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Introduction to XSL XML Documents Styling XML Documents XSL Example I: Hamlet Example II: Mixed Writing Modes Example III: database Other Examples How do they do that? The XSL Process(es) Server-Side/Client-Side XSL

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XSL and other W3C specs Transformations: XSLT General-purpose XSLT Templates XSLT statements "Play" to HTML XPath Formatting Objects basics Pages The area model Block/inline areas

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Formatting Objects: Properties Example: Play to FO Top-level Template I18N Formatting Objects and Properties G Other Formatting Objects G Example: mixed writing modes G If you are still interested...

Introduction to XSL
In a nutshell: XSL is a W3C specification that describes a method for visually presenting XML documents. This tutorial will cover:
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An overview of the XSL spec (including XSLT and XPath) Examples of various use cases Relationship with other XML technologies A detailed example

These slides are available at http://www.w3.org/People/maxf/XSLideMaker/

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XML Documents
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XML (eXtensible Markup Language) adds information to text files, using tags and attributes [example1], [example2] Tag names are defined for a specific document type. Uses the Unicode character set Designed to be easily processed by machine while remaining readable.

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Styling XML Documents

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XML documents are ideally semantic. For example, this bit of HTML is wrong:
Do not <strong>smoke</strong>, <it>eat</it> or <blink>drink</blink> in this room.

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Presentation data should be separate Two solutions for styling: CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language).

CSS
TITLE { display: block; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 18pt }

Simple model: properties are associated to tags or attributes.

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XSL
XSL is an alternative to CSS that allows greater control over the presentation of the XML data.

What can it do?

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[like CSS] allow changing presentation without changing the XML source, and display documents on various media, also: I18N features (writing modes, text alignment, hyphenation), complex page layout, footnotes, automatic generation of content (index)

Who is it for?
Applications that require high-level quality formatting:
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Publishing industry (books, technical documentation)

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Publication on different media: paper, web, mobile devices .

But is it not meant to be used where presentation is deeply tied to the contents (like graphic design).

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Example I: Hamlet
<ACT> <SCENE> <TITLE>A room in the castle.</TITLE> <STAGEDIR> Enter KING CLAUDIUS, QUEEN GERTRUDE, POLONIUS, OPHELIA, ROSENCRANTZ, and GUILDENSTERN </STAGEDIR> <SPEECH speaker="King Claudius"> <LINE>And can you, by no drift of circumstance,</LINE> <LINE>Get from him why he puts on this confusion,</LINE> <LINE>Grating so harshly all his days of quiet</LINE> <LINE>With turbulent and dangerous lunacy?</LINE> </SPEECH> ...

Formatted for paper output (PDF), formatted for the Web (XHTML)

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Example II: Mixed Writing Modes

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Example III: database

... <record year="1992"> <artist>Sundays, The</artist> <title>Blind</title> </record> <record year="1994"> <artist>(Various)</artist> <title>The Glory of Gershwin</title> <note>Compilation</note> </record> <record type="soundtrack" year="1992"> <artist>Kamen, Michael</artist> <title>Brazil</title> <location folder="3" page="20"/> </record> ...

PDF

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Other Examples
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W3C specs (one DTD, output formats: HTML, sliced HTML, text, PDF), e.g MathML 2.0, XML 1.0 This slideshow

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How do they do that?

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An XSL stylesheet is an XML File It is associated to an XML document with a Stylesheet Processing Instruction (like CSS)
<?xml-stylesheet ref="shakespeare.xsl" type="text/xsl"?> <ACT> <SCENE> <TITLE>A room in the castle.</TITLE>

The actual formatting is performed either off-line or on the browser

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The XSL Process(es)

The result tree is an XML document in which the markup has information about how to display the document: what font to use, the size of a page, etc. This markup is called Formatting Objects
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(elements) and Properties (attributes). For example:

<block font-family="Helvetica">ACT III</block> <block font-size="10pt">Scene 1: A room in the castle</block> <block space-before="10mm" font-style="italic"> Enter KING CLAUDIUS, QUEEN GERTRUDE, POLONIUS, OPHELIA, ROSENCRANTZ, and GUILDENSTERN </block> ...

Generated from:
<ACT> <SCENE> <TITLE>A room in the castle.</TITLE> <STAGEDIR> Enter KING CLAUDIUS, QUEEN GERTRUDE, POLONIUS, OPHELIA, ROSENCRANTZ, and GUILDENSTERN </STAGEDIR> ...

