Topic 1:

ADS and Circuit Simulation Fundamentals

Here is ADS Simplified: 3 steps

STEP 1: design capture

STEP 2: Simulate

Insert circuit & system components and set up the simulation.

STEP 3: display the results

Netlist is automatically sent to the simulator. Simulation results (data) are written to a dataset.

Plot or list data & write equations.

Layout / Momentum.

User Variables, Licenses, Directories

Just in case you need to know:
$HOME (UNIX variable) or %HOME% (PC variable) is usually where you run and use ADS. $HPEESOF_DIR (UNIX variable) or %HPEESOF_DIR% (PC variable) points to where you get ADS. LM_LICENSE_FILE points to the license file (default is: LM_LICENSE_FILE = $HPEESOF_DIR/licenses/license.dat.). NOTE: When you install ADS, you will be prompted where to load ADS (HPEESOF_DIR) and where you want to run ADS (PC: C:\users\default). For this class (US laptops), you should be working in either: D:\user\ads15 or on the HP 3000- C:\user\ads15

ADS Windows: Main, Schematic, Status, Data Display

Main window: manage projects and open other windows... Schematic window: create / refine circuits & run simulations...
Simulation Controller

Open a schematic

Data Display window: plots, lists, equations

Display opens

Default Dataset

Status window: simulation info: messages, errors, etc...

Sim

ula te

Project Directory

How to Start ADS...

Note the ADS tools:

Menu commands Toolbar icons

Help = online manuals using internet explorer.

Project with lower level directories

First step:

To create a project, click: File > New Project and name it: lab_1

You can also create an ADS shortcut.

ADS Project Directory Structure and Files Project

Automatically created by ADS for example: lab_1_prj preferences & ADS netlist.log

filename .dds Data Display files (windows to display data)

data

filename.ds Dataset files (simulation data)

networks
filename.dsn

Schematic & Layout files

filename. ael (application extension language) filename. atf (compiled ael) mom_dsn (Momentum only) synthesis (used for E-Syn & DSP) verification (used for DRC)

Not required for most simulations (can be removed)

Main window: File , View, and more...

Use icons or commands. However, not all commands have icons. But all icons have commands.
Examples directory

File commands:

View commands:

Zap your files : more on this later

Spice or IFF
Click + box to expand or box to collapse.

Main window: Options

Sets the initial palettes and simulations. For now, use: Analog/RF design.

AEL

Main window preferences are global, they apply to all projects. The Schematic window has its own preferences.

Main window: Window commands...

Notice the default Hot Keys If you are in a project, you can open one of these windows:

So, lets open the

Schematic window...

Schematic window
Save your work often... All icons have labels (balloon help).

A new schematic becomes a .dsn file in the networks directory only after you save it.
Also use Window > Open Designs

Inserting and Editing components

Also known as schematic capture!
End command or use ESC.

Component History: type name to insert component.

Wires and node names.

Select palettes. Insert components.

Parameters are defined: _M is multiplicity.

Edit a component: use icon or double click.

Editing commands and icons

Edit > Component has many uses. Push / Pop for sub-circuits.

Select command is also useful...

Library vendor parts + all your circuits

Schematic...Click:

FIND any part or search the WWW for parts.

Click the + or - to expand or collapse.

Select the part and it is attached to your cursor, ready to insert.

Wiring and Moving components

Tips for wiring!

Use the wire or connect pins = wired Point and click to snap to grid Drag a wired component and it stays wired. . Wire colors are in Options > Layers

Click to wire:

Red pin = not connected

Edit wired components: Two rotation icons:

Check Representation for errors

Use this if your simulation results look wrong!

Click: Options > Check Representation

Node Names in Schematics

Click the icon:
Node names result in simulation data (node voltage) in the dataset. Node names can also connect two points without using a wire. Global nodes can connect node names in sub-circuits:

Insert > Global Node

To remove a node name:

Edit > Component > Remove Node Name or use the icon with a blank name.

Variable Equations: VAR

Click:
TIP: Add dummy (X,Y,Z) variables and then edit on-screen.

VAR is a declaration (initialization). Component parameters can be assigned a value using a variable equation. Variables can be used with optimization, parameter sweeps, and many ...

Symbols, units, and names

Circle for mutual inductance: Slash for pin# 1 (layout):

Example of on-screen control:

C (component name): changes the component C1 (instance name): rename it: c_shunt C= (parameter): a number (unit) or valid variable.

C QUIZ: Is this valid? coupling_c C=x

Answer: _______

Units and case sensitivity

General Rule #1: UNIX is always case sensitive. General Rule #2: PCs are case sensitive, except for:
Inserting some components: R or r is OK, because after the first insert, PC will recognize either one.

However, some rules apply to both, for example: m = milli, M = Mega, V = volts & variable names are always case sensitive!
By the way, right mouse button has some commands:

And now, lets

Simulate...

First, select the Simulation Controller

Choose from Palette

Click the gear to insert the controller.

S-Parameter DC
NOTE: all palettes have many of the same components (Prm Swp) and specific Meas Eqns.

HB

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Set up the Simulation

Simulation requires setting the simulation controller.
*NOTE asterisk means schematic is not yet saved.

Some simulations, like HB, require more setup. DC requires no setup in most cases. S-param requires Terms. Edit on-screen or double click for dialog box.

Example dialog for Controller

Display the parameters: Display tab lists all the settings you can show onscreen.

Edit on-screen if the parameter is displayed or use the dialog box.

You will get lots of practice in the labs.

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Templates for simulation

Insert & setup circuit, nodes and variables.

ADS 1.5 has many new templates.

Specifying a Dataset and Data Display

Before you simulate: you can name the dataset. If not, the default dataset = schematic name or the last dataset named.
Click: Simulate > Setup:

Uncheck this box if desired. NOTE: Dataset files (.ds) are in the DATA directory. Data Displays (.dds) are in the PROJECT directory & read datasets.

To run the simulation, click F7 key or click the gear...

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During Simulation: Status Window appears!

One way to stop a simulation, click: Simulation/Synthesis > Stop Simulation Or click: Window > Simulation Status

A successful simulation results in a dataset:

For more sim info, set simulation controller:

To stop a simulation from the schematic window.

When finished, the Data Display opens...

Data Display window

Also, open Data Displays from schematic or the Main window:

Data displays open empty the first time, unless you use a template. Also, the default dataset shows here. If you change the dataset, the data changes, but not the format of plots or equations.

You insert plots, lists, equations.

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List or plot your simulation data

Default dataset

Other datasets and DDS equations, click here!

STEPS: 1) Select the type: plot or list. 2) Select the data or equations. 3) Options - edit data or plot. 4) Save/name the DDS window.

Edit the data trace or equation here.

Measurement equations from schematics will also appear here.

Data Displays are powerful...

Insert Templates.

Scroll through lists. View and zoom data.

Write equations to manipulate data to be listed or plotted.

Markers have readout properties you can edit. Use cursor or arrow keys to move a marker.

Traces can be edited for color and thickness. Explicit dataset..path if not default.

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Tune mode is simulation!

Simulate > Tuning... Tuning allows you to tweak values and see the results!

You will do this in the lab in just a few minutes...

Printing data or schematics

File >
For Data, you can print selected plots, lists, equations.

