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ORGANIZATIONS MAY HAVE CULTURES THAT PARTIALLY DEFINE HOW THEIR MEMBERS CONCEPTUALIZE ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
(MARCH 1965) (MARCH,

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TYPES OF ORGANIZATION

1. 2. 3.

STAFF ORGANIZATION LINE ORGANIZATION O G O LINE AND STAFF ORGANIZATION

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STAFF ORGANIZATION
MINISTER
ASSISTANT MINISTER DIRECTOR GENERAL
DIRECTOR

DIRECTOR GENERAL
DIRECTOR

SECRETARY GENERAL
BUREAU

INSPECTOR GENERAL
INSPECTOR

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LINE ORGANIZATION

SALES MANAGER

SALES PERSON

SALES PERSON

SALES PERSON

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LINE AND STAFF ORGANIZATION

SALES MANAGER

MARKET FORECASTOR

TRAINING DIRECTOR

REGION A SALES MANAGER SALES PEOPLE

REGION B SALES MANAGER SALES PEOPLE

REGION C SALES MANAGER SALES PEOPLE

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MANAGEMENT

GETTING THINGS DONE THROUGH THE EFFORTS OF OTHER PEOPLE. ACTION INTENDED TO ACHIEVE RATIONAL COOPERATION IN AN ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM.

(TAYLOR, 1912)

(WALDO, 1955)

MANAGEMENT REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF RUNNING AN ORGANIZATION AND THE USE OF RESOURCES TO ACCOMPLISH ITS GOALS. THE TERM ALSO REFERS TO THOSE INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE FORMALLY AUTHORIZED TO RUN THE ORGANIZATION.
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(LEMAY, 2002) ( )
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MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS :

PLANNING ORGANIZING STAFFING DIRECTING COORDINATING REPORTING BUDGETING

(LUTHER GULICK AND LYNDALL URWICK, 1932)

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

THE CLASSIC MEANING OF PUBLIC DERIVES FROM TWO SOURCES. THE FIRST IS THE GREEK WORD PUBES, OR "MATURITY," WHICH IN THE GREEK SENSE MEANS IN THE BOTH PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL OR INTELLECTUAL MATURITY AND EMPHASIZE MOVING FROM THE SELFISH CONCERNS OR PERSONAL SELF-INTEREST TO SEEING BEYOND ONE'S SELF TO UNDERSTAND THE INTEREST OF OTHERS. OTHERS IT IMPLIES AN ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSEQUENCES OF ONE'S INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS ON OTHER PEOPLE. THE DERIVATE PUBLIC MEANS MOVING TO AN ADULT STATE, UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ONESELF AND OTHER INDIVIDUALS, AND BEING ABLE TO SEE-THE CONNECTIONS.
(PALMER, 1981; MATHEWS, 1994)

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

THE SECOND ROOT OF PUBLIC IS THE GREEK WORD KOINON FROM WHICH THE ENGLISH WORD COMMON IS DERIVED. KOINON, IN TURN, DERIVES FROM AN OTHER GREEK WORD, KOM-OIS, KOM OIS, MEANING TO CARE WITH. THE TERMS COMMON AND TO CARE WITH BOTH IMPLY THE IMPORTANCE OF RELATIONSHIPS. THE CONCEPTS OF MATURITY AND SEEING BEYOND ONESELF SEEM TO INDICATE THAT THE WORD PUBLIC CAN BE BOTH A THING, AS IN CASE OF A PUBLIC DECISION AND A CAPACITY, AS IN THE ABILITY TO FUNCTION PUBLICLY, PUBLICLY TO RELATE TO OTHERS, AND TO UNDERSTAND THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ONE'S ACTIONS AND EFFECTS OF THOSE ACTIONS ON OTHERS.
(MATHEWS, 1984)

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

THE MODERN USAGE OF THE WORD PUBLIC REFERS TO ALL THE PEOPLE IN A SOCIETY, WITHOUT DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THEM. THEM A PUBLIC SCHOOL, SCHOOL FOR EXAMPLE, EXAMPLE IS OPEN TO ALL AND IS THOUGHT OF AS A PLACE WHERE THE COMMON KNOWLEDGE OF THE PEOPLE IS PASSED ALONG. THE PUBLIC PRESS IS AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE, TOO, AS IS THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. AND WE USE THE TERM PUBLIC FIGURE TO DESCRIBE A PERSON WHOSE RESPONSIBILITIES, RESPONSIBILITIES AND THEREFORE LIFE, ARE VISIBLE TO ALL.
(H GEORGE FREDERICKSON, (H. FREDERICKSON 1997)

