AmericanUniversityofBeirut

FacultyofEngineeringandArchitecture
DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering

ElectricMachinesLabEECE470L
Experiment#1
NoLoau, ShoitCiicuit, anu Loau Tests of Thiee
Phase Tiansfoimeis

Group#1
PeterKayrouz
NajiKamal
RayanZahr
HachemSarout
MahmoudZeineddine
CarlHage

Lecturers
TaanMuhtar
GhassanDeeb

Tuesday,March04,2008

Objectives
Thisreportservestodemonstratetheresultsoftheexperimentdoneon3phasetransformer.
Westartedbymeasuringthewindingresistanceoftheprimaryandsecondarysideusingand
ohmmeter.Inthisreportwecalculatedtheequivalentcircuitimpedanceofa3phase
transformerfromthenoloadtest,shortcircuittest,andloadtestfromthemeasuredvalues
intheLab.Afterwards,wecalculatedthereactivelossesandefficiencyofthetransformer.On
theotherhandwediscussedtheeffectsofbalancedloadinga3phasetransformerwith
resistive,inductive,andcapacitiveloads.Finally,wedrewtheTequivalentcircuitofthe
transformerandthegraphsshowingtheeffectofthethreedifferenttypesofbalanced
loading.
Procedure
Measuringthewindingresistance:
Weconnectthesecondarywindingsofeachphaseofthetransformertogether(a4>a5,b4>b5,
c4>c5)asshowninfigure1below.
Figure1:Windingresistances
Usingandohmmeterweconnectittoeachprimarywindingandmeasureitsresistance(as
showninfigure1).Assimilarprocedureisadoptedtomeasurethesecondaryresistance.
Noloadtest:
Connectthetransformerontheprimarysideinadeltaconnectionthenconnectcoilsofthetwo
wattmetersfromlinetoline(forvoltagemeasurements)andinseries(forcurrent
measurements).Placeamultimeterthatmeasuresthatlinecurrentandanotheronethatreads
thatlinevoltage.ThePrimarysideisthenconnectedtoaVARIAC.Fromthesecondarysidethe
transformerisYconnectedandkeptopened.Theconfigurationisshowinfigure2below.
2

Figure2:NoloadTest
Switchonthethreephasesupply,adjusttheVARIACsothattheinputvoltageofthe
transformerreaches220V(line).Takereadingsofcurrentandpowervalues.
ShortcircuitTest:
FortheshortcircuittestyoukeepthesetupasitwasfortheNoloadtestwhileshortingallthe
secondaryconnectionsbyconnectingthemalltogether(a1,b1,andc1togetheranda8,b8,and
c8togetherasinfigure3).Inordertogetthecurrentatthesecondaryterminalweconnectin
seriesamultimeterthatmeasurestheshortcircuitcurrent.Weswitchthe3phasesupply
startingfromzeroandincreasethevoltageveryslowlyuntilwereachtheratedcurrent(5.25A
flowingintheprimarywinding).Wetakereadingsofthevoltageontheprimaryside,the
currentonthesecondarysideandthepowermeasuredbythetwowattmeters.
Figure3:Shortcircuittest

Loadtest:
Whilekeepingthecircuitasinthepreviouscase,theonlythingtochangeisthesecondaryside
wherewearetoconnecta3phaseswitchthateitherconnectsthetransformertoa3phase
Load(inductive,capacitive,orresistive)ordisconnectsit,leadingtoanopencircuitatthe
secondaryside(figure4).
Figure5:Loadtest
TheswitchmustbeopenedwhenweturnonthepowersupplyandadjusttheVARIACsothat
thevoltagesuppliedattheprimarysideis220V(line).Wesettheloadwewanttotest:resistive,
inductive,orcapacitivetothepositionthatgivesminimumcurrent.Wevarytheloaduntilthe
secondarycurrentrisestotheratedvalue(5.25A)whiletakingreadingsofallcurrentsand
voltages.
Apparatus
Threesinglephasetransformers(Yconnected)inonetransformerbank
VARIAC
Electricwiresthatsupportlargecurrents
3Multimeters
3phaseswitch
2Wattmeters
3phaseinductiveload
3phaseresistiveload
3phasecapacitiveload
ACpowersupply190V(line)