Print Setup - select the printer, style, etc.

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NOTE on ending ADS processes

If your computer is locked up or if there is any other problem (Data Display), you can safely stop some processes:

hpeesofde.exe - closes the ADS program (same as exit) Hpeesofsim.exe - stops the simulation hpeesofdds.exe - end to stop the data display server These 2 work together! hpeesofdss.exe - end to stop the dataset server
UNIX users kill processes - PC users end processes

AVOID killing these:

hpeesofsess.exe hpeesofbrowser.exe hpeesofemx.exe
Killing these will require re-starting ADS.

PC task manager NT: ctrl-alt-delete In a UNIX window, use: ps -ef | tail and you can kill (xxx) a processes.

To mail or send ADS projects: ZAP

From the Main window, click: File > Archive or Unarchive

NOTE: Archive files become .ZAP files (like .ZIP files). They can include all networks, data, and display files (entire project).

When you leave this class, archive the projects to C:\temp and then copy the ZAP to the A drive. Be sure to delete the datasets or it will not fit on a floppy disk (not necessary if you e-mail a zap file). For any ADS problems, call support and send the ZAP file. In the United States call: 1 - 800 473-3763.

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What the lab is about ... Lab 1:

Circuit Simulation Fundamentals

Learn Circuit Simulation Basics

Create a project and schematic Build a low-pass filter Set up and run an S-parameter simulation Display the results and Tune the filter Copy an example RFIC amplifier Insert a library part and simulate with a Template Simulate an RFIC amp with Harmonic Balance Display the results and write equations
NOTE: Lab 1 can be skipped if students already know the basic operation of ADS: schematic capture, simple simulation, basics of plotting data. Also, its OK to make mistakesyou wont need the work you do in this lab for any of the other exercises. But starting in Lab 2, you will!

STEPS IN THE LAB:

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Build and simulate a low-pass filter

After setting up the S-parameter simulation, tune the filter.

Alsolibrary device simulation with template

Insert a library device & simulation template: Get S-parameters for all swept bias points!

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Last, example RFIC with Harmonic Balance

You will name the node Vin, check the sub-circuit, and simulate. Then write an equation for gain in the data display.

Start the lab now!

Topic 2:

System Design Fundamentals

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System component libraries and fundamentals:

System design is at the higher level. System models are behavioral: equation based describing node I and V, table based, etc. System components can be integrated with circuit components. IMPORTANT - System simulation and data display are the same as for circuit.

Typical system design using ...behavioral models

What are behavioral models? Behavioral models are described by equations.
(Similar to SDD-time domain and FDDfrequency domain.)

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Typical system model: Amplifier

Behavioral model
Polynomial equations describe nonlinearity:

Write an equation for the parameter. Also, some parameters can be optimized.

You specify the behavior:

Simulation is the same

for circuit and system (behavioral):

For example, you can build an amplifier in circuit, and connect it in a system design. In this class, you will do this!

Simulation: both amp and system

Amp circuit only

Amp circuit + behavioral system models

This is Hierarchy!

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Data Flow simulation

Data Flow simulation (Ptolemy) is 3 levels here: 1 - Circuit design 2 - System designs with Envelope or Transient 3 - Data Flow (Ptolemy): bits, sinks, TK plots DSP and CommSys courses teach details of Data Flow simulation. However, see NOTE. 2

NOTE: the steps shown here are an OPTIONAL exercise in the last lab exercise in this course.

What the lab is about ... Lab 2:

System Design Fundamentals

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Steps in the Design Process

You are here:
Design the rf_sys behavioral model receiver Test conversion, budget gain, spectrum, etc. Start amp_1900 design subckt parasitics Simulate amp DC conditions & bias network Simulate amp AC response - verify gain Test amp noise contributions tune parameters Simulate amp S-parameter response Define amp matching topology and tune input Optimize the amp in & out matching networks Filter design lumped 200MHz LPF use E-Syn Filter design microstrip 1900 MHz BPF Transient and Momentum filter analysis Amp spectrum, delivered power, Zin - HB Test amp comp, distortion, two-tone, TOI CE basics for spectrum and baseband CE for amp_1900 with GSM source Replace amp and filters in rf_sys receiver Test conversion gain, NF, swept LO power Final CDMA system test CE with fancy DDS Co-simulation of behavioral system

Amp and filter simulation: S-parameters

S-21 measurement verifies bandpass and gain:

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Receiver simulation: S-parameters

S-21 measurement tests conversion gain: Converted Freq = 100 MHz IF

Enable is for behavioral system models only.

AC simulation with Budget Gain

Budget measurement verifies gain in each stage:

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HB simulation with Noise Controller

HB simulation tests phase noise and spectrum of IF:

LO with phase noise

Plot spectrum and phase noise.

Phase Noise NOTE: HB FFT oversample parameter can be increased until answer is constant!

Transient simulation of an SDD

Time domain signal displayed and transformed into the frequency domain:

Node currents defined by equations: I = V / Z. Compare to HB using fs function: dbm(fs(rf_sys_trans..Vout))

Start the lab now!

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Class Exercise
(after lab 2)

HOT KEYS and Schematic Preferences

Efficient ADS Techniques

Would you like to customize the system to be more efficient for the way you work? Here are some things you can do: Moveable Toolbar: PC only - put it below Tear Off Menus: UNIX only - keep some on screen Options > Preferences: set these to your liking Templates - learn to use them or set up your own Examples - familiarize yourself with them HOT KEYS - Options > Menu / Toolbar Configuration

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Pre-set schematic Hot Keys

Pre-configured keys:
F7 = Simulate F5 = Move Component Text Ctrl+R = Rotate 90 Ctrl+M = Move Ctrl+C = Copy Ctrl+Z = Undo plus more...

If you dont like mouse clicks, HOT KEY your keyboard. Its global for all projects

Try this now: click the F5 key, select the Mixer component, move the cursor and the text will follow!

Set the View > Zoom schematic HOT KEY

Click: Options > Hot Key / Toolbar Configurations...

Follow these steps to set Zoom Area command: 1. Select the command 2. Type in a letter: z (not case sensitive) 3. Click: Assign 4. Click: Apply 5. Now,try the Z hot key to verify it works.

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Next, set these Hot Keys

Options > Hot Key / Toolbar Configurations...

S = Simulate > Setup A = Activate D = Deactivate X = Edit > Move > Move & Disconnect and any others you want ...
You will be able to use these hotkeys for all the labs in this project.

When everyone has finished, continue

If desired, set Schematic Preferences

Click: Options > Preferences
Go to the Display tab to set a different background color.

Click None to remove the grid dots.

NOTE: Set wire color in - Options > Layers.

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Save the schematic preferences

...and the settings will then apply to all schematics in your project.

Check this to turn it on.

You can also Read the .prf file into other projects.

End of class exercise.

Topic 3:

DC Simulations and sub-circuit modeling

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DC Simulation You get steady-state DC voltages and currents according to Ohms Law: V= IR
Capacitors = treated as ideal open circuits Inductors = treated as ideal short circuits Topology check: dc path to ground (if not => error message) Kirchoffs Law satisfied: sum of node current = 0 Convergence simulator algorithms (modes) can be set

DC simulation controller
Simulation Controller and Editor (dialog box)

Sweep: allows you to sweep a parameter but it must be defined as a variable. Note the dialog entry automatically puts quotes on the controller (screen) entry.

