List of Transition Words for writing

This structured list of commonly used english transition words (approximately 200, so the list is quasi complete) can be used (by students and teachers) to find the right expression. English transition words and phrases are essential, since they not only connect ideas, but also can introduce a certain shift, contrast or opposition, emphasis or agreement, purpose, result or conclusion, etc. in the line of argument. The transition words and phrases (also called devices) have been assigned only once to somewhat artificial categories, although some words belong to more than one category. To improve your writing (in essays, (scientific) reviews, (research) papers, letters, abstracts, reports, thesis, etc), it is essential to understand how, transition words can be used to combine ideas in writing. It is also fundamental to be aware of the sometimes subtle meaning of transition words within the english language. Please feel free to download the corresponding and comprehensive 2 page cheat sheet Transition Words and Phrases as PDF (approx. 30 KB).

Agreement / Addition / Similarity

The transitional devices like also, in addition, and, likewise, add information, reinforce ideas , and express agreement with preceding material. in the first place not only ... but also as a matter of fact in like manner in addition coupled with in the same fashion / way first, second, third in the light of not to mention to say nothing of equally important by the same token again to and also then equally identically uniquely like as too moreover as well as together with of course likewise comparatively correspondingly similarly furthermore additionally

Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction

Transition words and phrases like but, rather and or, express that there is evidence to the contrary or point out alternatives, and thus introduce a change the line of reasoning ( contrast). although this may be true in contrast different from of course ..., but on the other hand on the contrary at the same time in spite of even so / though be that as it may then again above all in reality after all but (and) still unlike or (and) yet while albeit besides although instead whereas despite conversely otherwise however rather nevertheless regardless notwithstanding

Examples / Support / Emphasis

These transitional devices (like especially) are used to introduce examples as support, to indicateimportance or as an illustration so that an idea is cued to the reader. in other words to put it differently for one thing as an illustration in this case for this reason to put it another way that is to say with attention to by all means

important to realize another key point first thing to remember most compelling evidence must be remembered point often overlooked to point out on the positive / negative side with this in mind notably including like to be sure namely chiefly truly indeed certainly surely markedly especially specifically expressively surprisingly frequently significantly in fact in general in particular in detail for example for instance to demonstrate to emphasize to repeat to clarify to explain to enumerate such as

Cause / Condition / Purpose

These transitional words present specific conditions or intentions. in the event that granted (that) as / so long as on (the) condition (that) for the purpose of with this intention with this in mind in the hope that to the end that for fear that

in order to seeing / being that in view of If ... then unless when whenever since while because of as since while lest in case provided that given that only / even if so that so as to owing to inasmuch as due to

Effect / Consequence / Result

Some of these transition words (thus, then, accordingly, consequently, therefore, henceforth ) are time words that are used to show that after a particular time there was a consequence or an effect. Note that for and because are placed before the cause/reason. The other devices are placed before the consequences or effects. as a result under those circumstances in that case for this reason for thus because the then hence consequently therefore thereupon forthwith accordingly henceforth

Conclusion / Summary / Restatement

These transition words and phrases conclude, summarize and/orrestate ideas, or a indicate a final general statement. Also some words (like therefore) from the Effect / Consequence category can be used to summarize.

as can be seen generally speaking in the final analysis all things considered as shown above in the long run given these points as has been noted in a word for the most part after all in fact in summary in conclusion in short in brief in essence to summarize on balance altogether overall ordinarily usually by and large to sum up on the whole in any event in either case all in all

Time / Chronology / Sequence

These transitional words (like finally) have the function of limiting, restricting, and defining time. They can be used either alone or as part of adverbial expressions. at the present time from time to time sooner or later at the same time up to the present time to begin with in due time until now as soon as in the meantime in a moment without delay in the first place all of a sudden at this instant immediately quickly finally after later

last until since then before hence since when once about next now formerly suddenly shortly henceforth whenever eventually meanwhile further during first, second in time prior to forthwith straightaway

instantly presently occasionally Many transition words in the time category ( consequently; first, second, third; further; hence; henceforth; since; then, when; and whenever) have other uses. Except for the numbers (first, second, third) and further they add a meaning of time in expressing conditions, qualifications, or reasons. The numbers are also used to add information or list examples. Further is also used to indicate added space as well as added time.

Space / Location / Place

These transition words are often used as part of adverbial expressions and have the function to restrict, limit or qualify space. Quite a few of these are also found in the Time category and can be used to describe spatial order or spatial reference. in the middle to the left/right in front of on this side in the distance here and there

in the foreground in the background in the center of adjacent to opposite to here there next where from over near above below down up under further beyond nearby wherever around between before alongside amid among beneath beside behind across

Usage of Transition Words

Transition words and phrases are vital devices for essays, papers or other literary compositions. They improve the connections and transitions between sentences and paragraphs. They thus give the text a logical organization and structure (see also: a List of Synonyms). All english transition words and phrases (sometimes also called 'conjunctive adverbs') do the same work as coordinating conjunctions: they connect two words, phrases or clauses together and thus the text is easier to read and the coherence is improved. Usage: transition words and phrases are used with a special rule for punctuation: a semicolon or a period is used after the first 'sentence', and a comma is almost always used to set off the transition word from the second 'sentence'. Example 1: People use 43 muscles when they frown; however, they use only 28 muscles when they smile. Example 2: However, transition words can also be placed at the beginning of a new paragraph or sentence - not only to indicate a step forward in the reasoning, but also to relate the new material to the preceding thoughts.

Use a semicolon to connect sentences, only if the group of words on either side of the semicolon are a complete sentence each (both must have a subject and a verb, and could thus stand alone as a complete thought).

Coordinating Conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction usually comes in the middle of a sentence, and a comma is used before the conjunction (unless both clauses are very short). They join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Whereas coordinating conjunctions join parts of a 'sentence', the purpose of transitional words and phrases usually is to join two 'sentences'. Examples: We can draw lessons from the past, but we cannot live in it. [Lyndon B. Johnson] The purpose of most computer languages is to lengthen your resume by a word and a comma. [Larry Wall] And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To remember them, the acronym FANBOYS can be used.

F = for A = and N = nor B = but O = or Y = yet S = so

Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause - and a comma is needed at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause. Examples: If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. [Abraham Maslow] Some people make headlines while others make history. [Philip Elmer-DeWitt] after although as as if as long as because before how (only) if in case that in order that provided that now that once rather than since so that than

that though till unless until what when where whereas whether which while who whom whose why

Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs - and used to link equivalent (similar) sentence elements. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. as . . . as just as . . . so both . . . and either . . . or neither . . . nor not only . . . but also UNIT 30 CONNECTORS

Rewrite the sentences below with the connectors given in brackets. 1 Examples: (making contrasts) Although1 (neutral)/Even though (more emphatic)/Though (less formal) he had a sprained ankle (or he had sprained his ankle/his ankle was sprained), he went out for a walk. In spite of/Despite having a sprained ankle/having sprained his ankle, he went out for a walk. In spite of/Despite2 his sprained ankle, he went out for a walk. In spite of/Despite his ankle being sprained, he went out for a walk. He had a sprained ankle, but he went out for a walk. He had a sprained ankle/He had sprained his ankle/His ankle was sprained. However (neutral)/Nevertheless (formal)/Nonetheless3 (formal)/All the same (less formal)/Yet (less formal)/Still (less formal)/Even so (less formal), he went out for a walk. He had a sprained ankle/He had sprained his ankle/His ankle was sprained. He went out for a walk, though (informal)/however/ nevertheless/all the same/nonetheless. a It was snowing heavily, but they went

on climbing. (despite) b He is very poor, but he is happy. (although) c Despite being caught driving dangerously, he was not fined. (all the same) d The sea was very rough. Still, they went sailing. (in spite of) e I know you dont love me; but, even so, Ill marry you. (even though) 2 Examples: (making contrasts) However4 hard/No matter how hard (more formal) you try, you will never be able to do it. Even though/Even if you try hard, you will never be able to do it. It does not matter how hard you try, you will never be able to do it. Although you try hard, you will never be able to do it. Much (adverb) as/though I loved him, I had to leave him. Although I loved him a lot, I had to leave him. Angry (adjective) as/though I was, I did not tell them anything. Although I was angry, I did not tell them anything. Some people who are not happy with what they possess firmly believe in the American dream, as it evokes the things they would like to have. Despite this, it is just a dream. Some people who are not happy with what they possess firmly believe in the American dream, as it evokes the things they would like to have. For all that, it is just a dream. a Although she was terrible ill, she did not stay in bed. (ill though) b It does not matter how much money you give him, he will not accept. (even though) c Although it is fast, I wont buy it. (fast as) d Despite my admiration for him, I recognise that he is a bit selfish. (much as) e Everyone is worried about the scandal; but, in spite of all its implications, I think itll do us some good. (for all) 3 Examples: (adding) I dont feel like dancing, and Im also very exhausted. I dont feel like dancing. Also, Im very exhausted. I dont feel like dancing. Besides5, Im very exhausted. I dont feel like dancing. In addition, Im very exhausted. I dont feel like dancing, and whats more Im very exhausted. (informal) She works at the bank around the corner. Besides, she does the household chores. In addition to working at the bank around the corner, she does the household chores. They not only fined him, but also withdrew his driving licence. They fined him and, on top of that, they withdrew his driving licence. In addition to being fined, his driving licence was withdrawn. We must bear in mind both the costs and the benefits (that) we can obtain from them. On the one hand, we must bear in mind the costs. On the other (hand), the benefits we can obtain from them. We must bear in mind the costs. On the other hand, the benefits we can obtain