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Server-Side/Client-Side XSL
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Off-line (e.g. for printing) Server-side: server transforms, client renders (not recommended)

Client-side: client transforms and renders (allows user styles)

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XSL and other W3C specs

XSL uses CSS properties to express formatting information, and uses the CSS inheritance model.
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CSS:
TITLE { display: block; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14pt; }

XSL:
<xsl:template match="TITLE"> <fo:block font-family="Helvetica" font-size="14pt"> [...] </fo:block> </xsl:template>

XSL and SVG, MathML

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XSL can import images and other types of known XML

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documents: SVG and MathML.

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Up to the renderer to handle other namespaces

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Transformations: XSLT
XSLT is a transformation language originally designed to transform any XML document into another XML document containing formatting objects: pages, blocks, graphics, text, etc.

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General-purpose XSLT
XSLT has evolved to become a general-purpose transformation language from XML to XML. Many users use it to transform their own XML document type to HTML for viewing within a browser
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XSLT stylesheets use XML syntax A stylesheet is a list of templates

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0"> <xsl:template match="/">...</xsl:template> <xsl:template match="/html">...</xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet>

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Templates
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Each template applies to a type of nodes in the input document When matches are made, the templates contains desired output.

<xsl:template match="TITLE"> <fo:block font-family="Helvetica" font-size="14pt"> <xsl:apply-templates/> </fo:block> </xsl:templates>

So this will transform:

<TITLE>Hamlet</TITLE>

into
<fo:block font-family="Helvetica" font-size="14pt"> Hamlet </fo:block>

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HTML can also be generated very simply in the template, using for instance <h1> instead of <fo:block> <xsl:apply-templates/> means: apply other templates to contents. Implicit rule: text is copied from input to output: a style sheet with no rules will only return the character data of the input.

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XSLT statements
Allow navigation and iteration within the input document tree
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<xsl:value-of select="..."/> Gets a value (node contents or attribute) from the input tree.

<xsl:for-each select="..."> Loops over the nodes in the select expression

<xsl:if test="...">...</xsl:if> Conditional

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"Play" to HTML
Very simple one-template example using the 'pull' method:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" xsl:version="1.0"> <head> <title><xsl:value-of select="PLAY/TITLE"/></title> </head> <body> <h1><xsl:value-of select="PLAY/TITLE"/></h1> <xsl:for-each select="PLAY/ACT"> <xsl:for-each select="SCENE"> <xsl:if test="TITLE"> <h2><xsl:value-of select="TITLE"/></h2> </xsl:if> <xsl:for-each select="SPEECH"> <h3 style="color: red"><xsl:value-of select="SPEAKER"/></h3> <xsl:for-each select="LINE"> <p><xsl:value-of select="."/></p> </xsl:for-each> </xsl:for-each> </xsl:for-each> </xsl:for-each>

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</body> </html>

Result:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark</title> </head> <body> <h1>The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark</h1> <h2>Elsinore. A platform beforethe castle.</h2> <h3 style="color: red">BERNARDO</h3> <p>Who's there?</p> <h3 style="color: red">FRANCISCO</h3> <p>Nay, answer me: stand, and unfold yourself.</p> ...

Extended, output: numbering, TOC, etc. This uses the 'push' method where structure follows the input.
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"Play" to HTML
Roughly there is one template for each tag type in the input

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XPath
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... is another W3C specification; an expression language to selects parts of an XML document tree; is used in <xsl:template match="..."> or <xsl:value-of select="...">, etc.; and can be as simple as TITLE, or as complex as /ACT[3]/SCENE[position() &lt; 5 and position() &gt; 2]/SPEAKER[@name="Hamlet"]/ LINE[contains(.,"shoe box")]

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Formatting Objects basics

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the FO vocabulary is one special type of output from XSLT FOs are organized as an XML tree:

Each node has associated properties, either directly specified (by attributes) or inherited.

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Pages
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A page is divided in 5 regions: body, before, after, start and end

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The area model

On the page will be layed out areas, that contain text, images and other areas. An area is a rectangle, with padding and border:

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Block/inline areas
The concept of relative orientation and writing-modes. Where CSS defines top, bottom, left, right, XSL adds before, after, start and end. Areas can be of type: block or inline. Blocks are stacked from the 'before' side to the 'after' side, inlines are stacked orthogonally.