VAR

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...more on DC

Example: device op point

Convergence: increase V or iterations or change mode if you dont converge.

Back Annotation
No settings necessary!
Immediately after DC simulation, currents and voltages are available. Click: Simulate > Annotate DC Solution.
Simulate > Clear it here

Current Probe = use values of current in the dataset.

Minus sign used for current flowing out of a connection. Otherwise, current flows into a connection or device. DC Simulation Controller is required in all simulations if you want DC annotation.

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What the lab is about ... Lab 3:

DC Simulations and modeling the sub-circuit

Steps in the Design Process

Design the rf_sys behavioral model receiver Test conversion, budget gain, spectrum, etc. Start amp_1900 design subckt parasitics Simulate amp DC conditions & bias network Simulate amp AC response - verify gain Test amp noise contributions tune parameters Simulate amp S-parameter response Define amp matching topology and tune input Optimize the amp in & out matching networks Filter design lumped 200MHz LPF - use E-Syn Filter design microstrip 1900 MHz BPF Transient and Momentum filter analysis Amp spectrum, delivered power, Zin - HB Test amp comp, distortion, two-tone, TOI CE basics for spectrum and baseband CE for amp_1900 with GSM source Replace amp and filters in rf_sys receiver Test conversion gain, NF, swept LO power Final CDMA system test CE with fancy DDS Co-simulation of behavioral system

You are here:

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Start with some specifications...

AMP with max gain & low noise:
Available voltage: 5 volts Device: Generic BJT (Gummel-Poon) Collector current: 3.25 mA Frequency: RF = 1900 MHz Gain: >10 dB (or much more with this model) 50 ohm match input/output

Filters: also, build 1900 MHz BPF for the input and a LPF for the IF output
Later on, test the AMP for TOI, distortion, noise, compression, GSM & CDMA modulation response, and more in labs 3 through 9.

YOUR JOB: Build, test, and refine the circuits to meet specifications.

Start with a sub-circuit model...

Model the device with package parasitics Create a sub-circuit to model your components:
Model Card

Port connector numbers: Num= must be set in specific order as shown - this is necessary to use ADS built in transistor symbol.

Insert a device and a model: GummelPoon BJTM1. Bf will be a passed parameter. Vaf is changed as shown.

Add packaging parasitics: L in pico: pH C in femto: fF

NOTE: BJTM1 is the model card name that will be used for simulation. Library devices do not require this mapping.

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Select a symbol for your sub-circuit

Default Symbol

Schematic view

Symbol view

To use a built-in ADS symbol that looks like an NPN BJT use File > Design Parameters. Or, draw your own symbol!
Its easy to use a built-in symbol:

Define the sub-circuit parameters: 2 tabs

Click: File > Design / Parameters

You define the sub-circuit general and specific parameters: Description for library annotation Instance name: Q Symbol: SYM_BJT_NPN Passed parameter for Bf = beta

You can also specify the layout: sot23

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Insert the model in a new schematic Insert the sub-circuit from the library.

Design parameters follow the sub-circuit: Q1, beta, etc.

ICONS: Push into and Pop out of the hierarchy.

Set up a DC curve sweep with a template

Schematic template also has the data display template:
Your model (bjt_pkg) with annotation and passed parameter: beta.

Data display template:

Initialized VARs: VCE = 0 V IBB = 0 A

NOTE: DC controller sweeps the X-axis and the Parameter Sweep, sweeps the Y-axis.

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Finally, calculate and test the bias network Calculate resistor values, verify the DC specs for Ib and Ic, and sweep temperature!

Start the lab now!

Back Annotation verifies DC bias

Topic 4:

AC Simulation and Tuning Parameters

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AC Simulation
You get linear small-signal response and you get Noise values:
DC analysis performed (unseen) Nonlinear devices are linearized Kirchoffs Law satisfied: sum of node current = 0 Noise contributors defined and listed Budget analysis available (for named nodes) Signal voltages are peak - noise voltages are RMS

AC Simulation Controller

Use Display tab to toggle the Noise calculations: yes / no.

AC is a linear or small signal simulation and freq is usually set in the controller not the source.

37

Turn on and set up Noise calculation

Click here:
Your Node Names

NOTE: Port Noise can be included in the simulation, but it does not apply to NF. Also, Port noise is turned on/off in the sources.

Sort by name or by value: in the dataset Blank gives you all contributors

Use specific sources for specific simulations Use AC sources for AC simulations!
Source parameter definitions:
V_AC is the component name SRC3 is the instance name (you can change this) Vac = polar (1,0)V is the default) Freq = freq is a global variable - you set the start & stop values in the simulation controller P_AC = is the component name PORT1 is the instance name (OK to change) Num=1 is the port number (use for S-parameters) Pac = polar (dbmtow(0),0) dbmtow is a function you enter the dbm value (*see note) I_AC is the component Iac=polar (1,0) mA is the default Arrow is the direction of current flow. More on AC source settings...

38

Setting AC source values

POWER SETTINGS: The dbmtow function converts power in dbm to watts for the simulator. PHASE: The polar function specifies phase. By default, all sources are cosine waves. Use -90 for a sinewave. NOISE and Vdc: By default, noise is turned on for the P_AC source. Use Display tab/settings to make visible. Vdc 10 mV is an offset (superposition). Equations can also be used: P=1W, P=1+j*1W, P=complex(1,0), etc.

Simplify by removing polar

Review of ADS Equations

VAR:

pre-simulation schematic

Use for initializing sweep variables or other settings. VARs are not available in the dataset unless the OutVar function is used (later labs).

MeasEqn: pre-simulation Use for calculations to be available in the dataset (can use node names and functions).

Eqn: post-simulation Use for calculations in the data display (can include node voltages, functions, and any other dataset data).

data display

39

Review the Data Display equation editor

Insert button gives full path (dataset..) if not the default.
Click here for your DDS equations:

Error! Gain_dB is a schematic MeasEqn.

Invalid equations are red:

Valid equations are black:

Click Functions Help for on-line manuals:

TIP for copy/paste in the Data Display Keyboard keys: Ctrl C copies to the buffer Keyboard keys: Ctrl V pastes from the buffer
YOU CAN COPY A PLOT FROM ONE DATA DISPLAY WINDOW TO ANOTHER ALSO!

UNIX users probably know this but it works for ADS on the PC also. Try copying a plot or equation now!

40

What the lab is about ... Lab 4:

AC Simulations and Tuning Parameters

Steps in the Design Process

Design the rf_sys behavioral model receiver Test conversion, budget gain, spectrum, etc. Start amp_1900 design subckt parasitics Simulate amp DC conditions & bias network Simulate amp AC response - verify gain Test amp noise contributions tune parameters Simulate amp S-parameter response Define amp matching topology and tune input Optimize the amp in & out matching networks Filter design lumped 200MHz LPF - use E-Syn Filter design microstrip 1900 MHz BPF Transient and Momentum filter analysis Amp spectrum, delivered power, Zin - HB Test amp comp, distortion, two-tone, TOI CE basics for spectrum and baseband CE for amp_1900 with GSM source Replace amp and filters in rf_sys receiver Test conversion gain, NF, swept LO power Final CDMA system test CE with fancy DDS Co-simulation of behavioral system

You are here:

41

Set up the circuit & simulate with Noise

Use ideal DC blockers. Vcc is a node name. Vin and Vout nodes provide data (noise and voltage) for equations. V_AC source voltage = 1 V, cosine wave.