from them. a The layman will not understand these instructions, and some experts might also find some difficulties interpreting them. (moreover) b These fairy cakes are not only homemade, but they also have the best-quality ingredients. (besides) c First, we must consider the fact that this years income is lower than last years; then, that we are working harder than last year. (on the one hand, on the other) d As well as being well-trained for the post, she is beautiful. (in addition to) e I submit it to you for your approval. I should like to add that I do not mind6 your carrying out any changes that you consider necessary. (furthermore) 4 Examples: (expressing the result or consequence of something) As we know them through and through, they cant deceive us. We know them through and through, so they cant deceive us. Since the management of the company have been raising funds illegally during the last few years, they will be taken to court. The management of the company have been raising funds illegally during the last few years. Therefore/ Consequently/For this reason/ As a result/As a consequence/In consequence, they will be taken to court. The management of the company have been raising funds illegally during the last few years. They will therefore be taken to court. The management of the company have been raising funds illegally during the last few years. Thus (very formal)/ So (less formal)/Hence (very formal) they will be taken to court. The management of the company have been raising funds illegally during the last few years, with the result/ consequence that they will be taken to court. a As we have spent all our money, we cant buy the train tickets. (so) b Since they have violated our civil rights, we should like to lodge a complaint. (therefore) c As he has broken his promise twice, they will no longer trust him. (with the result that) d They were fined because they were driving too fast. (in consequence) e He did not pass me for failing to write the essay on Shakespeare. (for this reason) 5 Examples: (expressing the cause or reason of something) She loves pasta, so she cooks it very often. She cooks pasta very often, as/since/because/for (very formal) she loves it. As/Since/Because she loves pasta, she cooks it very often. She had an injured leg, so she could not walk properly. She couldnt walk properly because of/on account of (formal)/ owing to7 (formal) her injured leg. (But She couldnt walk properly because she had an injured leg.) The cause of his illness was that

he did not eat enough food. His illness was due to8 malnutrition/lack of food. The chairwoman has not come today, so we will have to put the meeting off. Seeing (that/as9) the chairwoman has not come today, we will have to put the meeting off. If they hadnt helped us, we wouldnt have finished painting the house in time for the wedding day. We finished painting the house in time for the wedding day thanks to their help. We couldnt contact you, so we left a message for you. The 10 reason (why/that) we left a message for you was that we couldnt contact you. We couldnt contact you. This is (the reason) why we left a message for you. We couldnt contact you, which is why we left a message for you. We left a message for you because we couldnt contact you. They were very negligent, so they had to shut down. They had to shut down as a result of/through their negligence. They had to shut down because they were very negligent. a It made my mouth water, so I ate it. (as) b They tried to ridicule me, so I left. (because) c He is too ill to move/to be moved. (because of) d The document was badly written, so I didnt sign it. (the reason) e If I hadnt used your protective cream, I would have got sunburnt. (thanks to) 6 Revision exercise. a He is too short to be a basketball player. (because) b Although I approve of parties, I cant let you give one tonight. (much as) c As you have not performed your duties, you will be expelled from the club. (consequently) d However fast I ran, I was always in the same place, she dreamt. (although) e His father has died, so he is crying his heart out. (owing to) f These are the rules, but there are exceptions. (nevertheless) g I neither love you nor I want to see you again. (whats more) h Majorca is a paradise for tourists; this is the consequence of its popularity. (hence) i The cause of his death was a heart attack. (due to) j As our business is going from bad to worse, we will have to close down. (as a result) k Many people are dying from lack of food in the Third World every day. (on account ofMany people are dying in the Third World every day...) l We will have to work hard at it because time is pressing on. (so) m No matter how much you hate them, you will have to live with them. (even if) n We will have to take sterner measures, since the unemployment rate has increased. (thus) o You have failed all your exams, so we will not buy you the bike we promised. (since) p The lack of discipline was the reason they lost the battle. (through) q Even though he was happy, he felt lonely at

times. (happy though) r In spite of being clever with his hands, he couldnt fix it. (clever as) s We saw many paratroopers. They were armed to the teeth, too. (besides) t The padlock I bought was not big enough for the gate. (but) u He could not live without her, so he consented to all her wishes. (for) v We have considered your proposal thouroughly, but we are afraid to tell you that we cannot assent to it. (however) w We were in a hurry, so we didnt wait for them. (the reason) x Nobody dared to dissent from the decision of the prime minister, but she did. (all the same) y If it hadnt been for her, I would have drowned. (thanks to) z Although she had told him that she would always be true to him, she wasnt. (in spite of) 7 Examples: (ways of expressing an opinion) I think (that) the government should do something about inflation. In my opinion/To my mind/In my view/To me (informal)/To my way of thinking/As far as I am concerned/If you ask me (informal)/ From my point of view/From my viewpoint/As I see it/The way I see it, the government should do something about inflation. Personally/For my part, I think (that) the government should do something about inflation. I think (that) the unemployment rate has fallen. As far as I know/As far as I am aware/To (the best of) my knowledge/For all I know, the unemployment rate has fallen. a I reckon we could do without them. (to me) b I imagine she just wanted to impress you. (if you ask me) c I think they have divorced. (to the best of my knowledge) d I am of the opinion that men and women should be treated equally. (in my opinion) e I suppose you have dazzled them with your beauty and good manners. (as I see it) 8 Examples: (reaching conclusions) If we consider everything, this business is profitable. Taking everything into account/consideration11, this business is profitable. Taking account of everything, this business is profitable. All in all, the business is profitable. Briefly/In brief/In conclusion/In short/(To put it) in a nutshell/Summarising/Summing up/To sum up, this business is profitable. You shouldnt talk ill about your wife. You must bear in mind that she is your wife. You shouldnt talk ill about your wife. After all, shes your wife/Shes your wife(,) after all. a They havent come tonight, but we mustnt forget they are very busy. (after all) b All things considered, a remedy to prevent tooth decay will be available soon. (all in all) c Despite that, shes paid the bill. (after all) d If we take everything into account, we cannot disregard all

they have done for us. (in short) e Therefore, we can come to the conclusion that the government should do away with this law. (to sum up) 9 Examples: (organising the sequence of events, facts and so forth) First (of all)/In the first place/Firstly,... In the second place/Second(ly),... In the third place/Third(ly),... Then/Next/After that,... Finally/Lastly/In the end/Last of all,... To begin with/To start with/For a start,... To end with/To finish with/To conclude with,... a We had an increase in sales last year. (in the first place) b The raw material was cheaper. (in the second place) c The labour force was very efficient. (in the third place) d The new machinery was very productive. (in the next place) e And we had to pay fewer taxes. (to end with) 10 Examples: (giving examples) In this region, you can find cobras, vipers, etc. (full form: et cetera) In this region, you can find cobras, vipers, and so on/forth12. In this region, you can find cobras, vipers, and so on and so forth. Some snakes in this region are poisonous. For example/ For instance13, cobras and vipers. Some snakes in this region are poisonous, such as/like (less formal) cobras and vipers. Some snakes in this region are poisonous. As a case in point, we can mention cobras and vipers/We can mention cobras and vipers, as a case in point. Some snakes in this region are poisonous. The cobra is a case in point/A case in point is the cobra. I like cakes, biscuits, sweets(,) and similar things. I like cakes, biscuits, sweets(,) and the like14. (informal) We will need, for example, a million pounds to carry out the project. We will need, (let us) say, a million pounds to carry out the project. a We need some new furniture in the house: a table for the dining room, two bedside tables, etc. (for instance) b There are animals which are in danger of extinction. Amongst them, we can mention the whale. (such as) c You will have to employ, for instance, twenty men to do the job. (say) d A relevant matter to what we are talking about is the increase in violence on our streets. (a case in point) e The bets you can make are as follows: 5, 10, 15, 20, etc, etc. (and so and so forth) ____________________ 1 Although, even though and though are followed by a subject plus a verb; in spite of and despite (more formal), by a noun, pronoun or gerund. In spite of the fact (or despite the fact) is used in the same way as although: In spite of/Despite the fact (that) he had a sprained ankle/he had sprained his ankle/his ankle was sprained, he went out for a