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

FREDERICKSONS FIVE PERSPECTIVES OF PUBLIC IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

THE PUBLIC AS INTEREST GROUPS (THE PLURALIST PERSPECTIVE) THE PUBLIC AS RATIONAL CHOOSER (THE PUBLIC CHOICE PERSPECTIVE) THE PUBLIC AS REPRESENTED (THE LEGISLATIVE PERSPECTIVE) THE PUBLIC AS CUSTOMER (THE SERVICEPROVIDING PERSPECTIVE) THE PUBLIC AS CITIZEN
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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

THE PUBLIC AS INTEREST GROUPS: THE PLURALIST PERSPECTIVE

PLURALISM DESCRIBES THE NATURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INTEREST GROUPS OF BRINGING TOGETHER INDIVIDUALS WITH SIMILAR CONCERNS. INTEREST GROUPS INTERACT AND COMPETE IN THE GOVERNMENTAL SETTING, SETTING SEEKING THE ADVANTAGES AND PREFERENCES OF THE INDIVIDUALS THEY CONSTITUTE. INTEREST GROUPS FURTHER THE RIGHT OF THE CITIZEN TO ORGANIZE TO ADVANCE THEIR INTERESTS IN THE GOVERNMENTAL MARKETPLACE.
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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

THE PUBLIC IS MANIFESTED IN THE PROCESSES OF GROUP INTERACTION. IT CAN ALSO BE ARGUED THAT THE NET RESULT OF GROUP INTERACTION CONSTITUTES A DEFINITION OF THE PUBLIC INTEREST. INTEREST
(FLATHMAN, 1966; SCHUBERT, 1960)

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

THE PUBLIC AS RATIONAL CHOOSER: THE PUBLIC CHOICE PERSPECTIVE

THIS VIEW, COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE UTILITARIAN PERSPECTIVE PURSUES INDIVIDUAL INTEREST PERSPECTIVE, INTEREST, PLEASURE, AND HAPPINESS WITHOUT PARTICULAR CONCERN FOR COMMUNITY VALUES AND NOTIONS SUCH AS ETHICS, ETHICS A "GREATER GREATER GOOD, GOOD " OR THE POSSIBILITY OF A PUBLIC INTEREST. THEREFORE, THE DOMINANT PERSPECTIVE MUST BE INDIVIDUALISTIC.

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

THE PRIMARY ASSUMPTION IS THAT PUBLIC ACTION MUST BE UNDERSTOOD AS THE ACTION OF MOTIVATED INDIVIDUALS WHOSE INTERESTS TYPICALLY DIFFER. EACH INDIVIDUAL IS A RATIONAL CALCULATOR PURSUING HIS OR HER OWN INTERESTS INTERESTS. GOVERNMENT AND SOCIAL ORDER SIMPLY PROVIDE A STABLE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH FREE INDIVIDUAL CHOICE MAY BE EXERCISED.

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

THE PUBLIC AS REPRESENTED: THE LEGISLATIVE PERSPECTIVE

MODERN DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT IN PRACTICE HAS BEEN REPRESENTATIVE RATHER THAN DIRECT. BECAUSE ELECTED OFFICIALS DIRECTLY REPRESENT THE PUBLIC, THEY HAVE THE MOST LEGITIMATE CLAIM FOR A PUBLIC PERSPECTIVE ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS ARE EXPECTED TO OPERATE THE AGENCIES THAT LEGISLATORS ESTABLISH AND TO OBEY AND ENFORCE THE LAWS THAT LEGISLATORS PASS PASS.

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

THE PUBLIC AS CUSTOMER: CUSTOMER THE SERVICE-PROVIDING SERVICE PROVIDING PERSPECTIVE

ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING PERSPECTIVES ON THE PUBLIC IS THAT OF THE CUSTOMER. CUSTOMER HERE CUSTOMERS IS DEFINED AS THE INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS SERVED BY SO-CALLED STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS.

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

SCHOOL-CHILDREN, CHILDREN ARE THE CUSTOMERS OF TEACHERS, TEACHERS COUNSELORS, PRINCIPALS, SUPERINTENDENTS, AND SCHOOL SC OO BOARDS; O S; VICTIMS C S OF O CRIME C (AS ( S WELL AS S THOSE WHO COMMIT THE CRIMES) ARE THE CUSTOMERS OF THE POLICE; AND THOSE WHO ARE ILL OR HANDICAPPED EITHER PHYSICALLY OR EMOTIONALLY, HANDICAPPED, EMOTIONALLY ARE CUSTOMERS OF THE WIDE RANGE OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS IN PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCIES. ALL CITIZENS ARE AT ONE TIME OR AN OTHER CUSTOMERS OF GOVERNMENT.

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

THE PUBLIC AS CITIZEN

THE CONCEPT OF CITIZENSHIP IS CLOSELY TIED TO THE ORIGINS OF THE MODERN FIELD OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. IN EARLY CONCEPTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION CITIZENS WERE THE PUBLIC (FREDERICKSON AND CHANDLER, 1984). IN THE 1930s, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BEGAN TO DRIFT AWAY FROM ITS EMPHASIS ON CITIZENSHIP AND MOVE MOSTLY TOWARD ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES.