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Formatting Objects:
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Define the layout

fo:layout-master-set fo:page-master fo:page-sequence

Generate areas
fo:block fo:inline fo:character

Other
fo:page-number fo:external-graphics

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Properties
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Each area has a set of traits: color, background, font-size, etc. Areas are inherited down the FO tree using the CSS inheritance model They are specified in the source as attributes associated to Formatting Objects.
<fo:block font-family="Helvetica" font-size="14pt"> This is Helvetica 14pt text. <fo:block font-size="200%"> This is Helvetica 28pt text. </fo:block> </fo:block>

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Example: Play to FO
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format" version="1.0"> <!-- ************************************************************ --> <xsl:output method="xml" indent="yes"/> <xsl:template match="/"> <xsl:apply-templates/> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="*"> <xsl:apply-templates/> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="PLAY"> <fo:root> <fo:layout-master-set> <fo:simple-page-master master-name="title-page" page-width="210mm" page-height="297mm" margin-top="2cm" margin-bottom="2cm" margin-left="2cm" margin-right="2cm"> <fo:region-body region-name="body"/> </fo:simple-page-master> <fo:simple-page-master master-name="act-page" page-width="210mm" page-height="297mm" margin-top="2cm" margin-bottom="2cm"

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margin-left="2cm" margin-right="2cm"> <fo:region-body region-name="body" margin-top="1cm" margin-bottom="1cm"/> <fo:region-before extent="1cm" region-name="header"/> <fo:region-after extent="1cm" region-name="footer"/> </fo:simple-page-master> </fo:layout-master-set> <fo:page-sequence master-name="title-page"> <fo:flow flow-name="body"> <fo:block display-align="center"> <xsl:apply-templates select="TITLE"/> <xsl:apply-templates select="FM"/> </fo:block> </fo:flow> </fo:page-sequence> <fo:page-sequence master-name="title-page"> <fo:flow flow-name="body"> <fo:block space-before="5cm"> <fo:block font-size="16pt" space-after="3em" text-align="center"> <xsl:text>Table of Contents</xsl:text> </fo:block> <fo:block start-indent="3cm" font-size="14pt"> <xsl:apply-templates select="ACT" mode="toc"/> </fo:block>

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Example: Play to FO
</fo:block> </fo:flow> </fo:page-sequence> <fo:page-sequence master-name="title-page"> <fo:flow flow-name="body"> <xsl:apply-templates select="PERSONAE"/> </fo:flow> </fo:page-sequence> <fo:page-sequence master-name="title-page"> <fo:flow flow-name="body"> <xsl:apply-templates select="SCNDESCR"/> </fo:flow> </fo:page-sequence> <xsl:apply-templates select="ACT"/> </fo:root> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="PLAY/TITLE"> <fo:block text-align="center" font-size="30pt" space-before="1em" space-after="1em"> <xsl:apply-templates/> </fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="TITLE">

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<fo:block text-align="center" font-size="20pt" space-before="1em" space-after="1em"> <xsl:apply-templates/> </fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="ACT/TITLE"> <fo:block id="{generate-id()}" text-align="center" font-size="20pt" space-before="1em" space-after="1em"> <xsl:apply-templates/> </fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="SCENE/TITLE"> <fo:block text-align="center" font-size="16pt" space-before="1em" space-after="1em"> <xsl:apply-templates/> </fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="FM">

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Example: Play to FO
<fo:block text-align="center" font-size="10pt" space-before="1em" space-after="1em"> <xsl:apply-templates/> </fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="PERSONAE/PERSONA | PERSONAE/PGROUP"> <fo:block space-after=".5em"><xsl:apply-templates/></fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="PERSONAE/PGROUP/PERSONA"> <fo:block><xsl:apply-templates/></fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="GRPDESCR"> <fo:block start-indent="5mm"><xsl:apply-templates/></fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="SCNDESCR"> <fo:block text-align="center" font-size="20pt"> <xsl:apply-templates/> </fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="SCENE"> <fo:block id="{generate-id()}"