walk. They may also come after the main clause: He went out for a walk, although he had a sprained ankle. 2 Notwithstanding is a very formal alternative to despite (preposition) or however (adverb): Notwithstanding the drop in sales, we should continue with the same policy/The drop in sales notwithstanding, we should continue with the same policy. He knew of the many dangers which were awaiting him, but he proceeded with the plan notwithstanding. 3 Nonetheless may also be written none the less. 4 However and no matter how are followed by and adjective or an adverb. 5 Moreover and furthermore are formal alternatives to besides. 6 Omit I should like to add that I do not mind. 7 These words are followed by a noun, pronoun or gerund. 8 Grammars sometimes say that due to should be used after the verb be; but, in practice, some people do not follow this rule: She hasnt come today due to her bad cold. 9 As is colloquial. 10 See unit 20, section 13. 11 Note the following: Taking into account/consideration that the business is profitable, we must invest in it. We have to take your travelling expenses into account/ consideration. We have to take into account/consideration your travelling expenses. 12 In spoken English, we sometimes use and/or whatever (else), and whatnot and and what have you instead of and so on/ forth: In this region, you can find cobras, vipers and whatever (else)/and whatnot/and what have you. 13 Eg (from Latin exempli gratia) is another alternative to give examples, but it normally occurs in written English: Some snakes in this region are poisonous; eg/e.g., cobras and vipers. 14 A less usual alternative: I like cakes, biscuits, sweets, and such like. Author: Miquel Molina i Diez Rewrite the sentences below with the connectors given in brackets. 11 Examples: (giving exceptions or saying that something is obvious) Our trip was marvellous if we dont take into account a couple of incidents. Apart from a couple of incidents, our trip was marvellous/Our trip was marvellous, apart from a couple of incidents/A couple of incidents apart, our trip was marvellous. Except for a couple of incidents, our trip was marvellous/Our trip was marvellous, except for a couple of incidents. You were the only person to arrive 15 on time. Nobody but /except you arrived on time. I do not think it necessary to say that you will have to bring your own forks and spoons. Needless to say, you will

have to bring your own forks and spoons. It goes without saying that you will have to bring your own forks and spoons. We dont have enough money to buy food; and as you can imagine, it is impossible for us to pay the rent. We dont have enough money to buy food, let alone pay the rent. Last nights hailstorm ruined our fruit crop. But this is not all, it also caused a lot of damage to the trees. Lasts night hailstorm ruined our fruit crop, to say nothing of/not to mention the damage caused to the trees. a It is not necessary for me to tell you that those who do not pass the oral examination will have to resit everything next year. (it goes without saying) b If we dont consider the bad weather, the picnic was great. (apart from) c Martha was the only person to congratulate me on having been promoted. (but) d Many people died in the accident, but the environmental impact was also disastrous. (to say nothing of) e I dont have time to clean my house. I have even less time to do the shopping. (let alone) 12 Revision exercise. a You will have to carry, for example, a hundred pounds. (lets say) b If we dont take into account the people next door, everybody in the neighbourhood is lovely. (except for) c You should attend to your guests. Dont forget youre the hostess. (after all) d Consequently, we can reach the conclusion that something must be done to put an end to violence on the streets and drug trafficking. (summning up) e Although his fears about the side-effects of this drug were unfounded, he did not take it. (in spite of) f His suspicions were founded, but he did nothing about it. (even though) g As well as being a very good guitarist, he also sings beautifully. (apart from) h You need a dozen eggs, two onions and a kilogramme of potatoes. You beat the eggs, chop the onions into small pieces and dice the potatoes. Put a frying pan on to heat, add a lot of olive oil and wait until the oil is hot. You fry the onions and the potatoes. Mix the onions, the potatoes and the beaten eggs in a bowl. Fry the mixture in the pan with a little olive oil without stirring it until the underside is golden brown. Do the same with the other side. And thats a Spanish omelette with onion! (for a start, in the second place, in the next place, after that, then, next, finally) i They lost all their money in a shady business. But this is not all, they took a loan out of the bank and lost it as well (not to mention) j I enjoy their company very much, but my parents do not allow me to talk to them. (much as) k I reckon you should put

your cards on the table. (the way I see it) l She likes many romantic poets. For instance, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Byron and keats. (like) m Youre the only person that can make me happy. (except) n They had little confidence in him, so they abandoned him to his fate. (for) o They couldnt reach the peak because it had snowed heavily. (as a result of) p She not only lent me some money, but also gave me a very good piece of advice. (in addition to) q The countrys economy is becoming better and better. For example, inflation is stabilising now. (a case in point) r There is no necessity to mention that all applicants must identify themselves before the interview. (needless to say) s For my part, I found his remarks unnecessary. (personally) t Time is short, so well have to hurry. (since) u They havent spoken to each other for many years because there has been a fierce rivalry between them. (because of) v Well grant you a favour because your days are numbered. (which is why) w I eat onions every day, but they repeat on me. (although) x Therefore, we can draw the following conclusion: we made a substantial profit last year. (in conclusion) y I think you shouldnt argue with them about politics. (to my way of thinking) z If I cant carry my belongings, how do you expect me to carry yours? (let alone) 13 Examples: (explaining something in other words) Experience is a sine qua non to apply for this job. What we want to say is that those who have no experience should not apply for it. Experience is a sine qua non to apply for this job. To put it another way, those who have no experience should not apply for it. Experience is a sine qua non to apply for this job, that is16 (to say)(,) those who have no experience should not apply for it. Im afraid were going through a crisis at the moment. In other words, you wont lend me the money. (= I can infere from your words that you will not lend me the money.) Well, my life has changed a lot since I met him. What I want to say is that I love him deeply. Well, my life has changed a lot since I met him. I mean17, I love him deeply. a Im very busy at the moment. What I want to say is that I cant have dinner with you this evening. (I mean) b You know Im your friend, but the thing is that I will be needing my car this week. I can deduce from your own words that you will not lend me your car tomorrow. (in other words) c Money is what makes the world go round. What I want to say is that the more money you have, the more powerful you become. (that is to say) d Hatred creates

even more hatred. What I want to say is that the more you hate somebody, the more they will hate you. (to put it another way) e He is the most important person in this company. What I want to say is that he is the boss. (that is) 14 Examples: (giving a general opinion and emphasizing the importance of something) Everybody came to my party and enjoyed themselves very much. If we consider everything in general terms, it was a great success. Everybody came to my party and enjoyed themselves very much. On the whole/By and large (informal)/Broadly speaking/Generally speaking/In general, it was a great success. My sister is very intelligent, but her best attribute is that she is a hard-working girl. My sister is very intelligent; but, above all (else)/first and foremost, she is a hardworking girl. a If we consider military service in general terms, it is a waste of time and money. (on the whole) b I dont mind what time you arrive home. The most important thing is that you arrive safe and sound. (above all) c He has presented several television shows; but, most importantly, he is a journalist. (first and foremost) d If we speak in general terms, this play may be divided into four main parts. (broadly speaking) e If we talk generally, Eivissa is one of the best holiday spots in the world. (by and large) 15 Examples: (giving more detailed information about something or disagreeing with something mentioned previously) The weather was bad. It rained all the time to be precise. The weather was bad. In (actual) fact/In point of fact/As a matter of fact/Actually (spoken), it rained all the time. She told me that he was a little bit retarded, which was not exactly true, as he was very retarded. She told me that he was a little bit retarded; but, in (actual) fact/in point of fact/as a matter of fact/ actually, he was very retarded. a She told me that the grammar exercises were as easy as falling off a log; but it was untrue, since I found them very difficult. (as a matter of fact) b The weather forecaster said that today would be quite hot, but it is quite chilly. (in fact) c I dont want to see them any more. The truth is that I hate them. (in actual fact) d They said that they had done all the work, but the truth of the matter is that they had done nothing. (in point of fact) e She told me that she was as poor as a church mouse, which was not true, as she was loaded. (actually) 16 Examples: (introducing a topic) Something must be done about the drop in sales. In connection with the drop in sales, something must be done