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, THERE HAS BEEN RENEWED INTEREST IN THE CONCEPT OF CITIZENSHIPS. GENERALLY, THE MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIZENSHIP PERSPECTIVE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ASSUMES THAT A VIGOROUS CITIZENRY IS COMPATIBLE WITH AN EFFECTIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. INDEED, CITIZENSHIP THEORISTS ARGUE THAT AN INFORMED AND ACTIVE CITIZENRY IS ESSCNTIAL TO EFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION.

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WHAT IS PUBLIC?

STRONG DEMOCRACY REQUIRES Q UNMEDIATED SELFGOVERNMENT BY AN ENGAGED CITIZENRY. IT REQUIRES INSTITUTIONS THAT WOULD INVOLVE INDIVIDUALS AT BOTH THE NEIGHBORHOOD AND THE NATIONAL LEVEL IN COMMON TALK, COMMON DECISION MAKING AND POLITICAL JUDGEMENT, AND COMMON ACTION.
(MARONE, 1990)

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DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

THE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MEN AND MATERIALS TO ACHIEVE THE PURPOSES OF GOVERNMENT THE ART AND SCIENCE OF MANAGEMENT AS APPLIED TO AFFAIRS OF STATE
(WALDO, 1955)

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OTHER WAYS TO DEFINE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MAY BE DEFINED AS THE COORDINATION OF INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP EFFORTS TO CARRY OUT PUBLIC POLICY
IT IS MAINLY OCCUPIED WITH THE DAILY WORK OF GOVERNMENTS

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OTHER WAYS TO DEFINE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION CONCERNS ITSELF MORE WITH HOW POLITICIANS IN GOVERNMENT AND NON-ELECTED PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES DEVICE POLICY, SUSTAIN THE MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT AND ENSURE POLICIES ARE PUT INTO PRACTICE.
(CHANDLER, 2000)

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OTHER WAYS TO DEFINE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

THE OCCUPATIONAL SECTOR, ENTERPRISES, AND ACTIVITIES HAVING TO DO WITH THE FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICY OF GOVERNMENTAL AND OTHER PUBLIC PROGRAMS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES INVOLVED THE ACADEMIC FIELD CONCERNED WITH THE STUDY OF IMPROVEMENT OF, , AND TRAINING FOR THE ACTIVITIES MENTIONED IN NO 1 (ABOVE)
(MARTINI, 1998)

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OTHER WAYS TO DEFINE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

THE ADMINISTRATION OR MANGEMENT OF MATTERS WHICH HAVE PRINCIPALLY TO DO WITH THE SOCIETY, POLITY, AND ITS SUBPARTS WHICH ARE NOT ESSENTIALLY PRIVATE, FAMILIAL, COMMERCIAL, OR INDIVIDUALISTIC. DISCIPLINED STUDY OF SUCH MATTERS.

IN ITS SIMPLEST MEANING, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION HAS TO DO WITH MANAGING THE REALM OF GOVERNMENTAL AND OTHER PUBLIC ACTIVITIES
(MARTINI, 1998)
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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
OCUPATION/ PROFESSION

ACADEMIC FIELD

TEACHING

RESEARCH

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MAIN CONCERNS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

1.

2 2. 3 3.

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND THE BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS; THE TECHNOLOGY OF MANAGEMENT AND THE INSTITUTIONS OF POLICY IMPLEMENTATION; THE PUBLIC INTEREST AS IT RELATES TO INDIVIDUAL ETHICAL CHOICE AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
(BAILEY, 1968)

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APPROACHES TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

MANAGEMENT POLITICAL LEGAL

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APPROACHES TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

MANAGERIAL APPROACH
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IS GEARED TOWARD THE MAXIMIZATION OF EFFECTIVENESS EFFICIENCY EFFECTIVENESS, EFFICIENCY, AND ECONOMY
(ROSENBLOOM, 2005)
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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS MANAGEMENT

PLANNING PLANING PROCESS BUDGETING

ADMINISTRATION
PRIVATE PUBLIC IMPLEMENTING STRUCTURES ORGANIZING PROCEDURES HUMAN RESOURCES STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES MONITORING CONTROLLING EVALUATION FEED BACK GOALS

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APPROACHES TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

POLITICAL APPROACH

RESPONSIBILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES AND THE BUREAUCRACIES TO THE ELECTED OFFICIALS (THE CHIEF EXECUTIVES, THE LEGISLATORS). IT IS OF CENTRAL IMPORTANCE IN A GOVERNMENT BASED INCREASINGLY ON THE EXERCISE OF DISCRETIONARY POWER BY THE AGENCIES OF ADMINISTRATION.
(ROSENBLOOM 2005) (ROSENBLOOM,

