Chapter 10: File-System Interface
Chapter 10: File-System Interface
File Concept Access Methods Directory Structure File-System Mounting File Sharing Protection
Operating System Concepts
10.2
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Objectives
To explain the function of file systems To describe the interfaces to file systems To discuss file-system design tradeoffs, including access methods,
file sharing, file locking, and directory structures
To explore file-system protection
Operating System Concepts
10.3
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Concept
Contiguous logical address space
Types:
Data
numeric character
binary
Program
Operating System Concepts
10.4
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Structure
None - sequence of words, bytes Simple record structure
Lines Fixed length Variable length Complex Structures Formatted document Relocatable load file Can simulate last two with first method by inserting appropriate control characters Who decides: Operating system Program
Operating System Concepts
10.5
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Attributes
Name only information kept in human-readable form Identifier unique tag (number) identifies file within file system Type needed for systems that support different types Location pointer to file location on device Size current file size Protection controls who can do reading, writing, executing Time, date, and user identification data for protection, security,
and usage monitoring
Information about files are kept in the directory structure, which is
maintained on the disk
Operating System Concepts
10.6
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Operations
File is an abstract data type Create Write Read Reposition within file Delete Truncate Open(Fi) search the directory structure on disk for entry Fi, and
move the content of entry to memory
Close (Fi) move the content of entry Fi in memory to directory
structure on disk
Operating System Concepts
10.7
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Open Files
Several pieces of data are needed to manage open files:
File pointer: pointer to last read/write location, per process that has the file open File-open count: counter of number of times a file is open to allow removal of data from open-file table when last processes closes it Disk location of the file: cache of data access information Access rights: per-process access mode information
Operating System Concepts
10.8
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Open File Locking
Provided by some operating systems and file systems Mediates access to a file Mandatory or advisory:
Mandatory access is denied depending on locks held and requested Advisory processes can find status of locks and decide what to do
Operating System Concepts
10.9
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Locking Example Java API
import java.io.*; import java.nio.channels.*; public class LockingExample { public static final boolean EXCLUSIVE = false; public static final boolean SHARED = true; public static void main(String arsg[]) throws IOException { FileLock sharedLock = null; FileLock exclusiveLock = null; try { RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile("file.txt", "rw"); // get the channel for the file FileChannel ch = raf.getChannel(); // this locks the first half of the file - exclusive exclusiveLock = ch.lock(0, raf.length()/2, EXCLUSIVE); /** Now modify the data . . . */ // release the lock exclusiveLock.release();
Operating System Concepts
10.10
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Locking Example Java API (cont)
// this locks the second half of the file - shared sharedLock = ch.lock(raf.length()/2+1, raf.length(), SHARED); /** Now read the data . . . */ // release the lock exclusiveLock.release(); } catch (java.io.IOException ioe) { System.err.println(ioe); }finally { if (exclusiveLock != null) exclusiveLock.release(); if (sharedLock != null) sharedLock.release(); } } }
Operating System Concepts
10.11
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Types Name, Extension
Operating System Concepts
10.12
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Access Methods
Sequential Access
read next write next reset no read after last write (rewrite)
Direct Access
read n write n position to n read next write next rewrite n n = relative block number
Operating System Concepts
10.13
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Sequential-access File
Operating System Concepts
10.14
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Simulation of Sequential Access on a Direct-access File
Operating System Concepts
10.15
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Example of Index and Relative Files
Operating System Concepts
10.16
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Directory Structure
A collection of nodes containing information about all files
Directory
Files
F1
F2
F3
F4 Fn
Both the directory structure and the files reside on disk Backups of these two structures are kept on tapes
Operating System Concepts 10.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
A Typical File-system Organization
Operating System Concepts
10.18
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Operations Performed on Directory
Search for a file Create a file Delete a file List a directory Rename a file Traverse the file system
Operating System Concepts
10.19
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Organize the Directory (Logically) to Obtain
Efficiency locating a file quickly
Naming convenient to users
Two users can have same name for different files The same file can have several different names
Grouping logical grouping of files by properties, (e.g., all
Java programs, all games, )
Operating System Concepts
10.20
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Single-Level Directory
A single directory for all users
Naming problem Grouping problem
Operating System Concepts
10.21
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Two-Level Directory
Separate directory for each user
Path name Can have the same file name for different user Efficient searching No grouping capability
Operating System Concepts
10.22
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Tree-Structured Directories
Operating System Concepts
10.23
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Tree-Structured Directories (Cont)
Efficient searching
Grouping Capability
Current directory (working directory)
cd /spell/mail/prog
type list
Operating System Concepts
10.24
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Tree-Structured Directories (Cont)
Absolute or relative path name Creating a new file is done in current directory Delete a file
rm <file-name>
Creating a new subdirectory is done in current directory
mkdir <dir-name> Example: if in current directory /mail mkdir count
mail prog copy prt exp count
Deleting mail deleting the entire subtree rooted by mail
Operating System Concepts 10.25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Acyclic-Graph Directories
Have shared subdirectories and files
Operating System Concepts
10.26
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Acyclic-Graph Directories (Cont.)