about it. As regards/Regarding/In regard to/With regard to/As for18/ Apropos (of) the drop in sales, something must be done about it. As far as the drop in sales is concerned, something must be done about it. I have something to say about this. In this regard/In this connection/On this score/In this respect/ On this matter/On this subject/As regards this, etc., I have something to say. a With reference to your application for the job as a sales representative, we are glad to inform you that it will be offered to you. (regarding) b Concerning your brother, he is the most qualified person for the post. (in regard to) c In connection with air pollution, the government should take stronger measures to combat it. (as for) d In connection to what he stated yesterday, we consider it the most appropriate alternative. (apropos) e The government should act at once about the decline in the countrys exports. (as far as) 17 Revision exercise. a She got very good school results. She was the best student in her class to be precise. (in fact) b Despite all the difficulties that they encountered, they managed to reach the top of the mountain at the expected time. (although) c These are my reasons: I want to watch my favourite TV serial and Im tired out. (in the first place, in the second) d He let her smoke at his home. He strongly disapproves of peoples smoking, all the same. (though) e I think this university was founded in 1864. (for all I know) f Im a hard-working student. What I want to say is that I dont mind working hard. (that is to say) g If I exclude the long weekend I had last month, I havent had a holiday for more than two years. (apart from) h This institution was funded by the local authority, that is, by the money from our taxes. (in other words) i She tried to disprove my argument, but she couldnt. (even though) j Taking everything into account, we must do something to stop poachers. (in a nutshell) k Women are usually more astute than men. (in general) l In connection with your fax of 10th September, we are afraid to inform you that the goods that you requested of us are out of stock at the moment. (with regard to) m Although he likes her paintings very much, he cannot afford them. (much though) n The countrys economy is becoming better and better. The decrease in inflation is a good example of this fact. (a case in point) o His manager had rigged the boxing match, so he win it. (because) p They said that they didnt need me any longer, that is they fired me. (to put it another way) q We want you to write to us

regularly; but, most importantly, dont forget to telephone us. (above all else) r I would like to say a few words in this regard. (as regards) s She loves science fiction novels. For instance, those of Jules Verne. She thinks that Journey to the Centre of the Earth and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea are two of the greatest works of art in French literature. (such as, from her viewpoint) t If we talk in general terms, our investments have doubled in value in the last few months. (generally speaking) u Her lawyer had fixed the jury, so she was acquitted. (the reason) v He beat us at cards because he had marked them. (so) w They were of great help; but, more importantly, we won two friends. (first and foremost) x Now Id like to talk about my parents. They separated long ago. (as for) y He didnt say hello to me, but the truth is that I think he didnt even see me. (as a matter of fact) z Firstly, it rained heavily that weekend. Secondly, I felt unwell most of the time. (on the one hand, on the other) ____________________ 15 Observe as well: They were spies, not ambassadors. They were not ambassadors, but (they were) spies. See unit 10, section 8. 16 Another alternative to that is (to say) is ie (from Latin id est), but it is chiefly found in written English: Experience is a sine qua non to apply for this job, ie/i.e. those who have no experience should not apply for it. 17 This mainly occurs in a conversational style. If we add to say, we imply that we disapprove of it: You cant do that. I mean to say, you are over fifty. (= This is inappropriate for a man of your age.) 18 As to is possible instead of as for to refer to things: As to/As for the in drop sales,... As for Peter, I must say he is a hard-working person. Author: Miquel Molina i Diez
Once you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly complex ways. One of the best ways to improve your writing style is to use sentence connectors. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writing style. Type of Connector Connector(s) Examples Coordinating High level positions are stressful at times, but professionals but conjunction can learn to manage their stress levels. Subordinating although, despite the Despite the fact that high level positions are stressful at times, conjunctions professionals can learn to manage their stress levels. fact that High level positions are stressful at times; nevertheless, however, Conjunctive adverbs professionals can learn to manage their stress levels. nevertheless Prepositional In spite of the stressful nature of high level positions, despite, in spite of phrases professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.

Once you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly complex ways. One of the best ways to improve your writing style is to use sentence connectors. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writing style. Type of Connector Connector(s) Examples Coordinating Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient, for for (cause), so (effect) conjunctions their positions are at times rather stressful. Subordinating Since high level positions are at times rather stressful, because, since conjunctions professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient. Conjunctive therefore, as a result, High level positions are at times rather stressful; therefore, adverbs professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient. consequently because of, due to, as a Due to the stressful nature of high level positions, Prepositions professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient. result of Once you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly complex ways. One of the best ways to improve your writing style is to use sentence connectors. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writing style. Type of Connector Connector(s) Examples Coordinating High level positions are stressful, and can be harmful to your and...too Conjunction health too. Subordinating Just as high level positions are stressful, they can be harmful just as conjunction to your health. High level positions are stressful at times; similarly, they can similarly, in Conjunctive adverbs be harmful to your health. comparison Similar to other important professions, high level business Prepositions like, similar to positions are stressful at times. Once you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly complex ways. One of the best ways to improve your writing style is to use sentence connectors. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writing style. Type of Connector(s) Examples Connector Coordinating High level positions are stressful at times, and can and Conjunction be harmful to your health. Conjunctive High level positions are stressful at times; in addition, additionally, adverbs furthermore, they can be harmful to your health furthermore, moreover, also Correlative Not only are high level positions stressful at times, not only...but also conjunctions but they also can be harmful to your health. Prepositional Along with being stressful, high level positions can in addition to, along with, as phrases also be harmful to your health. well as Once you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly complex ways. One of the best ways to improve your writing style is to use sentence connectors. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writing style. Type of Connector Connector(s) Examples Coordinating High level positions are stressful at times, but the financial but

conjunction Subordinating conjunctions Conjunctive adverbs Prepositions

whereas, while in contrast, on the other hand unlike

rewards make these positions very desirable indeed. While high level positions are stressful at times, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed. High level positions are stressful at times; on the other hand, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed. Unlike the undesirable stress of high level positions, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.

Once you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly complex ways. One of the best ways to improve your writing style is to use sentence connectors. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writing style. Type of Connector(s) Examples Connector Subordinating if, unless, only if, If you consider the financial rewards of high level positions, the conjunctions stressful nature of these positions becomes less important. even if You should remember the financial rewards of high level positions; Conjunctive adverb otherwise otherwise, you might find the stressful nature of these positions too demanding. RULES Linking words are extremely important since they indicate the relationship between ideas. Note that connectives can be grouped in two different ways. Firstly, they can be grouped according to meaning. For example but , although and however all have the same meaning and can all be used to join the two ideas below: X The computer manufacturers have agreed to replace the equipment free of charge.

Y The new computers will not be installed for at least six months.

However, grammatically but, although, and however are quite different. Look at the sentences which are produced when they are used: 1. The computer manufacturers have agreed to replace the computers free of charge, but the new computers will not be installed for at least three months. X, but Y . But is placed between two main ideas in one sentence.

2. Although the computer manufacturers have agreed to replace the computers free of charge, the new computers will not be installed for

at least three months. Although X, Y. or Y, although X. Although is placed at the beginning of a support idea (X). There must be a main idea (Y) in the same sentence. 3. The computer manufacturers have agreed to replace the system free of charge. However, the new equipment will not be installed for at least three months. X. However, Y. The two ideas are placed in two separate sentences. However comes at the beginning of the second sentence and is followed by a comma. Here you will find rules of how some of the most usual linking words are used, and some examples:

WORDS EXPRESSING RESULT:

So + adjetive/adverb + that + clause

-He was so tired that he went to bed early. -The secretary types so quickly that she always has her work in time. -The film was so boring that I went out before the end. -He spoke Russian so well that everyone thought he was Russian.

Such + noun + that + clause

-It`s such a cold day that I will stay in bed. -It was such a difficult exam (that) he knew he wouldnt pass it. Notice that can be left out in informal speech.

So + clause

-Mrs. Deam was sleeping, so she didn`t hear the thief. -It was late so he decided to take a taxi home.

As a result, consequently, can begin a new sentence. And, as a result, is used in the middle of a sentence. Therefore often comes in the middle of a sentence ( it can also come at the beggining or the end )

-His wife left him and, as a result, he became very depressed. -I studied a lot, as a result I got an exelLent mark. -Zamorano trained hard for many years and, as a result, he became one of the best footbal players in Spain. -The food was bad, therefore, we didn`t eat it.

WORDS EXPRESSING REASON:

Since, as, seeing that + clause often come before the main clause

-Since/Seeing that/As we arrived late, all the best seats had been taken.

Because + clause usually comes after the main clause

-We couldnt find a good seat because all the best ones had been taken. -The translator came late because her car broke down.

Because of, as a result of, owing to and due to are followed by a noun or noun phrase.