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APPROACHES TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

LEGAL APPROACH

AN ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY IS A GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY, OTHER THAN A COURT AND OTHER THAN A LEGISLATIVE BODY, WHICH AFFECTS THE RIGHTS OF PRIVATE PARTIES THROUGH EITHER ADJUDICATION, , RULE MAKING, INVESTIGATING, PROSECUTING, NEGOTIATING, SETTLING, OR INFORMALLY ACTING. THE LEGAL APPROACH TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EMPHASIZES THE RULE OF LAW.
(ROSENBLOOM, 2005)

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PUBLIC vs PRIVATE
A COMMON USAGE OF PUBLIC IS TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE PUBLIC SECTOR AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR, WHICH ESSENTIALLY REVOLVES AROUND DIFFERENCE OF OWNERSHIP (COLLECTIVE (CO C OWNERSHIP, O S , IN THE NAME OF O ALL CITIZEN, C , VERSUS INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP) AND MOTIVE ( SOCIAL ) PURPOSE VERSUS PROFIT).
(BOVAIRD AND LFFER , 2003)

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PUBLIC vs PRIVATE

THE GOVERNMENTAL OBLIGATION TO PROMOTE THE PUBLIC INTEREST DISTINGUISHES PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION S O FROM O PRIVATE MANAGEMENT. G IN A MORAL AND BASIC SENSE, IT MUST SERVE A HIGHER PURPOSE. PRIVATE FIRMS ARE THOUGHT TO BEST SERVE THE GENERAL INTEREST BY VIGOROUSLY PURSUING THEIR OWN ECONOMIC INTEREST. THEIR TASK IS TO BE HIGHLY EFFICIENT AND COMPETITIVE IN THE MARKETPLACE. MARKETPLACE NOT ONLY IS PROFIT THE BOTTOM LINE, THE PROFIT MOTIVE IS VIEWED AS A POSITIVE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GOOD.
(ROSENBLOOM, 2005)

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COOPERATIVE HUMAN ACTION

SOCIETY (SOCIETAL INSTITUTIONS)

ADMINISTRATION

PUBLIC

PRIVATE

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

ORGANIZATION (STRUCTURE)

MANAGEMENT (FUNCTION)

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DISTINCTIONS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ADIMINSTRATION

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
1. 2 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION
1. 2 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

SERVICE DELIVERY POLITICAL PROCESS LEGALISTIC APPROACH BUREAUCRACY INEFFICIENT NO COMPETITION SOCIAL WELFARE GOALS

PROFIT MOTIVATION BUSINESS ACTIVITIES PROFIT APPROACH EGALITER EFFICIENT FREE COMPETITION INDIVIDUL WELFARE TARGETS
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PUBLIC GOODS

THE REMOTENESS OF MARKET FORCES FROM PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ENABLES THE GOVERNMENT TO PROVIDE SERVICES AND PRODUCTS THAT COULD NOT PROFITABLY BE OFFERED BY PRIVATE FIRMS. SOME OF THESE SERVICES AND PRODUCTS ARE REFFERED TO AS PUBLIC GOODS OR QUASI-PUBLIC GOODS.

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PUBLIC GOODS
WHEN UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO A GOOD, SUCH AS HEALTH CARE , SECURITY OR SAFETY BECOMES VIEWED AS OR EDUCATION, AN ESSENTIAL INGREDIENT OF THE KIND OF SOCIETY THE POLITICAL SYSTEM WANTS TO FOSTER, IT IS LIKELY TO BE CONSIDERED A PUBLIC GOOD.

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PUBLIC GOODS
BROADLY SPEAKING, THESE ARE GOODS, THAT INDIVIDUALS CANNOT BE EXCLUDED FROM ENJOYING, THAT ARE NOT EXHAUSTED OR SIGNIFICANTLY DIMINISHED AS MORE INDIVIDUALS USE THEM, AND FOR WHICH INDIVIDUALS DO NOT COMPETE. COMPETE

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PUBLIC GOODS

PRIVATE FIRMS TYPICALLY FACE MARKETS IN A FAR MORE DIRECT FASHION. UNDER FREE-MARKET CONDITIONS, IF THEY FAIL TO PRODUCE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES AT COMPETITIVE PRICES, PRICES CONSUMERS TURN TO OTHER SOURCES AND A COMPANY'S INCOME DECLINES. IN BETWEEN THE TYPICAL PUBLIC AGENCY AND THE PRIVATE FIRM IS A GRAY AREA IN WHICH NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATION AND HIGHLY REGULATED INDUSTRIES, SUCH AS S MANY U UTILITIES, S, OPERATE. O

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