Physics C1402 Formula Sheet

dt
dq
i =
2
2 1
0
4
1
r
q q
F
tc
= (Coulombs Law)



0
q
F
E

=
r
r
q
E
4
1
2
0
tc
=

(point charge)
3
0
2
1
z
p
E
tc
= (dipole)
qd p =

(electric dipole moment)

E q F

= (point charge)
E p


= t (electric dipole)
E p U

= (electric dipole)



A d E
E

= u
}
(electric flux)
}
= = u
0
c
enc
E
q
A d E

(Gauss Law, electric)
0
c
o
= E (close to any conducting surface)
r
E
0
2tc

= (line of charge)
0
2c
o
= E (sheet of charge)
2
0
4
1
r
q
E
tc
= (outside sph. shell of charge)
0 = E (inside spherical shell of charge)
r
R
q
E
3
0
4tc
= (inside uniform sph. of charge)





elec
W U = A
elec
W U

=
q
W
V
elec

= A
q
W
V
elec

=
elec appl
W W K + = A
}
= A s d E V

r
q
V
0
4
1
tc
= (point charge)
2
0
cos
4
1
r
p
V
u
tc
= (dipole: d r >> )
}
=
r
dq
V
0
4
1
tc

s
V
E
s
c
c
=
r
q q
W U
2 1
0
4
1
tc
= =



CV q =
d
A
C
0
c
= (parallel-plate capacitor)
) / ln(
2
0
a b
L
C tc = (cylindrical capacitor)
a b
ab
C

=
0
4tc (spherical capacitor)
R C
0
4tc = (isolated sphere)

=
=
n
i
i eq
C C
1
(capacitors in parallel)

=
=
n
i i eq
C C
1
1 1
(capacitors in series)
2
2
2
1
2
CV
C
q
U
E
= =
air
C C k = (with dielectric const. k )
}
= q A d E

k c
0
(Gauss Law with dielectric)
dt
dq
i =
}
= A d J i


d
v ne J

=
i
V
R =
J
E
= =
o

1

J E

=
A
L
R =
t

n e
m
2
=
iV P =
R
V
R i P
2
2
= = (for resistor)



dq
dW
= c
R
i
c
=
c i P
emf
=

=
=
n
i
i eq
R R
1
(resistors in series)

=
=
n
i i eq
R R
1
1 1
(resistors in parallel)
) 1 (
RC
t
e C q

= c (charging a capacitor)
RC
t
e q q

=
0
(discharging a capacitor)
RC
C
= t



| sin ) ( vB q B v q F
B
= =

)) ( ( B v E q F

+ = (Lorentz force)
Vle
Bi
n = (Hall effect)
r
mv
vB q
2
= (circular motion in B field)
) ( B L i F
B

= (force on current/wire)
u t sin ) ( B NiA = (torque on coil)
NiA =

(magnetic dipole moment)

B

= t (magnetic dipole)
B U

= (magnetic dipole)



2
0

4 r
r s id
B d

=

(Biot-Savart Law)
R
i
B
t

2
0
= (long straight wire)
R
i
B
t
|
4
0
= (center of circular arc)
d
i Li
F
b a
ba
t

2
0
= (between parallel currents)
}
=
enc
i s d B
0

(Amperes Law)
in B
0
= (ideal solenoid)
3
0
2
) (
z
z B

t

= (along central axis of coil)

}
= u A d B
B

(magnetic flux)
dt
d
B
u
= c (Faradays Law)
}
= s d E

c
}
u
=
dt
d
s d E
B

(Faradays Law)
i
N
L
B
u
= (inductance)
Al n L
2
0
= (solenoid inductance)
dt
di
L
L
= c (self-induced emf)
) 1 (
L
Rt
e
R
i

=
c
(current rise)
L
Rt
e i i

=
0
(current decay)
R
L
L
= t
2
2
1
Li U
B
=
dt
di
M
1
) 21 ( 2
= c where
1
21 2
) 21 (
i
N
M
u
=
. const U U U
B E
= + =
) cos( | e + = t Q q
LC
1
= e
t
d m
e c c sin =
) sin( | e = t I i
d