-We are unable to go by train because of the rail strike. -The Pope couldn`t travel because of the bad weather. -Students have learnt a lot due to this new project. -Many of the deaths of older people are due to heart attacks. Notice due to means Acaused by@ or Aresulting from@

WORDS EXPRESSING PURPOSE:

We can use infinitives to(do) in order (not) to (do), so as (not) to express purpose.

-We came to the countryside to find some peace and quiet. -I went to the music shop to buy the last Eagles CD. -Be carefulwhen handling a knife in order not to get injured. -Handle the flowers carefully in order not to damage them. in order to, so as to are more informal

Notice

So that, in order that + clause ( often with the verbs can, could, might, would in the clause )

-I turned off the radio so that I could hear my thoughts. -He chose this University so that /in order that he could study English.

WORDS EXPRESING CONTRAST:

Although, even if, even though + clause can come before or after the main clause. -Although/Even if/Even though the car is old,it is still reliable. -Although I`m not used to interpret simultaneously, I did it quite well during my first day of work.

Notice

even though is more informal.

despite, in spite of + a noun or noun phrase or -ing form

-In spite of the noise, the students could study for their test. -In spite of/Despite the rain,I went for a walk.

despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that + clause

-In spite of the fact that it was snowing, the festival took place as usual.

however can come at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence.

-Many people think that scientists are abusing of animals, however, the same people do nothing to stop the problem. -Buying a house is expensive. It is, however, a good investment.

Though is more informal and comes at the end of a sentence.

- Im determined to buy a house this year,I dont know Where exactly, though. - Its a big decision to make, though.

But, while, whereas are usually placed in the middle of two main clauses expresing contrasting ideas.

-John is very rich but/while/whereas his friends are extremely poor.

On the one hand and on the other hand can be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of two sentenses expresing contrasting ideas.

-On the one hand these computers are expensive. On the other hand they are exactly what we want. on the other hand is often used at the beginning of the second sentence.
Notice

WORDS EXPRESSING TIME:

when, while, as and after + clause can come before or after the main clause.

-While/when/as I was driving along the road, I saw a terrible accident. Whenever, every time + clause often come before the main clause for added emphasis. -Whenever/Every time I see John, hes driving a different car.

First, then, later, etc. can be used to introduce a chain of events. -First he closed all the windows,then he locked the doors. Later he came back to check that everything was all right.

During, all through and throughtout are followed by a noun or a noun phrase. -During/All through the concert some people tried to get on the stage. -During/All through the summer we get a lot of visitors. -It rained heavily throughout the night. WORDS EXPRESSING CONDITION:

Even if, as long as and unless + clause can be used before or after the main clause.

-Even if you are born rich, life is still difficult. -You can borrow the car as long as you are careful with it! -Marriage is a difficult stuff even if your husband is the best man in the world. -You cant come with me unless you promise to keep quiet. unless means if...not

Notice

Whether + clause usually comes after the main clause and is often used in indirect questions with...or not.

-I'm not sure whether Richie Sambora recorded a long play with Cher or not. -I dont know whether you have met him or not.

certain verbs ( eg discuss ) can be followed by whether but not if.

-They discussed wether they should attend the Games.

after preposition and before to infinitives use whether but not if. -It depends on whether the govrnment takes any action. -The teachers will decide whether to impose the oral exam in case + clause usually comes after the main clause.

-Take this umbrella in case it rains. -In the building there is a box that says Ain case of fire, break the glass@.
Notice

in case of + noun ( often used in formal written notices )

WORDS EXPRESSING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OR

REINFORCIONG A POINT

Besides, in addition ( to that ) and furthermore can be used at the beginning of the sentence following the first statement made. -I dont really want to go out tonight.Besides there is a good film on TV. -Mrs.Smith is an intelligent and stimulating teacher, furthermore she takes an interest in the personal well- being of her students. Notice besides is less formal, furthermore is more formal.

moreover can be used at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence which gives additional information -This theory about the origins of the Universe is new.It is moreover, extremely interesting.

not only ...but also / as well can link two sentences, phrases or words to give additional information.

-The painting is not only valuable but also a work of art. -She not only writes novels but she lectures as well. -The house was not only large but it was also modern. Notice but also are used together when there is no subject pronoun and verb in the second part of the sentence. But...also are separated when there is a verb in the second part of the sentence.

not only can come at the beginning of the first part of a sentence to emphasize what the speaker is saying. In this case, it is necessary to change the order of the subject and verb. In sentences like these the subject pronoun and verb in the second part of the sentence are usually mentioned and but...also are separated -Not only is the restaurant superb but it is also expensive.

as well as can be folllowed by a single word, a phrase or ...-ing. -Pat speaks English fluently as well as German. -They robbed a bank as well as apost office. -As well as being sent to prison they were fined $2000.

Too, as well as and not either are informal and usually come at the end of the sentence which gives additional information. -They like Mexican food. I like mexican food too/as well. -My father likes to work with young people, I like it Too/ as well. -They arent very generous people. They havent got any friends either. Type of Connector Connector(s) Spanish Examples Condition if If you consider the financial rewards of high level positions, the stressful nature of these positions becomes less important. Condition otherwise You should remember the financial rewards of high level positions; otherwise, you might find the stressful nature of these positions too demanding. Condition unless Condition only if Condition even if addition and High level positions are stressful at times, and can be harmful to your health. addition in addition High level positions are stressful at times; furthermore, they can be harmful to your health addition additionally addition furthermore addition moreover addition also addition not only...but also Not only are high level positions stressful at times, but they also can be harmful to your health. addition in addition to Along with being stressful, high level positions can also be harmful to your health. addition as well as addition along with opposition but High level positions are stressful at times, but professionals can learn to manage their stress levels. opposition although Despite the fact that high level positions are stressful at times, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels. despite the fact that opposition however High level positions are stressful at times; nevertheless, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels. nevertheless opposition despite In spite of the stressful nature of high level positions, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels. in spite of cause/effect for (cause) Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient, for their positions are at times rather stressful. cause/effect so (effect) cause/effect because Since high level positions are at times rather stressful, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient. cause/effect since cause/effect therefore High level positions are at times rather stressful; therefore, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient. cause/effect consequently cause/effect as a result cause/effect because of Due to the stressful nature of high level positions, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient. cause/effect as a result of cause/effect due to comparison and too High level positions are stressful, and can be harmful to your health too. comparison just as Just as high level positions are stressful, they can be harmful to your health. comparison similarly High level positions are stressful at times; similarly, they can be harmful to your health. comparison in comparison comparison like Similar to other important professions, high level business positions are stressful at times. comparison similar to contrast but High level positions are stressful at times, but the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed. contrast whereas While high level positions are stressful at times, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed. contrast while contrast in contrast High level positions are stressful at times; on the other hand, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed. contrast on the other hand contrast unlike Unlike the undesirable stress of high level positions, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed. Moreover,

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places to do research. Moreover, it has hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world.

In addition,

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places to do research. In addition, it has hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world.
Furthermore,

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places to do research. Furthermore, it has hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world.
Also

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places to do research. It also has hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world.
*The word also comes before the verb. If the verb is a form of to be, also is placed after the verb.

As well

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places to do research. It has hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world as well.
Too

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places to do research. It has hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world, too.
Additionally,

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places to do research. Additionally, it has hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world.
And

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places to do research, and it has hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world.
Not only. . . but also

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is not only one of the best places to do research but also has hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world.
*The subject after but also is usually omitted if but and also remain together, and the subject is the same for both clauses (parts) of the sentence.

Besides that,

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places to do research. Besides that, it has hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world.
connector is a word that is used to join words or sentences. And, as well as, but, or, yet, nevertheless, however, so that, as long as, while, until, as if, because, when, after, though, before. A boy and a girl

An elephant and a giraffe A toy or a book The music was loud nevertheless it was enjoyable. Types of connectors

Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions join together clauses of equal importance.

Some examples of coordinating conjunctions are - and, but, or,

Use of 'and'
'And' is used as a conjunction when the words or phrases are of equal importance and both conditions exist. Other words that can be used in place of and are: moreover, in addition to, along with, plus, as well as, further more Tom and Harry play hockey. A lion and a fox live in this cave. We need some gloves and a ball in addition to bats. The soldiers rose moreover they cheered the leader. We found the thief along with the bags. The gurgling stream along with the howling wind added to the charm of the

place.

Use of 'but'

The conjunction 'but' is used to show a contradiction between two phrases. Let's say the first phrase leads you to expect a certain event and the second phrase tells you quite a contradictory outcome. In such an event, but, is used.
Other words like: nevertheless, yet, however, can be used in place of 'but' He ran, but he missed the bus. She studied hard but could not score well in the test. The hill was very steep but the old man could climb it easily. Sharon fell from the horse nevertheless she did not cry. The lion was hungry yet it did not attack Androcles. He is from England however he speaks Chinese very well.