CircuitDiagram

MeasuredDataTabulation
Windingresistanceonprimaryside=1.1(Optionalwindingresistanceonsecondaryside=0.6).
AtnoloadV(line)=221V,I(line)=0.281A,andP(3phase)=35Watts.
AtshortcircuitV(line)=17V,I(primaryline)=5.2A,I(secondary)=4.7A,andP(3phase)=52Watts.
Atloadtestwewereabletomeasurethefollowing:
RLoad:
V1 200 200 200 200
I1 0.2 2.26 2.7 3.2
V2 208 205 204 202
I2 0 1.9 2.4 3

LLoad:
V1 200 200 200 200
I1 0.2 0.77 1.317 1.88
V2 208 206 203 200
I2 0 0.56 1.08 1.64

CLoad:
V1 200 200 200 200 200
I1 0.2 1.046 2.35 3.5 4.8
V2 208 215 216 219 224
I2 0 1.246 2.4 3.6 4.9

Graphs

CommentsonGraphs
Wenoticethat:
Alltypesofloadshavethesamenoloadsecondaryvoltage
RLoad:hasasmalldecreaseinV
2
withtheincreaseofI
2
sinceasweincreasetheload,I
2

increasesandthusV
2
decreases.ThisdecreaseinV
2
isduetothevoltagedropacrossR
2
(which
increasesasI
2
increases).
CLoad:ascurrentincreasestheoutputvoltageincreasessinceacapacitiveloadisan
accumulator:J = C JI = i Jt.AsIincreases,JIincreases.
LLoad:aninductiveloaddepletesthecircuitandthusanincreaseinthecurrentleadsto
decreasingthevoltage.

195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
V
2

(
V
)
I2(A)
V2(RLoad)
V2(CLoad)
V2(LLoad)
6

AnswerstoRelevantQuestions
1. Circuitparameters:
Opencircuittest:

L
=
I
I
I
In
cos
-1
p
I
I
I
In
=
u.28
221 S
= 2.19 1u
-3
S
p =
P
SI
II
I
I
=
SS
S(221)(u.28)
= u.S266
-
L
= 2.19 1u
-3
- 7u.94 = 7.17 1u
-4
- ]2.u7S 1u
-3
=
1
R
C
-
]
X
M

R
C
= 1S94.7 0
X
M
= 481.9 0

Anothei Nethou fiom open ciicuit test:
2
2
( )
2
2
( )
2 2
2 2
220
1382
35
220
Xm = = 480
(220 0.28 3) 35
p line to line
c
core losses
p line to line
V
R
P
V
S P
= = =
=

Shortcircuittest:
Z
cq
=
I
In
I
I
cos
-1
p
I
In
I
I
=
17S
S.2S
= 1.87
p =
P
SI
II
I
I
=
S2
S(17)(S.2S)
= u.SS6
- Z
cq
= 1.877u.S4 = u.629 +]1.76
LetI
1
= I
2
(unitytransformer)
- I
1
= I
2
= u.88 mB
Note: [
1.1+0.6
3

_____
mcusucd
(u.629)
_____
cuIcuIutcd

2. Efficiency:
p = 1
I
2
=
22u
S
- I
2
=
2uuu
S(22u)
= S.2S A
I
cxctuton
= I
2
+I
2
(u.2 + ]u.88) =
22u
S
+ S.2S(u.2 + ]u.28) = 128.1S2.u66
- cicicncy =
2uuu
2uuu + 3 _
3 phuscs
|(128.1S
2
1S94.7) + (S.2S)
2
(u.2)]
= 97.4%
Frommeasurementsefficiency
AtI
2
= 2.4 A
cicicncy =
I
S
I
s
I
p
I
p
=
2uS 2.4
2uu 2.7
1uu = 9u.2%
AtI
2
= S A
cicicncy =
I
S
I
s
I
p
I
p
=
2u2 S
2uu S.2
1uu = 94.7%
AsI
2
approachesI
rated
,weoptimizetheuseoftransformer.
Forpf=0.8:
I
cxctuton
=
22u
S
+ (S.2S -S8.87