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font-size="20pt" space-before.optimum="10pt" space-after.optimum="5pt" text-align="center"> <xsl:text>Scene </xsl:text> <xsl:number/> </fo:block> <xsl:apply-templates/> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="ACT"> <fo:page-sequence master-name="act-page"> <fo:static-content flow-name="header"> <fo:block text-align="end"> <xsl:value-of select="/PLAY/PLAYSUBT"/> <xsl:text> - Act </xsl:text> <xsl:number format="I"/> </fo:block> </fo:static-content> <fo:static-content flow-name="footer"> <fo:block text-align="end"> <fo:page-number/> </fo:block> </fo:static-content> <fo:flow flow-name="body"> <fo:block id="{generate-id()}" font-size="24pt"

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Example: Play to FO
space-before.optimum="10pt" space-after.optimum="5pt" text-align="center"> <xsl:text>Act </xsl:text> <xsl:number format="I"/> </fo:block> <xsl:apply-templates/> </fo:flow> </fo:page-sequence> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="ACT" mode="toc"> <fo:block> <fo:basic-link internal-destination="{generate-id()}"> <xsl:text>Act </xsl:text> <xsl:number/> </fo:basic-link> <fo:leader leader-length="5cm" leader-pattern="dots" leader-alignment="reference-area"/> p. <fo:page-number-citation ref-id="{generate-id()}"/> </fo:block> <xsl:apply-templates mode="toc"/> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="SCENE" mode="toc"> <fo:block text-indent="2em"> <fo:basic-link internal-destination="{generate-id()}"> <xsl:text>Scene </xsl:text>

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<xsl:number/> </fo:basic-link> <fo:leader leader-length="5cm" leader-pattern="dots"/> p. <fo:page-number-citation ref-id="{generate-id()}"/> </fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="STAGEDIR"> <fo:block text-align="center" font-size="10pt" font-style="italic" space-before=".5em"> <xsl:apply-templates/> </fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="SPEAKER"> <fo:block text-align="center" font-size="10pt" space-before="1em" space-after=".5em"> <xsl:apply-templates/> </fo:block> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="LINE"> <fo:block> <xsl:apply-templates/>

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Example: Play to FO
</fo:block> </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet>

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Top-level Template
Here we set the page format, running headers and footers, and columns

Page Format
<xsl:template match="/"> <fo:root> <fo:layout-master-set> <fo:simple-page-master master-name="article-page" page-height="297mm" page-width="210mm" margin-top="20mm" margin-bottom="10mm" margin-left="10mm" margin-right="10mm"> <fo:region-body region-name="main" column-count="2"/> <fo:region-before region-name="header" extent="10pt"/> <fo:region-after region-name="header" extent="10pt"/> </fo:simple-page-master>

Page Sequence Master

<fo:page-sequence-master master-name="article-sequence"> <fo:single-page-master-reference master-name="article-page"> </fo:page-sequence-master>

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Page Sequence
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Contains static-content (headers, footers, siders) And main text flow

Flow
Contains blocks, which contains text and inlines

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I18N Formatting Objects and Properties

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fonts and Unicode character sets: [example1], [example2] writing-mode

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baseline control dominant-baseline(of the principal font)

Modified font size. Baseline table is scaled and realigned on the dominant baseline:
<fo:inline>Apguru <fo:inline font-size=".75em" dominant-baseline="reset-size" alignment-baseline="hanging">Exji</fo:inline> </fo:inline>

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I18N Formatting Objects and Properties

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Other Formatting Objects

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fo:leader fo:external-graphic, fo:instream-foreign-object fo:footnote fo:page-number, fo:page-number-reference fo:list, fo:table, fo:float Dynamic properties (e.g. links)

And Properties
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Aural Properties (pitch, azimuth, etc.) Hyphenation control (country, hyphenation-character) Keeps and Breaks
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Example: mixed writing modes

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If you are still interested...

Status of the specifications
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XSLT 1.0 and XPath 1.0 are W3C recommendations Requirement documents for XSLT2.0 and XPath2.0 are available XPath2.0 is now being developed (with XML Query) XSL 1.0 (FO) is a Candidate Recommendation

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Implementations
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Many implementations of XSLT1.0 exist: xt, Saxon, Oracle, Sun, Mozilla, (client side), MSXML (client side), Lotus, Unicorn, libxml, most of them free XSL 1.0: 7+ implementations: RenderX, Antenna House, FOP
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(does SVG), PassiveTeX (does MathML), etc.

The Future
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XSL 1.0 will move to Recommendation Interoperability: include SVG and MathML in XSL. Applications: publishers will be able to put publications on the web as easily as printing them

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