Use of 'Or'
When we need to express a choice between two words or phrases we use 'or'. Here only one of the two conditions exists.

Example:
Would you take a cup of tea or coffee?

Shall we buy a book or a toy?

Sit on the bench or on the grass.

Are you tired or shall we go out for a walk?

We can learn to talk English or we can depend on sign language.

Correlative conjunctions: Conjunctions used in pairs are correlative conjunctions

Either..... or Neither.....nor Both.....and Whether..... or Not only..... but also Either Peter or John has taken the book. It is neither hot nor tasty. My sister is both smart and intelligent. Tell me whether you know the route or not. Not only is she stupid but also stubborn.

Compound conjunctions
Compound conjunctions are groups of words that behave like conjunctions.

In order that, on condition that, provided that, as soon as Conjunction Usage In order that I bought all the books in order that you may study On condition The teacher excused him on condition that he would not repeat the that mistake. Even if Sarah would not marry him even if he proposed to her. So that I kept away my work so that I could spend time with my daughters Provided that You can take leave provided that you work overtime later As though Rex behaves as though he is the boss. As well as Monica as well as veronica was present there As soon as Mr. Ford plans to pay off his loan as soon as he gets his bonus. As if It looks as if there is going to be a storm.

Subordinating conjunction
A subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for its full meaning. The chief subordinating conjunctions are after, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless. I will not go to the market if it rains. The situation 'I will not go to the market' is dependant on the condition 'if it

rains'. You could go and play after you have done the dishes. King Midas was unhappy because his daughter turned to gold. You must dig the earth till you find water.

Observe the use of connectors in these sentences.

Lydia likes to sing and dance when she is happy. We can paint our house red or white but we must select a good painter. Harry is intelligent however he is lazy. He must wake up or he will regret it. I left the party because I was bored, moreover it was quite late. He was sad and tired along with being very hungry when a wizard appeared and offered him food however he laid down some conditions. He is cheerful though he has worked the whole day. I allowed him in as I thought he was a friend but he tried to rob me. You will do well if you study hard. My daughters either watch TV or sleep on Sundays. Susan is very fat but very active. I met by friend in the park and invited her to tea. A student must obey or he may leave. Jane and Peter have been chosen to receive the guest. After the trip Sam came to work but he was very tired. Bring some sandwiches or you will be hungry. They jumped over the stream and ran home. The dog ran after the rabbit but could not catch him. My aunt is ill so I will visit her tomorrow.

The show started as soon as the chief guest arrived. You will enjoy the concert since you love music. This horse will take you to the village you even if he is tired. He was rowing the boat while I slept. The bridge fell though it was made of stones. You will pass if you work hard. He will not try unless he is forced to. We will come after we complete the work. The old man cared for the puppy as though she was his baby.
Linking words help you to connect ideas and sentences, so that people can follow your ideas.

Giving examples
For example For instance Namely The most common way of giving examples is by using for example or for instance. Namely refers to something by name. "There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time."

Adding information
And In addition As well as Also Too Furthermore Moreover Apart from In addition to Besides Ideas are often linked by and. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and. "We discussed training, education and the budget." Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. "We also spoke about marketing." You can use also with not only to give emphasis. "We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition." We don't usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence. "As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition." "We are interested in costs as well as the competition." Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well. "They were concerned too." "I, too, was concerned." Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to. "Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." "Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making. "Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition."

Summarising
In short In brief In summary To summarise In a nutshell To conclude In conclusion We normally use these words at the beginning of the sentence to give a summary of what we have said or written.

Sequencing ideas
The former, the latter Firstly, secondly, finally The first point is Lastly The following The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two points. "Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term." Firstly, secondly, finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas. It's rare to use "fourthly", or "fifthly". Instead, try the first point, the second point, the third point and so on. The following is a good way of starting a list. "The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen."

Giving a reason
Due to / due to the fact that Owing to / owing to the fact that Because Because of Since As Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun. "Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%." "Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks." If you want to follow these words with a clause (a subject, verb and object), you must follow the words with the fact that. "Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25." "Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfil all its orders." Because / because of Because of is followed by a noun. "Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed." Because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example, "Because it was raining, the match was postponed." "We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive." Since / as Since and as mean because. "Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." "As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."

Giving a result
Therefore So Consequently This means that As a result Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way. "The company are expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff." So is more informal.

Contrasting ideas
But However Although / even though Despite / despite the fact that In spite of / in spite of the fact that Nevertheless Nonetheless While Whereas Unlike In theory in practice But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence. "He works hard, but he doesn't earn much." "He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much." Although, despite and in spite of introduce an idea of contrast. With these words, you must have two halves of a sentence. "Although it was cold, she went out in shorts." "In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts." Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as due to and owing to. They must be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and a verb, you must use the fact that. "Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees." Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway. "The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact that it was cold.) "The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren't going to expand this year." While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different from each other. "While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown." "Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down." "Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol." In theory in practice show an unexpected result. "In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don't have enough time."

Linking Words An introduction by Viv Quarry (www.vivquarry.com).

Linking words are essential for your writing to be natural and clear. Linking devices vary in three ways: 1. Position in the text. Some linking words normally form a link between clauses WITHIN a sentence. It is bad style to start a sentence with these words:

and but so because then until such as are examples of this type of linking word. Another type of linking device is used to form a link BETWEEN sentences. These words must start with a capital letter and are usually immediately followed by a comma: Furthermore, Moreover, However, Nevertheless, Therefore, In conclusion, are used in this way. Most linking words, however, can either start a sentence or form a link between sentences. The choice is up to the writer. 2. The function of linking words Linking devices are neither nouns, nor verbs. They provide a text with cohesion and illustrate how the parts of the text relate to each other. Here are some of the functions which linking words provide. Adding extra information to the main point, contrasting ideas, expressing cause and effect, showing exactly when something happened (narrating), expressing purpose (why?) and opinion, listing examples, making conclusions and giving emphasis. 3. Grammatical differences Some linking words must be followed by a clause (Subject + Verb + Object). E.g.. while why because although so whereas when Other linking words should be followed by a noun phrase (Linking word + (the) + Noun/Pronoun or gerund) E.g.. because of despite during in spite of The majority of linking devices can be followed by either a noun phrase or a clause. Here is a list of the principal linking words in English, their function and if their position is usually fixed.

Linking words - by Viv Quarry

Adding and *and as well as besides Moreover, Furthermore, What is more, In addition, not only .... but also another point is that relative clauses who where that ,which whose to whom when what why Contrasting *but However, Although despite In spite of Nevertheless, On the contrary, on the one hand on the other hand, whereas while but while In contrast, Neither...nor Expressing cause / reason because as since This is why because of Due to Owing to For this reason, Expressing effect / result *so so....that such a...that Therefore Thus Consequently, As a result, too...for/to not enough...for/to Expressing purpose to so as to in order that so that for (Non-specific) Expressing opinion I would say that In my opinion, I think (that) I believe (that) Personally Apparently,

Narration First (of all) immediately At first Once At the beginning Suddenly In the beginning As soon as then on next No sooner....than Before Hardly...when After Finally After that Eventually afterwards At the end When In the end While At last during To begin with, Soon until prior to Giving examples Summing up / concluding for example, All in all for instance, overall For one thing, generally this includes In conclusion, such as e.g.. (for example) on the whole i.e. (that is) in the main To sum up,

Emphasis especially particularly Naturally, exactly because above all Whatever Whenever too / enough The more ....

* Avoid starting a sentence with these words. The linking words beginning with a capital letter often start a sentence, For those without, position in a sentence is optional.

Linking words - Difficult cases

So AVOID STARTING A SENTENCE WITH THIS WORD! 'So' can be used in two ways: 1. To show RESULT. E.g.. It was raining, so we decided not to go to the beach. NOTE! 'because' shows the REASON. The above sentence could be expressed like this: E.g.. We decided not to go to the beach because it was raining. NOTE! To show a REASON LINK BETWEEN SENTENCES use 'Therefore,'. 2. So & such used for EMPHASIS. When used for emphasis, 'So' must be followed by either an adjective or an adverb and must be linked to an explanation CLAUSE. E.g.. It was so hot that we decided not to go to the beach. OR We decided not to go to the beach because it was so hot. NOTE! 'such' is used in the same way, but must be followed by a NOUN or ADJECTIVE+NOUN. E.g.. It was such a hot day that we decided not to go to the beach. OR We decided not to go to the beach because it was such a hot day. NOTE! When there is no explanation clause, use 'VERY', unless referring to a present situation. E.g.. It was very hot yesterday, wasn't it? It's so nice to see you again! Enough and too 'enough' goes AFTER ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS but BEFORE NOUNS. E.g.. You won't pass the exam if you don't work hard enough. OR He didn't get the job because he didn't have enough experience. 'enough' can also be used alone. E.g.. I'll lend you some money if you haven't got enough. 'too' means 'more than necessary' and comes BEFORE ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS ONLY. E.g.. The coffee was too hot to drink.