MeasEqn:

NOTE: Freq is a global variable. Here, Freq is controlled by the source. Use freq=freq, freq=10 MHz, or a variable: freq=F_RF.

Simulation results...
Two schematic MeasEqns: One Data Display eqn:

Write the same equation in Data Display as you did in schematic. Then put it in a list.

Edit the traces onscreen: all are equal.

42

More AC results...

Calculate group delay with an equation using Phase data. Also, control marker readout formats.

Use the what functionwhat?

Examine the data using the what function and the Variable Info.

43

Sweep battery voltage

For an AC simulation, use a parameter sweep of a dc value which is assigned to a VAR.

Note the explicit dataset path..

OPTIONAL - tune sub-circuit parameters

Set up a variable in the sub-circuit and tune several parameters from the top level.

Start the lab now!

44

Topic 5:

S-parameter Simulation and Optimization

S-parameters are Power Ratios

(voltage ratios squared)

S-parameter ratios: S out / S in

S11 - Forward Reflection (input match - impedance) S22 - Reverse Reflection (output match - impedance) S21 - Forward Transmission (gain or loss) These are easier to understand and S12 - Reverse Transmission (isolation)
simply plotted.

These are best viewed on a Smith chart (next slides).

Results of an S-Parameter Simulation in ADS

Read the complex reflection coefficient (Gamma) Change the marker readout for Zo Read all four S-parameters Smith chart plot: use for impedance matching (S11 and S22) Similar to Network Analyzer measurements

45

The Impedance Smith Chart simplified...

This is an impedance chart transformed from rectangular Z. Normalized to 50 ohms, the center = R50+J0 or Zo (perfect match). For S11 or S22 (two-port), you get the complex impedance.
Top Half: Inductive Reactance (+jx)
25 50 100

Circles of constant Resistance

SHORT

OPEN Bottom Half: Capacitive Reactance ((-jx)

Lines of constant Reactance (+jx above and -jx below)

Zo (characteristic impedance) = 50 + j0

The Smith chart in ADS Data Display

Impedance: Z

Z=0+j1

Reflection Coefficient: gamma

Z = real

/ imaginary

0 to +infinity / -infinity to + infinity

S(1,1): mag / phase 0 to 1 / 0 to +/- 180

Z= 0 + j0 Gamma or S11=1 / 180

Z = 1 + j0

Z=infinity + j infinity Gamma or S11= 1 / 0

ADS marker defaults to:

m1
S(1,1) = 0.8/ -65 Z0 * (0.35 - j1.5)

Z=0-j0.5 Z=0-j1

Z=0-j2

but can be changed give values in ohms.

46

S-Parameter Simulation Controller

Default sweep = Freq
The simulator requires port termination: Num = 1

Sweep plan can also be used (see next slide). Either way, simulation data (S matrix) will be for the specified range and points.

Other S-Parameter controller tabs

Parameters Noise

Calculate other parameters. Enable Frequency Conversion for a mixer.

Calculate SS noise - same as in the AC simulation.

NOTE: Insert the Options controller for a noise simulation = no error message on temperature.

47

Sweep Plan with S-parameter simulations

Sweep Plan is for sweeping FREQ. Otherwise, use a Parameter Sweep for variables (Vcc, pwr, etc.) Mixer designers: Here is a plan for an RF, LO, and IF.

These are ignored if Sweep plan is selected!

Here is a sweep within a sweep.

Typical S-parameter plots: ADS data display

Plotted S21 in dB vs frequency Plotted S11 on a Smith Chart: note marker readout.

Complete S-matrix with port impedance

Note marker readout is x50.

48

S-Parameter measurement equations

All simulation palettes have specific measurement equations. You insert the measurement equation and set the arguments if necessary. Here, S is the matrix, 30 is the value in dB, and 51 points used to draw the circle.
Example: 3 circles for 3 different values of gain.

Arguments explained briefly here.

You will use some of these in the labs...

Creating Matching Networks

Various topologies can be used: L, C, R Avoid unwanted oscillations (L-C series/parallel) Yield can be a factor in topology (sensitivity) Use the fewest components (cost + efficient) Sweep or tune component values to see S-parameters Optimization: use to meet S-parameter specs (goals)

In the lab, you will optimize the match for the amplifier.

NOTE: For a mixer, match S11 @ RF and S22 @ IF.

49

Matching means: Moving toward the center of the Smith Chart!

You will do this in the lab.

Adjust the value to move toward open, short, L, C, or center of chart.

L lel ral a P
Pa ra

lle lC

Se rie

Add Series or Parallel (shunt) components.

sL

Ser ies R

ADS Optimization Basics

DEFINITION: Optimization is a simulation that tries to achieve a performance goal.
Start with a simulation that gives you results. Set up the optimization which includes:
A search method. A specific goal or specification to be met. Enabled components or parameters to be adjusted.

NOTE: ADS has both continuous and discrete optimization. Yield analysis or a yield optimization is also available.

el R Parall

sC r ie e S

50

Optimization palette: Controller and Goals

Four steps for optimization:

Optim controller: set the type, etc. Goal statement: use valid measurement equation or dataset expression. Enable component (opt).
Type of Optimization: In general, we recommend using Random first, then using Gradient. Also, first tune and then optimize.

Simulation controller.

Many Types are Available

Random & Gradient are often used together

NOTE: See manual for details (minimax function works well for filters).

51

Goals and Error Function

The goals are minimum or maximum target values. The error function is based on the goal(s). The weighting factor prioritizes multiple goals.
Error function is defined as a summation of residuals. A residual ri may be defined as:

W | m - si |
i i

si is the simulated ith response (example: S21= 9.5dB) mi is the desired response for the ith measurement (example: S21=10dB) Wi is the weighting factor for multiple goals: higher number is greater.
Simulations continue until the maximum iterations is reached or the error function (summation of the residuals) reaches zero (same as 10 dB).

More about the Error Function...

Least Squares: Each residual is squared and all terms are then summed. The sum of the squares is averaged over frequency. Choice of optimizer determines these settings. Least Pth: The Least Pth error function formulation is similar to the previous one, except that instead of squaring the residuals, it raises them to the Pth power with P=2 , 4 ,6 etc. Minimax: attempts to minimize the largest of the residuals. This tends to result in equal ripple responses . Worst case: minimizes the reciprocal of the least squares error function. This has the effect of maximizing the error function. The goal is to find a worst typical response for a given set of parameters.

52

Using a combined approach...

Random analysis often gets you close to the goal (minimum error function).
Error function

Gradient analysis may get stuck in a local minimum (not optimal error function).

Parameter value

NOTE: Random is not totally random. It uses an adaptation that helps it move closer to the goal.

Using both RANDOM and GRADIENT can reach the desired goal - others work similar (genetic, etc.).

Hybrid

You will do this in the lab!