IR V
R
= and | = 0 (resistor)
C C
IX V = and | = -90 (capacitor)
C
X
d
C
e
1
=
L L
IX V = and | = +90 (inductor)
L X
d L
e =
2 2
) (
C L
m m
X X R
Z
I
+
= =
c c

R
X X
C L

= | tan
e e = =
LC
d
1
(resonance)
R I P
rms avg
2
= where
2
I
I
rms
=
P
S
P S
N
N
V V = and
S
P
P S
N
N
I I = (transformer)



0 = = u
}
A d B
B

(Gauss Law, magnetic)
dt
d
s d B
E
u
=
}
0 0
c

(Maxwells Law)
enc
E
i
dt
d
s d B
0 0 0
c +
u
=
}

(Ampere-Maxwell)
dt
d
i
E
d
u
=
0
c (displacement current)



) sin( t kx E E
m
e =
) sin( t kx B B
m
e =

t 2
= k f t e 2 = f v =
0 0
1
c
= c
c
B
E
=
( ) B E S

=
0
1

2
0 0
1 1
E
c
EB S

= =
0
2
0
2 c
E B E
S I
rms m m
avg
= = =
2
4 r
P
I
S
t
= (isotropic emission)
c
I
p
rad
= (total absorption)
c
I
p
rad
2
= (total reflection)
0
2
1
I I = (incident unpolarized light)
u
2
0
cos I I = (incident polarized light)
refl inc
u u =
2 2 1 1
sin sin u u n n =
v
c
n =
1
2
sin
n
n
c
= u (critical angle)



o i = (plane mirror)
r f i o
2 1 1 1
= = + (spherical mirror)
r
n n
i
n
o
n
1 2 2 1

= + (spherical refracting surface)
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = +
2 1
1 1
1
1 1 1
r r
n
f i o
(thin lens)
o
i
m = and
o
i
h
h
m =








Mirrors
Concave f,r positive
Convex f,r negative

Lenses
Convex surf.
facing object
f,r positive
Concave surf.
facing object
f,r negative

Object dist. Image dist.
+ + (real) - (virtual)



n
n

=
f v = (travelling wave)
u m d = sin m= 0,1,2, (2-slit maxima)
( ) u
2
1
sin + = m d m= 0,1,2, (2-slit minima)
u m a = sin m=1,2,3, (1-slit minima)
u m d = sin m= 0,1,2, (diff. grating maxima)
C
B
= u sin
C
A
= u cos
A
B
= u tan
2 2 2
B A C + =
If 0
2
= + + c bx ax , then:
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=


| cos ab b a b a b a b a
z z y y x x
= + + =

(either angle between a

and b

may be used)
| sin

) (

) (

) ( ab k a b b a j a b b a i a b b a b a
y x y x x z x z z y z y
= + + =

(use smaller angle; direction of

resulting vector from Right Hand Rule)


In the following, u and v are functions of x:
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u uv
dx
d
+ = ) (
} }
= dx
dx
du
v uv dx
dx
dv
u
x x
dx
d
cos sin =
}
= x xdx cos sin
x x
dx
d
sin cos =
}
= x xdx sin cos
dx
du
u u
dx
d
cos sin =
}
+ + =
+
) ln(
2 2
2 2
a x x
a x
dx

dx
du
u u
dx
d
sin cos =
( )
2 1 2 2 2 3
2 2
) (
1
a x
a x
xdx
+
=
+
}

dx
du
e e
dx
d
u u
=
}
+
=
+
2 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 2
) ( ) ( a x a
x
a x
dx



Circle of radius r: circumference = 2r, area = r
2

Sphere or radius r: area = 4r
2
, volume =
3
3
4
r t
______________________________________________________________________

g = 9.81 m/s
2
c = 3.00 10
8
m/s

0
= 8.85 10
-12
C
2
/N m
2
= 8.85 10
-12
F/m
k = 1/4
0
= 8.99 10
9
N m
2
/C
2

0
= 4 10
-7
T.m/A = 4 10
-7
H/m
e = 1.60 10
-19
C
m
e
= 9.11 10
-31
kg
m
p
= 1.67 10
-27
kg
A
B
C