But and However, 'but' is used to CONTRAST clauses WITHIN A SENTENCE. E.g.. I like going to the beach, but I never go at midday. 'However,' has the same function, but is used to show CONTRAST BETWEEN SENTENCES. E.g.. I've always enjoyed going to the beach. However, I never go there at midday. Although, though, even though & In spite of / despite, 'Although' must join two clauses, but it's position can change. It can either start a sentence or come in the middle. E.g.. Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed the holiday. OR We enjoyed the holiday although it rained a lot. In spoken English 'though' can be used instead of 'although' when it is used for the second clause. E.g.. "I didn't get the job though I had all the necessary qualifications." 'though' can also come at the end of a sentence. E.g.. "The house isn't very nice. I like the garden though." 'Even though' is a stronger form of 'although'. E.g.. Even though I was really tired, I couldn't sleep. 'In spite of' or 'Despite' must be followed by a NOUN, PRONOUN (this, that, what etc.) or ~ING. E.g.. In spite of the rain, we went to the beach. OR We went to the beach in spite of the rain. It is common to use the expression 'In spite of the fact (that)....' or 'Despite the fact (that)....' E.g.. She's quite fit in spite of the fact that she smokes 40 cigarettes a day. Linking words of time - Still, yet and already 'Still' tells us that an action is continuing, or hasn't happened yet. It has positive, negative and question forms. E.g.. It's 10 o'clock and John's still in bed. or She said that she would be here an hour ago and she still hasn't come. or Are you still living in London? 'yet' asks if something has happened, or to say that something hasn't happened. It is mainly used in NEGATIVES & QUESTIONS and comes at the end of a sentence. 'Yet' is usually used with the present perfect tense. E.g.. He hasn't finished the report yet. OR Is dinner ready yet? 'Already' is used to say that something happened before expected, it usually comes in middle position, but can also come in final position. 'Already' is not used in negatives and in British English is only used in questions to show considerable surprise. E.g.. I'll tell her that dinner is ready. She already knows. Have you finished already?! I thought it would take you longer! In order to understand this type of linking word, you must be clear about the concepts of 'a point in time' and 'a period of time'. A point in time is the answer to a 'when' question, and a period of time is the answer to a 'how long' question. E.g.. Points of time = 6pm, Wednesday, she arrived, summer, 1999, Christmas, five minutes ago. Periods of time = 3 seconds, 4 days, ages, 100 years, the Christmas holiday, five minutes. During and while Both 'during' and 'while' tell us WHEN something happened. The difference between them is that 'during' is followed by a noun phrase (no verb), and 'while' is followed by a clause (subject + verb + object). E.g.. When did you go to Barcelona? I went there during my holiday in Europe. OR I went there while I was on holiday in Europe. 'By' means 'at some time before' and tells us when something happens. It is followed by point in time and can be used for both past and future time. E.g.. This report must be finished by 6pm. 'By the time' has the same meaning but is followed by a clause. It is common with perfect tenses. E.g.. By the time we get there the party will have finished.

For, since and until These words all tell us how long something happens. 'For' focuses on duration and can be used in most tenses. It is followed by a period of time. 'Since' is only used with perfect tenses and must be followed by a point in time. E.g.. They stayed in Barcelona for two weeks. OR They've been in Barcelona since last Friday. = They are still in Barcelona now. 'Until' also tells us how long something happens, but the focus is on the end of the action or situation. It is followed by a point in time. E.g.. They stayed in Barcelona until last Friday. = They left Barcelona last Friday.

Not....any more/longer and no longer These expressions tell us that a situation has changed. 'not....any more/longer' go at the end of a sentence and 'no longer' is used in the middle of a sentence. E.g.. Mr. Jones doesn't work here any longer. OR She no longer works here. As & like 'As' and 'like' can be used in COMPARISONS. However, 'As' MUST BE FOLLOWED BY A CLAUSE, and 'like' MUST BE FOLLOWED BY A NOUN. E.g.. He worked for the company, as his father had done before him. OR She acts like a child sometimes. 'As' can also be followed by a preposition E.g.. In 1998, as in 1997, inflation in Brazil fell steadily. '(not) as....as ' + ADJECTIVE or ADVERB shows EQUALITY or INEQUALITY. E.g.. She isn't as tall as her father was. OR The traffic can be as bad in Rio as it is in So Paulo. 'As' can be used to state the ROLE, JOB or FUNCTION of a person or thing. E.g.. We all worked together as a team. OR She worked as a manager in the Human Resources Department. OR He used his handkerchief as a flag to attract attention. 'As' can be used in the same way as 'because'; however, it gives less emphasis than 'because'. E.g.. As the weather was so bad, we didn't go to the beach. OR I bought her some flowers as she had been so kind to me. 'As' tells us that actions occur at the same time. E.g.. As the door opened, she saw him standing by the wall. 'As' is often used in these common expressions: As hard as, as soon as, as long as, as well as, as far as, as good as. E.g.. He can stay here as far as I'm concerned. You can go as long as you come home early. 'As' is also the preposition used after these verbs: Regarded as see sth. as be thought of as Be looked on as. Linking words Example of use As long as provided (that) providing : You can take my car as long as/provided (that)/ providing you don't damage it. (I will lend you my car on condition that you don't damage it.) Although/even though : Although/ even though he is rich, he lives in a small house. (In spite of the fact that he is rich, he lives in a small house.) Even if : He is poor and has no house, but even if he had a lot of money, he wouldn't buy a house. (He has no money and no house, but supposing he had money, he still wouldn't buy a house.) In case : Take an umbrella in case it rains. (There is a possibility that it will rain, so it's a good idea to take an umbrella.) In spite of / despite : In spite of/despite the rain, she walked to the station. In spite of/despite being blind, she walked to the station. ( = without being affected by the rain, or by being blind.) So that : She arrived early so that she could help her colleagues. (She arrived early for the purpose of helping her colleagues.) Whereas : Tom is rich whereas Jack is poor. (Tom is rich. In contrast, Jack is poor.) Whatever : You can count on me whatever you decide to do. (No matter what you decide to do, you can count on me.) Whenever : I will lend you my car whenever you need it.

(No matter when you need my car I will lend it to you.) Wherever : you wherever you go. (No matter where you go my thoughts will be with you.)

My thoughts will be with

Using transitional words and phrases helps papers read more smoothly. They provide logical organization and understandability and improve the connections and transitions between thoughts A coherent paper allows the reader to flow from the first supporting point to the last. Transitions indicate relations, whether within a sentence, paragraph, or paper. This list illustrates "relationships" between ideas, followed by words and phrases that can connect them. Addition: also, again, as well as, besides, coupled with, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, similarly Consequence: accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, otherwise, so then, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore Generalizing: as a rule, as usual, for the most part, generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually Exemplifying: chiefly, especially, for instance, in particular, markedly, namely, particularly, including, specifically, such as Illustration: for example, for instance, for one thing, as an illustration, illustrated with, as an example, in this case Emphasis above all, chiefly, with attention to, especially, particularly, singularly Similarity: comparatively, coupled with, correspondingly, identically, likewise, similar, moreover, together with Exception: aside from, barring, besides, except, excepting, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of, save Restatement: in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently Contrast and Comparison: contrast, by the same token, conversely, instead, likewise, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather, similarly, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast Sequence: at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time, for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on, meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier, simultaneously, afterward, in conclusion, with this in mind, Summarizing: after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally Diversion: by the way, incidentally Direction: here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above, to the left, to the right, in the distance