ADS Optimization Setup

Optim palette: insert controller and goal (more on this later) You always need a simulation controller.

Set the step for the RangeVar Edit the component, then click to enable for optimization.

Details on next slide:

53

Enabling components for opt or stats (yield)

Once enabled, you can specify a continuous or discrete (stepped) variation.. Gaussian, Uniform, or discrete. Results will be viewable in the data display.
NOTE: If discrete values are not realistic, use file based: DAC

PPT is an optimization within a Yield Analysis only. Allows value to be shifted to achieve goal.

noopt = disabled (after optimization):

Discrete Optimization for Library Parts

Inserted library part with listed range of values (like a DAC)

54

Yield Analysis: % meeting specs!

Example: 200-400 MHz (50-to-100 ohm) Impedance Transformer. Simulation tests the % of circuits to meet spec using component values with defined statistical distributions (stat).
NOTE: Optimize yield results by changing the nominal values until you get maximum (near 100%). See: examples/Tutorial/yldoptex1_prj

Opt previously run Random seed

As an extra exercise:

Step 1- Copy: examples / Tutorial / yldex1_prj

Yield Analysis Results (data)

Step 2 - Run the simulation once. Then change the specs and resimulate. Or, try it on your own circuit! Refer to this and the previous slide to setup your own Yield analysis after the class.

78% will meet spec Spec is -18 dB S11 from 200 to 400 MHz.
Zoom view: small number of results outside of spec.

Yield Dataset results are stochastic.

55

Additional information: frequency sensitive components!

Z-PORT: equation describes changing Z with changing freq

Note the ADS syntax for Z increasing as freq (global variable in ADS) decreases: if then elseif then elseif then else endif

CAPQ and INDQ: equation describes changing L or C with freq

What the lab is about ... Lab 5:

S-parameter Simulation and Optimization

56

Steps in the Design Process

Design the rf_sys behavioral model receiver Test conversion, budget gain, spectrum, etc. Start amp_1900 design subckt parasitics Simulate amp DC conditions & bias network Simulate amp AC response - verify gain Test amp noise contributions tune parameters Simulate amp S-parameter response Define amp matching topology and tune input Optimize the amp in & out matching networks Filter design lumped 200MHz LPF - use E-Syn Filter design microstrip 1900 MHz BPF Transient and Momentum filter analysis Amp spectrum, delivered power, Zin - HB Test amp comp, distortion, two-tone, TOI CE basics for spectrum and baseband CE for amp_1900 with GSM source Replace amp and filters in rf_sys receiver Test conversion gain, NF, swept LO power Final CDMA system test CE with fancy DDS Co-simulation of behavioral system

You are here:

First Step: Simulate with ideal components

2 different datasets

Plot the data and compare to ac_sim data. Change Term Z and list the S matrix.

57

Calculate C and L values and re-simulate

Reactance of 10 pF at 1.9 GHz and a list of L values:

Tune the input match

Use detailed Tune control with small increments!

Click here to change the value in steps. Then press Tune. Use 1 or 0 Set min and max ranges and step size.

58

Optimize the output & input match

Random with 2 goals S11: -10 dB S22: -10 dB REVIEW of 4 steps:

Set up the OPTIM controller Set up the GOALS Enable the components Setup the simulation

Display opt data, update and simulate

Final values look good!

59

Next, use built-in measurements

S-parameter simulation with gain and noise circles, and stability. These are built-in measurement equations from the simulation palette.
You set the arguments if necessary!

NOTE: Listed results from noise turned on in the simulation controller.

Last step: Read / Write data files

Write an ADS S dataset as a Touchstone file, then Read it back in... as if it came from a Network Analyzer!

Start the lab now!

Use a Sweep Plan and compare the data.

60

Topic 6:

E-Syn, Momentum, Transient and the DAC

Using E-Syn

Quick S-parameter simulation

What does E-Syn do? It makes it easy to create FILTERS and Matching Networks.
E-Syn user interface is a little different than the ADS interface. Also, you could use a Filter Design Guide instead of E-Syn. This may appear in future releases of ADS!
You specify the TYPE of design, the RESPONSE, and the BAND. SYNTHESIZE the design and you get a selection of topologies and values. ANALYZE the design and plot the response in the ADS data display. Optimize if desired.

61

Using Momentum

MOM engine gives S-parameter results

What is Momentum? E-M (electro-magnetic) solver using Method of Moments

technique and Greens functions to compute the current in planar structures, including vias and the coupling between surfaces. Antenna patterns!

Why use Momentum? You have no accurate model for a passive layout. You want to know the coupling effects between structures. You want to optimize the layout real-estate, performance, etc. Your other structure simulator takes too long to simulate! You want to use the results in ADS simulations.

Example spiral meshed as a strip geometry. Hole in ground plane is meshed as a slot, which is more efficient than meshing the entire ground plane.

Transient simulation
Analysis performed in the Time Domain Use any Source Solutions use Newton_Raphson iterations You get Amplitude vs. Time Time Domain data can be transformed: FS
NOTE on Convolution: Frequency domain models (microstrip) can be brought into the time domain and converted to the time domain then convolved with the time-domain input signal to obtain the time-domain output signal. The convolution tab in the transient simulator allows you to define methods and settings.

62

Transient simulation controller

Integration: step control & error (default:Fixed)

Time Step is critical !

Ignored if no TLs

Setting the Transient Time Step

Start time: sampling begins Stop time: sampling ends Time step: sampling rate
Use the Nyquist rule: Sample at 2 x or more the rate of the highest frequency of interest:

Sample @ 2 x BW

To sample the fundamental (1900 MHz) plus harmonics, you must calculate @ 2 x (rate of highest harmonic desired). 1 / (2 x 15 x 1900MHz) = 17.54 picoseconds.

63

Setting the Transient Stop Time

For many circuits: stop time should allow for periodic - settling.
Dataset

Start Time

Stop Time

NOTE: Transient analysis can be tricky. Sampling before a circuit reaches steady state will not give correct results when transformed into the frequency domain. Also, you must use a time step that is a multiple of the frequencies of interest or the results will not be correct.

Using a DAC (data access component)

For optimization, R1 is assigned to a file which is read by the DAC. res_std.dscr contains an index and a list of values (r_val). In the DAC, variable iVal1 is enabled over the range of indexed values beginning with iVar1 which is the first index point in the file.

NOTE: iVar1 always = 1 (index at first column). However, iVal1 always starts at 0 (same as ADS data).

The file must be in the DATA directory and must be in correct format. The circuit simulation manual has information on file formats such as DSCR..

64

DAC Optimization: setup and results

Save values = no. Only the MeasEqn is sent to the dataset with the final iVal1 which is 0 = 56 ohms which gives the least reflection. Also, click Simulate > Update Optimization Values to update the iVal in the DAC.

EXTRA NOTE: TDR Setup

REFERENCE SLIDE ONLY

After the class, you can use this slide as a reference if you need it! Find mismatches in time / distance

TLIN is 360 degrees at 1 GHz = known timetime-domain response used as a reference.

DUT

65

EXTRA NOTE: TDR Data DisplayREFERENCE SLIDE ONLY

After the class, you can use this slide as a reference if you need it!