Two different names (aliasing)
If dict deletes list dangling pointer
Solutions:
Backpointers, so we can delete all pointers Variable size records a problem
Backpointers using a daisy chain organization
Entry-hold-count solution Link another name (pointer) to an existing file
New directory entry type
Resolve the link follow pointer to locate the file
Operating System Concepts
10.27
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
General Graph Directory
Operating System Concepts
10.28
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
General Graph Directory (Cont.)
How do we guarantee no cycles?
Allow only links to file not subdirectories Garbage collection Every time a new link is added use a cycle detection algorithm to determine whether it is OK
Operating System Concepts
10.29
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File System Mounting
A file system must be mounted before it can be
accessed
A unmounted file system (i.e. Fig. 11-11(b)) is
mounted at a mount point
Operating System Concepts
10.30
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
(a) Existing. (b) Unmounted Partition
Operating System Concepts
10.31
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Mount Point
Operating System Concepts
10.32
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Sharing
Sharing of files on multi-user systems is desirable
Sharing may be done through a protection scheme
On distributed systems, files may be shared across a network Network File System (NFS) is a common distributed file-sharing
method
Operating System Concepts
10.33
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Sharing Multiple Users
User IDs identify users, allowing permissions and
protections to be per-user
Group IDs allow users to be in groups, permitting group
access rights
Operating System Concepts
10.34
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Sharing Remote File Systems
Uses networking to allow file system access between systems
Manually via programs like FTP
Automatically, seamlessly using distributed file systems Semi automatically via the world wide web Client-server model allows clients to mount remote file systems from servers Server can serve multiple clients Client and user-on-client identification is insecure or complicated NFS is standard UNIX client-server file sharing protocol CIFS is standard Windows protocol Standard operating system file calls are translated into remote calls Distributed Information Systems (distributed naming services) such as LDAP, DNS, NIS, Active Directory implement unified access to information needed for remote computing
Operating System Concepts 10.35 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Sharing Failure Modes
Remote file systems add new failure modes, due to network
failure, server failure
Recovery from failure can involve state information about
status of each remote request
Stateless protocols such as NFS include all information in
each request, allowing easy recovery but less security
Operating System Concepts
10.36
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
File Sharing Consistency Semantics
Consistency semantics specify how multiple users are to access
a shared file simultaneously
Similar to Ch 7 process synchronization algorithms Tend to be less complex due to disk I/O and network latency (for remote file systems Andrew File System (AFS) implemented complex remote file sharing semantics Unix file system (UFS) implements: Writes to an open file visible immediately to other users of the same open file Sharing file pointer to allow multiple users to read and write concurrently AFS has session semantics Writes only visible to sessions starting after the file is closed
Operating System Concepts
10.37
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Protection
File owner/creator should be able to control:
what can be done by whom
Types of access
Read
Write
Execute Append Delete List
Operating System Concepts
10.38
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Access Lists and Groups
Mode of access: read, write, execute Three classes of users a) owner access b) group access c) public access 7 6 1
RWX 111 RWX 110 RWX 001
Ask manager to create a group (unique name), say G, and add some users to the group.
For a particular file (say game) or subdirectory, define an appropriate access.
owner chmod
group 761
public game
Attach a group to a file chgrp
Operating System Concepts
game
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
10.39
Windows XP Access-control List Management
Operating System Concepts
10.40
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
A Sample UNIX Directory Listing
Operating System Concepts
10.41
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
End of Chapter 10