Connecting Words and How to Punctuate Them

Oftentimes students write in short sentences without connecting the sentences together. This creates a disjointed and choppy effect, and frequently gets in the way of showing connections between ideas, as well as sentences. Occasionally students who write this way also fall into the habit of creating inadvertent sentence fragments. To create a better flow, four types of connecting words can be used: conjunctive adverbs, subordinating conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions, and transitions. The words which fall into these categories, however, may cause confusion for students because they don't know how to punctuate them properly. By reviewing the lists of words below, keeping the lists handy, and following the guidelines for punctuation, students can improve their writing dramatically. 1. The first type of connecting words are conjunctive adverbs (to "conjunct" simply means to "join"). Conjunctive adverbs often fall in mid-sentence. If you join two "independent clauses" (i.e., sentences) using one of these words, use a semicolon before it and a comma after it. (You end a sentence with a period, right? So if you join two sentences together with a comma, you're splicing them together. That's called a comma splice and is a serious error. Two sentences held together with duct tape (i. e., the comma), simply won't hold). Correct example: I prefer to eat my dinner at the dining room table; instead, I usually eat in front of the television. (The word "instead" is a conjunctive adverb.) Incorrect: I prefer to eat my dinner at the dining room table, instead, I usually eat in front of the television. (This sentence contains a comma splice. The writer tries to join two separate sentences with a comma before "instead.") When you see a conjunctive adverb in the middle of a sentence, a red flag should go up! Here's a list of conjunctive adverbs: nonetheless also hence likewise otherwise anyway however meanwhile still consequently incidentally moreover then finally indeed nevertheless therefore furthermore instead next thus 2. Second, are subordinating conjunctions. (To subordinate implies that something is of less importance than something else or that something depends on something else.) If a subordinating conjunction falls in mid-sentence, there is usually no comma used. If it starts a sentence, there is a comma after the introductory phrase (right before the subject and verb). Correct example: After eating dinner in front of the television all week, I decided to change locations. (The word "after" is a subordinating conjunction. Here it begins a sentence, leading to an introductory phrase. Notice that the comma falls right before the subject and verb.) Compare: I decided to change locations after eating dinner in front of the television all week. (Notice that there is no comma before the "after" in the second example. Because it falls in mid-sentence, there is no introductory phrase which would require a comma.) Here's a list of subordinating conjunctions: after even though no matter how though although how now that till as if once unless as [far/soon] as inasmuch as provided [that] until as if in case [that] since when, whenever as though in order that so that where, wherever because insofar as supposing [that] whether before in that than while even if lest that why 3. Third, are coordinating conjunctions (of equal importance instead of lesser importance). Put a comma before a coordinating conjunction only if it joins two independent clauses (i.e., if there is a subject and a verb on either side of the conjunction). If a subject or a verb is lacking on either side of the conjunction, there is no comma. Correct example: I ate dinner in front of the television every night, and I finally got tired of it.

Compare: I ate dinner in front of the television every night and finally got tired of it. (This sentence lacks a subject after the "and," so there is no comma. List of coordinating conjunctions: or and yet for so but nor 4. If your high school English teacher told you that coordinating conjunctions always had commas before them, he/she was wrong. Get over it! And if the same teacher told you that you couldn't start a sentence with "and" or "but," then he/she was also wrong. Look it up in your handbook. "And" and "but" are very effective transitions when used properly and not overused. 5. Finally, there are transitional phrases, which usually begin a sentence and are followed by a comma: in fact by the way in other words even so in the second place for example on the contrary in addition on the other hand Use transitional phrases between paragraphs to create a logical flow in your writing. Use them within paragraphs, too. Avoid overusing a particular phrase. Learning how to use these words will help you communicate clearly and with emphasis. But take care to punctuate them correctly because incorrect punctuation will frequently confuse your reader or even change the meaning of a sentence. And avoid archaic transitional phrases, such as "hitherto," "whereof," "whereby," and "whereas." after all as a result at any rate at the same time

Connecting words
Academic Resources >> Writing Center CONNECTING WORDS Become familiar with the three groups of connecting words that may come between clauses so that you can avoid run-together sentences and fragments.

GROUP 1: These words are found between independent clauses and require only a comma in front of them. and but for or nor yet so

GROUP II: These words are found between independent clauses and require a semi-colon in front of them, or a period and a capital letter.

also consequently furthermore however

likewise moreover nevertheless otherwise

therefore then thus

GROUP III: These words usually signal a dependent clause. Use a comma after a dependent clause if it comes at the beginning of a sentence. after although though as as if because before how if even if in order that since that so that unless until what whatever when whenever where wherever whether which whichever while who whom whose

Some Common English Transition Words and Phrases

Adding Information and not only . . . but also also moreover (more formal) furthermore (more formal) in addition (more formal) Giving Examples for example for instance specifically in particular The first (second, another, etc.) example/reason is . . . Showing a Contrast but however on the other hand otherwise instead in contrast (more formal) Showing a Concession yet nevertheless (more formal) Examples We have seen the movie twice, and now we want to see it again. Not only did my brother break his leg, but he also bruised his rib. My friend speaks Korean and English. She also speaks Chinese. Cheating is dishonest. Moreover, it hinders students from learning. Students should be on time. Furthermore, they must be prepared. You must complete this essay by 5 p.m. In addition, you must do the exercises on page 47. Examples I have been to many countries. For example, I have been to Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain. He often eats strange foods. For instance, he once ate cow brains. I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals. I love fruit. In particular, I like bananas, pineapple, and berries. My friend hates skiing for several reasons. The first reason is that she dislikes being cold. Another reason is that she often falls. Examples Bill earned an A on his essay, but Susan got a B. We wanted to leave at 8:00. However, Mike arrived too late. She hates housecleaning. On the other hand, she doesn't mind cooking. Students should attend class. Otherwise, they may lose their status. I am not going out tonight. Instead, I will stay home and watch a video. Women usually enjoy shopping. In contrast, men often dislike it. Examples He knows that he should do his homework, yet he never does it. I need to wear reading glasses. Nevertheless, I hate how I look in them.

even so however although even though despite the fact that . . . despite Showing a Similarity likewise (more formal) similarly (more formal) in the same way

I know you don't like to study. Even so, you must pass your exam. There are many benefits to exercising. However, you must take some precautions to avoid injury. Even though the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting. Although the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting. Despite the fact that Kate is good at tennis, she lost the match. Despite Kate's skill at tennis, she lost the match. Examples Math was hard for me in high school. Likewise, it is hard in college. Houseplants require much care and attention. Similarly, outdoor plants must be cared for properly. Rock climbing takes much practice and skill. In the same way, learning to write well requires a great deal of practice. Examples Janet passed her exam, so she is very happy. Tim was late. As a result, we could not go to the concert. James is not feeling well. Therefore, he will not be here today. The committee voted against the proposal. Thus, we must consider another idea. I forgot that the cake was in the oven. As a consequence, it burned. Tina lost her keys. Consequently, she could not drive home. Examples First, I think that she is studying hard. Second, I believe that she is a bright student. Finally, I know that she has great potential. In conclusion, I feel that she deserves to win the scholarship. In summary, we should offer her some financial help. Jeff was working hard to clean the house. Meanwhile, his brother was watching television. Examples I must study hard, or I will fail my exam. Whether you are coming or not, I am still going to Amy's party. If you want to get good grades, then you must do your homework. Examples The bookstore sells cards. In fact, they have the best cards around. James is actually the first person I have known who has been to Africa. He was late to class again. In other words, he didn't wake up on time. The plan needed only two things to succeednamely, time and money. Examples We can go to the beach, or we can go to the mountains. You can either ride the bus or walk to my apartment. I like neither that person nor his brother.

Showing a Result so as a result therefore thus (more formal) as a consequence consequently (more formal) Establishing Time Relation or Sequence first second finally in conclusion in summary meanwhile Showing a Condition or whether . . . or if . . . (then) Explaining or Emphasizing in fact actually in other words namely (more formal) Giving an Alternative or either . . . or neither . . . nor (more formal) 1.

Punctuation Rules Coordinating Conjunctions (and, but, or, yet, so): Put a comma before these conjunctions. (Don't use them at the beginning of a sentence in more formal writing.) example: The movie has already started, but my friend has not arrived yet. Correlative Conjunctions (These have two parts: either . . . or): o Put a comma before the second part if it connects 2 clauses (complete sentences). example: Eric is not only an outstanding teacher, but he is also a gourmet cook.

2.

o
3.

You don't need a comma if it only connects words or phrases. example: Eric is not only an outstanding teacher but also a gourmet cook.

Transitional Words and Phrases: o Put a comma after these if they are at the beginning of a sentence. example: I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.

o o

Use a semicolon to connect the two sentences. example: I like to travel; specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals. Use a comma before and after the transitional word/phrase in the middle of a clause. example: I like to travel, and, specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.

also in th same way just as so too likewise similarly To express Exception and Contrast : but however in spite of on the one hand on the other hand nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding in contrast on the contrary still yet To express Sequence : first second third fourth next then finally To express time : after afterward

at last before currently during earlier immediately later meanwhile now recently simultaneously subsequently then To quote an Example : for example for instance namely specifically to illustrate