Results: mismatch delay time rho BW VSWR mtrs to mils

EXTRA NOTE on LineCalc and Model Composer

After the class, you can use this slide as a reference if you need it! REFERENCE SLIDE ONLY

LineCalc is still available! Define the substrate Enter L & W to get electrical Enter electrical to get L & W

ALSO - New add-on for ADS 1.5: MODEL COMPOSER. Generate your own passive library models (parameterized) for simulation. You get circuit simulation speed with EM simulation accuracy (Momentum) for microstrip components - more types in the future!

66

What the lab is about ... Lab 6:

Filters: E-Syn, Momentum, Transient Simulation and the DAC

Steps in the Design Process

Design the rf_sys behavioral model receiver Test conversion, budget gain, spectrum, etc. Start amp_1900 design subckt parasitics Simulate amp DC conditions & bias network Simulate amp AC response - verify gain Test amp noise contributions tune parameters Simulate amp S-parameter response Define amp matching topology and tune input Optimize the amp in & out matching networks Filter design lumped 200MHz LPF - use E-Syn Filter design microstrip 1900 MHz BPF Transient and Momentum filter analysis Amp spectrum, delivered power, Zin - HB Test amp comp, distortion, two-tone, TOI CE basics for spectrum and baseband CE for amp_1900 with GSM source Replace amp and filters in rf_sys receiver Test conversion gain, NF, swept LO power Final CDMA system test CE with fancy DDS Co-simulation of behavioral system

You are here:

67

E-Syn - 200 MHz LPF design

Step 1: Start E-Syn in the ADS schematic window:

Tools > Start E-Syn

Step 2: Set the Frequency Specification and click: Select Type.

E-Syn - 200 MHz LPF (continued)

Step 3: Select the design: Type, Response, and Band.

At first, window will be blank. Therefore, click the Synthesize button to calculate topology & component values as shown here.

Step 4: Go back to E-Syn main menu and click the Synthesis icon:

68

E-Syn - 200 MHz LPF (continued)

Step 5: Select the Network you want to use and then click Analysis. Step 6: Set up the simulation and Analyze. The results will appear in the ADS Data Display window.

Result of design (Butterworth) to be used in Final simulation.

Transient simulation of 1900 MHz BPF

Microstrip coupled line filter with substrate and VtSine source.

Also calculate delay:

69

Generate the Layout of 1900 MHz BPF

Remove controllers and Terms - insert Port connectors

Use MOM menus ...

MOM: substrate, mesh, simulation

Compare to circuit S21:

70

MOM - calculate coupling effects

Use the same setup and add a rectangle:
Coupled Line Filter

draw a trace in close proximity

Momentum simulation shows resonance from coupling.

OPTIONAL - DAC exercise

Write the file

Start the lab now!

After setting S-parameter controller to calculate Z, results show results.

71

Topic 7:

Harmonic Balance

Harmonic Balance Simulation

Analyze circuits with Linear and Non-linear components: You define the tones, harmonics, and power levels You get the spectrum: Amplitude vs. Frequency Data can be transformed to time domain (ts function) Solutions use Newton-Raphson technique Krylov subspace method also available (large circuits) Use only Frequency domain sources Similar to Spectrum Analyzer

72

Harmonic Balance Simulation Flow Chart

Sample Points Number of Harmonics Simulation Frequency Error Tolerance

Start

DC analysis always done

Linear Components
Measure Linear Circuit Currents in the Frequency-Domain

Nonlinear Components
Measure Nonlinear Circuit Voltages in the Frequency-Domain

Inverse Fourier Transform: Nonlinear Voltage Now in the Time Domain Calculate Nonlinear Currents Fourier Transform: Nonlinear Currents Now back in the Frequency Domain

Test: Error > Tolerance: if yes, modify & recalculate if no, then

Kirchoffs Law satisfied!

Stop= correct answer.

Example Circuit: First and Last Iterations

IR

IC

IL

ID

IY-port

(Momentum file)

Start in the Frequency Domain Calculate currents Convert: ts -> fs

Test uses (Kirchoffs law):

If I error is not near zero, then iterate again. .

Initial Estimate: spectral voltage

IR

IC

IL

ID

IY
If within tolerance

Last Estimate with least error

IR

IC

IL

ID

IY

then

V Final Solution

NOTE: Try building the circuit, simulate, and write an equation to sum the currents. The IY-port could be S-parameter data from Momentum or other NWA data.

73

Basic 1 Tone HB simulation setup

Basic HB controller and source setup gives you spectral tones:

Freq[1] is the fundamental tone you want HB to calculate. Freq[1] must match a tone in the circuit or you get a warning message. Numerous builtin sources and measurement equations.

Order [1] = 3 means HB calculates 3 harmonics of Freq [1]

HB gives you a Mix table:

Swept variables in Harmonic Balance

HB Freq tab: specify tones (Freq), harmonics (Order), and mixing products (Max Order).

1) Initialize the VAR to sweep. 2) Specify the variable and range.

3) Be sure the VAR, the source, and simulation controller all have the same information. NOTE: Swept variables always go to the dataset.

74

Other settings (tabs) in Harmonic Balance

Params
NOTE Oversample: Set status level to 4, see number of samples for non-linears. Then set oversample for convergence or more accuracy.

Osc
Use with Oscport

Noise (1 and 2) or use Noise Controller

ADS 1.5: Save (final solution) and re-use (initial guess). HB binary data file.

Related harmonic balance controllers ...

Transform HB spectrum into the time domain with ts function: ts(Vout).

Calculated S-params for harmonics.

You will use HB and XDB in the lab!

75

Types of Power Sources for HB

Default power function for these sources is polar, but you can simplify it on the screen as: dmbtow(0) Therefore, dbmtow(0) is the same as polar(dbmtow(0),0)
Notice that these sources are also ports (OK for S-param analysis). Also, they can be considered noiseless like sources in a measurement system.

P_nTone and P_nHarm can have multiple Freqs and Power.

Example: HB simulation setup for mixer with swept LO power

Mixer example:
Freq [1] fundamental tone (most power: LO for mixer) Freq [2] fundamental tone (RF for mixer) Order [1] number of harmonics for Freq [1]: LO. Order [2] number of harmonics for Freq [2]: RF. MaxOrder = mixing products, depends on Order[n].
NOTE: Here if MaxOrder = 9 , you wont get 9th order product because Order[1] and [2] only go up to the 8th order.

Other settings: for status info, noise, and Krylov simulator (used in lab).
LO_pwr goes to the dataset automatically.

Do not do this: Freq = LO_freq MHz or MHz units will multiply.

To get any other VAR to the dataset (RF_pwr) requires using this syntax: OutVar =variable name

data

76

Example data: use mix function on Mix table

DC term=0. Freq, harmonics [order], and products [max order] are indexed:

Mixer example: Max order=8

LO order=5 LO RF order=3 RF

To get dBm of IF (100 MHz) at Vout, use the mix function:

Arguments in parentheses ( ) and curly braces {generate the matrix }, required for Mix table.
8th order term uses +5th & -3th, but not: -3th & +5th (+5th of RF does not exist).