)
Iuggng
(u.2 + ]u.88) = 1Su.661.S4
- cicicncy =
2uuu(u.8)
2uuu(u.8) + 3 _
3 phuscs
|(1Su.66
2
1S94.7) + (S.2S)
2
(u.2)]
= 96.7%
3. Reactivelosses:
Thereactivelossesare:
ScconJory lcokogc = I
2
2
X
L
2

Primory lcokogc = I
1
2
X
L
1

Excitotion broncb =
v
cx
2
X
M

Forpf=1:

L
2
=
3 _
3 phuscs
(I
2
2
X
L
2
) = S S.2S
2
u.88 = 72.76 vAR

X
M
=
SI
cx
2
X
M
= S
128.1S
2
481.9
= 1u2 vAR
I
1
= I
2
+ I
cx
= S.SS -2.8

L
1
= SI
1
2
X = S S.SS
2
u.88 = 7S.S6 vAR

101
=
L
1
+
L
2
+
X
M
= 2Su vAR
I
cx
= I
cx

cx
= (128.1S2.u66)(7.17 1u
-4
- ]2.u7S 1u
-3
) = u.28 _
cucnt Ioss
ut no Ioud
-68.87

Forpf=0.8:

L
2
=
3 _
3 phuscs
(I
2
2
X
L
2
) = S S.2S
2
u.88 = 72.76 vAR

X
M
=
SI
cx
2
X
M
= S
1Su.66
2
481.9
= 1u6.S vAR
I
cx
= I
cx

cx
= (1Su.661.S4)(7.17 1u
-4
- ]2.u7S 1u
-3
)
I
1
= I
2
+ I
cx
= S.44 -S8.16

L
1
= SI
1
2
X = S S.44
2
u.88 = 78.2 vAR

101
=
L
1
+
L
2
+
X
M
= 2S7.26 vAR
Thosearethelossesinthetransformerwithouttakingintoconsiderationthereactivepowerconsumed
bytheload(whichisQ
load
=|(2000)
2
(1600)
2
]=1200VAR).
Qlossesforopencircuit:
2 2
3 3 220 0.28 106.7
50
94.3
Qloss Soc Poc
Soc Voc Ioc VA
Poc W
Qloss VAR
=
= = =
=
=

4. Graph:

ThecommentsonthegraphwerepreviouslymentionedintheCommentsonGraphssectionofthe
report.

5. Comparisonbetweenactualandrealmeasurements(Resistiveload):

Primary Secondary
Voltage(V) Current(A) Voltage(V) Current(A)
R
3
200 5.2 196 4.9

Vs=Vp(IpIoc)(1.878+2.86j)=200(5.20.28)(0.88*2j+0.2+0.367)=197.4<2.5
Calculatedvalueis0.85%morethanthemeasuredvalueof196
(Thecalculationitselfisanapproximation)

195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
V
2

(
V
)
I2(A)
V2(RLoad)
V2(CLoad)
V2(LLoad)
10

6. Comparisonbetweenactualandrealmeasurements(InductiveLoad):

Primary Secondary
Voltage(V) Current(A) Voltage(V) Current(A)
L
3
200 1.88 198 1.64

Vs=Vp(IpIoc)(1.878+2.86j)=200(1.880.28)(0.88*2j+0.2+0.367)=199.1<0.8
Calculatedvalueis1%greaterthanthemeasuredvalueof198
(Thecalculationitselfisanapproximation)