LO: Freq[1]=1800 MHz RF: Freq[2]=1900 MHz

QUIZ: Can you use this equation dBm(Vout[1]) for this data? Is it valid? Answer: YES - if no other dependencies exist - its the same as: dBm(mix(Vout,{-1,1}))

Harmonic Balance convergence & errors

Freq [x] in each source must match Freq [x] in the controller or you get this message:

NOISE TEMP error for all noise simulations: Set Temp=16.85 to eliminate any error message. OPTIONS controller is in all simulation palettes.

Simulator will try to find closest answer, if not it will continue with all remaining valid points.

HB convergence error message: cannot sweep to desired level or arc length continuation error To solve these problems, either loosen the V and I tolerances in the options controller by ten times (for example, set: I_AbsTol= e-11), or reduce the step size for power or frequency sweeps.

77

TIP about quotes, brackets, braces, etc.

QUOTES: Only when editing on the screen for string value parameters, if necessary. When in doubt, double click and use the dialog boxes.
Exceptions - Swept variables are always in quotes and controller names (HB1) in opt goals. In dialog only: @ stops quotes when not needed.

If you see 2 quotes X, remove one set!

Parentheses, Brackets, Curly braces: (parentheses for function arguments) [brackets for one, two, or three dimensional data]: {curly braces for vectors and the mix function}:
Examples: dBm(Vout [1]) Double colon is a wildcard in ADS:

dBm(mix(Vout,{-1,1})) mag(Vout [1:: 6]

What the lab is about ... Lab 7:

Harmonic Balance Simulations

78

Steps in the Design Process

Design the rf_sys behavioral model receiver Test conversion, budget gain, spectrum, etc. Start amp_1900 design subckt parasitics Simulate amp DC conditions & bias network Simulate amp AC response - verify gain Test amp noise contributions tune parameters Simulate amp S-parameter response Define amp matching topology and tune input Optimize the amp in & out matching networks Filter design lumped 200MHz LPF - use E-Syn Filter design microstrip 1900 MHz BPF Transient and Momentum filter analysis Amp spectrum, delivered power, Zin - HB Test amp comp, distortion, two-tone, TOI CE basics for spectrum and baseband CE for amp_1900 with GSM source Replace amp and filters in rf_sys receiver Test conversion gain, NF, swept LO power Final CDMA system test CE with fancy DDS Co-simulation of behavioral system

You are here:

First, HB for spectrum and Meas Eqn

Spectrum

Equation uses Vout[1] Dataset values Dataset contains node voltages and Mix table

79

Next, simulate Power Delivered and Zin

Probe Components palette Rename the probe: I_in

Data display equations calculate power using voltage Vin and current I_in.
NOTE for Oscillator testing: Use OscTest to determine if oscillation exists (S-param). Use OscPort to determine the frequency of oscillation (HB). See examples!

NOTE: 0.5 is for 1/2 peak value and +30 give dBm (ref to 0.001 W)

Z_in is calculated at 1900 MHz which is index value [1]. Also, Z_in is used in dBm argument instead of default of 50.

HB Phase, ts, and Gain Compression

Use ts function on HB data at device nodes

Verify inversion of signal:

2 ways to simulate gain compression XDB and HB with swept power:

data

80

HB swept power compression data

Plot_vs function

Plot_vs(dB_gain,hb_comp..dbm_out)

Creating a line: nonlinear to linear

Simulating closely spaced tones...

AMPS use 2 tones, such as RF +/- spacing (VAR)
RF1 - SPACING RF1 + SPACING

Freq[1]
RF2 - SPACING RF2 + SPACING

Lab setup and data

Freq[2]
[-1, 2] [0, 1] [1, 0] [2, -1]

Mix table

Mixer is 3 tones IF

- LO, RF1 - LO, 2RF1 - RF2 - LO, 3RF1 -2RF2

Mix index [tone 1, tone 2, tone 3]:

[-1, 1, 0] [-1, 2,-1]

[-1, 1, -2]

81

Two-tone HB simulation and data Spacing @ 10 MHz =

1.895 and 1.905 GHz

Use [ brackets to generate a matrix ] and { curly braces to vector the data from Mix table}

TOI or IP3 Measurement

When the input power drives the non-linear device into saturation or distortion, third order products near the desired frequency can become large. The point at which 3rd order products intercept the linear rise in output power is the intercept point TOI or IP3.
10

TOI
0

-20

m
--30 -40

ix

mix {2, 1}

Output Power (dBm)

-10

Linear Output of fund(dBm) slope = 1

A measurement equation is used to get the answer...

Lab setup and data 3rd order intermod product (dBm) at Vout slope = 3.

} ,0 {1

- 30

-20

-10

10

20

Input Power (dBm)

NOTE for mixer 3 tones use: mix{-1,1,0} mix {-1, 2, -1}

82

Built-in measurements use functions you set the arguments.

IP3 or TOI simulation setup

Result of IP3 eqns in DDS:

NOTE: Mixers use this setup for 3 tone TOI.

Compare swept values to values in the TOI measurement range:

OPTIONAL: Sweep RF pwr vs TOI

Swept values used for IP3

Start the lab now!

The Eqn, my_toi, is on the right Y axis. When RF_pwr is greater than 39dBm, RF and third order slopes are no longer 1:3, so IP3 Eqn becomes invalid.

83

Topic 8:

Circuit Envelope Simulation

What is Circuit Envelope ?

Time samples the modulation envelope (not carrier) Compute the spectrum at each time sample
Output a time-varying spectrum Use equations on the data Faster than HB or Spice in many cases Integrates with System Simulation & HP Ptolemy

84

Use realistic Signals with CE

GSM, CDMA, GMSK, pi/4DQPSK, QPSK, etc.

Simulations include:

40 kHz BW for NADC

Adjacent Channel Power Ratio Noise Power Ratio Error Vector Magnitude Power Added Efficiency Bit Error Rate

2-tone tests and linearized models do not predict this behavior as easily!

890 MHz

carrier

Circuit Envelope Technology:

Circuit

Vout

Time sample the envelope and then

V(t) * e j2 fot
t3
Modulation

t2

t1

t4

performs Harmonic Balance on the samples! Carrier

Periodic input signal

NOTE: V(t) can be complex - am or fm or pm

85

more on CE Technology
Captures time and frequency impairments:

dBm (fs (Vout))

CE example: AMP with RF pulse

ONE TONE

You will do this in the lab!

Step time is critical for sampling the envelope: rise, fall, and modulation rate. Therefore, Step (sample time) is NOT the same as Transient.

mag of Vin [1]: envelope ts of Vout: signal mag of Vout [1]: envelope
...where [1] is the carrier Freq[1].

86

Env Setup tab in dialog

(Reference slide for one tone with 3 harmonics) Stop time Determines resolution bandwidth of output spectrum Large enough to resolve spectral components of interest Time step Determines bandwidth of Circuit Envelope simulation Small enough to capture highest modulation frequency

Stop Time Resolution BW

Time step

more
Modulation BW

ENV Steup tab (continued)

(Reference slide for multiple tones: mixer)

7 Harmonics of Fundamental: Freq [1] 3 Harmonics of Fundamental: Freq [2]

Harmonic Balance

t0 t1 t2 t3 t4
tim e

Multiple tone simulation requires more data display

87

What the lab is about ... Lab 8:

Circuit Envelope Simulations

Steps in the Design Process

Design the rf_sys behavioral model receiver Test conversion, budget gain, spectrum, etc. Start amp_1900 design subckt parasitics Simulate amp DC conditions & bias network Simulate amp AC response - verify gain Test amp noise contributions tune parameters Simulate amp S-parameter response Define amp matching topology and tune input Optimize the amp in & out matching networks Filter design lumped 200MHz LPF - use E-Syn Filter design microstrip 1900 MHz BPF Transient and Momentum filter analysis Amp spectrum, delivered power, Zin - HB Test amp comp, distortion, two-tone, TOI CE basics for spectrum and baseband CE for amp_1900 with GSM source Replace amp and filters in rf_sys receiver Test conversion gain, NF, swept LO power Final CDMA system test CE with fancy DDS Co-simulation of behavioral system

You are here:

88

First, simulate an RF pulse

Use a behavioral amp and different time steps:

Add distortion: get odd harmonics out-of-phase!

Next, phase distortion bits (baseband)

Look at the bit stream: bits_out node and Vout. After simulating the response of the amplifier, insert a filter at Vin to alter the phase response.
Plot the GSM BW spectrum with windowing.

89

GSM source on your amp_1900

Simulation with variables set t_step = 1 / (5X BW of GSM)

Verify baseband integrity using an equation that is like a demodulator:

Optional - channel power calculation

On a new page in DDS, write two equations: limits defines the bandwidth and channel_pwr calculates power in the channel.

No need to resimulate, simply use Vout[1] which is 1900 MHz!

Start the lab now!

90

Topic 9:

Final Circuit / System Simulation and CoSimulation

What is the final topic in this class?

Simulation of your amp_1900 and filters in the receiver system to verify analog performance.
Gain (S-21), HB with swept LO, and CE with a CDMA source The co-simulation is optional if you have time - otherwise, take the CommSys class.

Co-simulation: simulation of the entire system using digital circuits and analog circuits together.
Constellation, spectrum, etc... A little on co-simulation before starting the lab...

91

What is a co-simulation?
It is your amp_1900 and filters in the receiver system at the bottom level. On the top level is a Data Flow simulation. Co-simulation is digital & RF/analog circuits simulating together.
This is your rf_system with amp_1900.

Man can not live by DSP alone

Agilent Ptolemy: a bridge between DSP and RF/Analog worlds

What is Ptolemy ?
Agilent Ptolemy is a Timed Synchronous Data Flow Simulator

TSDF is a unique Agilent EEsof Innovation Agilent Ptolemy adds timed elements - parameters on signals are t, I, Q, Fc (rf carrier) Benefits: - easy to add real RF effects on signals - more efficient simulations - more accurate modeling of RF effects

Agilent Ptolemy is the data flow simulator used in the DSP schematic window...

92

What is Data Flow?

Tokens (like current or numbers) Token NODE (or component) arc (like a wire) NODE (or component)

Tokens can also be time stamped - then they become samples. Now you can simulate time and frequency domain impairments such as multi-path and fading ...

What is Co-simulation?
Integrated Circuit, System Simulation & HP Ptolemy

Co-simulation is simulating an A/RF schematic design with a DSP schematic design.

Top Level System Design:
DSP network A/RF network DSP network

The simulator in the A/RF design must use either Transient or Circuit Envelope

DSP Schematic Window

The A/RF schematic can be any kind of design: amplifier, mixer, PLL, etc...

93

The DSP components library

Many palette selections and additional libraries:

The use of these tools is covered in the DSP course and also in part of the CommSys course. In this class, it is only briefly introduced!

What the lab is about ... Lab 9:

Final System Simulation using: amp_1900 and filters

94

Steps in the Design Process

Design the rf_sys behavioral model receiver Test conversion, budget gain, spectrum, etc. Start amp_1900 design subckt parasitics Simulate amp DC conditions & bias network Simulate amp AC response - verify gain Test amp noise contributions tune parameters Simulate amp S-parameter response Define amp matching topology and tune input Optimize the amp in & out matching networks Filter design lumped 200MHz LPF use E-Syn Filter design microstrip 1900 MHz BPF Transient and Momentum filter analysis Amp spectrum, delivered power, Zin - HB Test amp comp, distortion, two-tone, TOI CE basics for spectrum and baseband CE for amp_1900 with GSM source Replace amp and filters in rf_sys receiver Test conversion gain, NF, swept LO power Final CDMA system test CE with fancy DDS Co-simulation of behavioral system

You are here:

First, system setup with S-params

Setup sub-circuit using: File > Design Parameters

First, simulate system S21 with frequency conversion to see gain!

95

Next, HB simulation with swept LO

dBm_out vs LO_pwr

OutVar = variable to dataset

Noise measurement gives NF and conversion gain when status level = 4.

Final system CE simulation with CDMA

data

NOTE: Other = SaveToDataset = no

It means only the MeasEqn IF_out goes to dataset.

96

Power calculations from an example DDS

Use your CE data:
1. 2. 3. Open the example DDS file from the Tutorials/ModSources /IS95_Fwd_PwrCalcs Save it in your system_prj. Change the dataset and MeasEqn

Vfund = IF_out

Simply change the eqn name to Vfund=IF_out and all the data fills in the plots and equations values!

Fancy Data Display for CDMA spectrum

Set up a marker slider using equations: m1 slides to a frequency and the spectrum of that carrier frequency is displayed: RF, LO, IF, etc.

m1 is at the IF

NOTE: If you finish this step in the lab, you have achieved all the goals for this class!

97

OPTIONAL - Co-simulation of rf_sys

This process requires several steps: First step: Modify the system to become a sub-circuit (bottom CE simulation level) as shown here. Co-simulation requires a Transient or CE simulation setup.

In this class, it is easier and faster to set up and run co-simulation using the behavioral system. The Extra exercise shows even more cosimulations you can try after the course!

Co-simulation continued...
Next step: Open a top level DSP network so that the Ptolemy / DSP palettes become available in schematic. Then build the system shown here: All the steps are in the lab, including the settings for the data components, filters, etc. The t_step and t_stop are now set for symbol rate and time.

Bottom level system.

Data flow controller runs showing filtered bits and IF signal: TkXY plots

98

Data Flow simulation - TK plots are active!

Quit the DF simulation and connect a SpectrumAnalyzer sink to collect the data. Results of this co-simulation show spectrum of the behavioral system. To use amp_1900 and your filters, replace them in the system and setup a new simulation (requires more time).

Start the lab now!

Spectrum Analyzer sink:

By the way...RF Board and RFIC Design Flow Integration Solutions from Agilent EEsof EDA

Software and Services available to integrate ADS into existing design flow based on:
Schematic transfer via IFF Layout transfer via IFF Schematic sharing via Dynamic Link

For more info, contact your Agilent EEsof Sales Representative, or visit:

RFIC Design Flow: http://www.tm.agilent.com/tmo/hpeesof/products/ads/prod600a.ht ml RF Board Design Flow: http://www.tm.agilent.com/tmo/hpeesof/products/ads/prod600b.ht ml

99

End of the Course

Before you leave, please fill-out the course evaluationthanks!

Look for us on the WWW for more ADS training and applications.

Goodbye and see you next time! www.agilent.com Agilent EEsof EDA - Customer Education

100