Introduction to P&ID Reading

and Design
Process Engineering

Process engineering is often a synonym of
chemical engineering.

It focuses on design, operation and
maintenance of chemical and material
manufacturing processes.

Process engineering also involves developing
new processes, project engineering and
Process troubleshooting.
Services in Process Engineering

Process conceptual and feasibility study

Process project scope definition

Process design, evaluation and modification

PFD and P&ID development

Process modeling and simulation

Process equipment sizing and selection

Process safety analysis

Process troubleshooting
Applications of Process Engineering

Chemical plants

Biotech plants

Crude oil refineries

Fertilizer production

Oil & gas processing

Food processing

Pharmaceutical manufacturers

Pulp paper mills

Mineral processing

Water treatment plants

Nuclear power plants

......
Type of Flow Diagrams

in Process Engineering

Mass Flow Diagram

Block Flow Diagram (BFD)

Also known as Information Flow Diagram

Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) Also
known as Mechanical Flow Diagram (MFD).

Utility Flow Diagram

This is a type of P&ID for common plant utilities
(steam, utility air, fuel oil, etc.)
An Example of Block Flow Diagram (BFD)

Composed of only blocks (rectangles) and straight lines

Each block represents one or more unit operations

The lines represent the major process flow streams (material/
energy flows)
H
2
(upgrader)
FG
(upgrader)
Syn Gas
Diluent
SCO
Upgrader
Sour Gas
Sulfur
Gasifier H
2
S
Diluted
Bitumen
Pitch
LVGO
HVGO
Kerosene
Diesel
CDU
VDU
DHT
HC
Treating
SRU
GSFR
NHT
Naphtha
Diesel
GO
SDA
DAO
EB
Naphtha
Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

A PFD is a schematic representation of a process using
symbols to illustrate major operation units

and major
process flow lines.

A PFD also tabulates process design values

for the
streams in different operating modes (minimum, normal
and maximum).

A PFD is typically the first drawing developed for a
process, often in the pre-conceptual or conceptual
design phase.
What should be included in a PFD

A PFD should include:

Major equipment (symbols, names and identification #)

Main process piping and flow direction

Operating pressure and temperature

Major bypass and recirculation lines

Major control and instrumentation (optional)

A PFD should not include:

Pipe line numbers

Minor components and minor bypass lines

Isolation and shutoff valves

Maintenance vents and drains

Relief and safety valves

Code class information
A Sample of PFD
Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Scope

It is a detailed symbolic representation of
process interconnection, including all equipment,
piping, and instrumentation.

All items are identified using a standard
numbering system.

It should be developed at the Basic Engineering
stage.

It is the basis for all Detail Engineering work in
plant design.
Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Synonyms

Process and instrument diagram (P&ID)

Piping and Instrument diagram (P&ID)

Mechanical flow diagram (MFD)

Engineering flow diagram (EFD)

Piping and wiring diagram (P&WD)

Pipe and identification diagram (P&ID)
Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Multidisciplinary

Technical contents of P&IDs

rely on multi-
disciplines:

Process

Mechanical

Piping

Control and Instrumentation

Plant Operation
P&ID

Classification

Process P&ID

Define on-plot process unit design, as well as off-plot tankage

and
shipping systems

Utility Plant P&ID

Define utility units such as cooling towers, air compressors, boilers,
unit drain collection systems, fire water systems, and water
treatment plants.

Utility Distribution P&ID

Show the distribution of utilities within a given process. Valving

and
instrumentation on piping are shown for main headers up to and
including branch root valves.

Interconnecting (Rack) P&ID

They are the connecting link between individual process, utility

plant,
and utility distribution P&IDs. They are usually prepared for the
offsite pipe racks and link the various process and utility plants.

Vendor P&ID

Prepared for systems that support major equipment packages.
Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Format

There are no universal format to be used in
developing P&IDs.

The P&ID formats vary with industry segments and
contractors.

In reality, every industrial company that develops or
uses P&IDs

has its unique formats/guidelines for
P&IDs.

The P&ID preparation should follow the formats from
individual clients.

The P&ID formats are similar for different companies
in the same industry.
Two Key Elements in P&IDs

Piping:

Physical elements that interconnect equipment and process flow.

In different sizes, normally expressed as nominal sizes

In different materials. The most common material is carbon steel.
Other metals, such as various grades of stainless steel, and
plastic materials, such as PVC, Teflon, are also used.

With thermal insulation, if required.

Instrumentation

Devices used to measure, control, and monitor the process
variables. These variables can be flowrate, temperature,
pressure, liquid level, viscosity, and others.

Control valves and relief valves are also an important part of the
instrumentation.
Relationship between PFD and P&ID

For a process, a PFD is a simple representation, while a P&ID
is a definitive and comprehensive representation.

A PFD shows major equipment and major process lines, while
a P&ID shows all equipment and all process lines.

A PFD shows major operating conditions (flow, temperature
and pressure), while a P&ID shows piping, valves and
instruments that monitor and control the process.

P&IDs

are more important in the design process, but PFDs

provide a basis for P&IDs

development.

PFDs

and P&IDs

use the same symbols and formats.
What should be included in a P&ID?

All equipment with names and identification numbers

Piping with flow direction and line numbers (pipe specifications

and line sizes are included in line numbers)

All valves

All instrumentation with controlling devices and signal inputs and
outputs

Interconnection references (from one P&ID to another P&ID)

Miscellaneous

vents, drains, special fittings, sample lines, and
reducers

Permanent start-up and flush lines

Interfaces for class changes

Vendor and contractor interfaces

Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others

Intended physical sequence of the equipment
What should not be included in a P&ID?

Manual switches

Equipment rating or capacity

Pressure, temperature and flow data

Supplier package piping which is internal to the
package and has no operational interface

Elbows, tees and similar standard pipe fittings

Extensive explanatory notes

Physical details and dimensions

Piping connections and type (e.g. threaded, flanged,
etc.)
Basic Steps for P&ID Preparation

Show all equipments with necessary piping to carry out
the process

Show all connecting process piping necessary to carry
out the process

Show all other piping required for auxiliaries

Show all required valves and major non-standard fittings

Show all required instruments and control loops

Mark size, fluid code, material code & identification
numbers of all pipe lines

Mark interlock numbers as per interlock description

Review P&ID considering all operational, startup
/shutdown, safety, maintenance & aesthetic aspects
Three Key Types of Symbols in P&IDs

Equipment symbols:

Process operation units for mass transfer, heat
transfer, momentum transfer and chemical reaction

Piping symbols:

Relevant to pipe, valves, and connections

Instrumentation symbols:

Sensing, monitoring and controlling
The symbology follows the ISA standard ANSI/ISA-

5.1-1984 (R1992).
Equipment Symbols in P&IDs

Pumps

Compressors

Fans & blowers

Mixers & agitators

Conveyors & feeders and other material handling

Separation equipment (liquid-liquid, liquid-gas, liquid-solid,
gas-solid, gas-gas)

Tanks & drums (storage)

Heat exchangers

Heating & cooling elements

Reactors

Turbines, generators and motors

Transportation equipment
Examples of Equipment Symbols
Piping Symbols in P&IDs

Process flow lines (often combined with signal
lines for instrumentation)

Valves

P&ID connectors

Reducers/Increasers

Caps

Connections

In-line items

Fire and safety

Miscellaneous labels
Examples of Piping Symbols
Instrumentation Symbols in P&IDs

General instrument or function symbols

Signals and lines

Sensors (four basic instrument groups)

Temperature (T)

Pressure (P)

Flowrate

(F)

Level (L)

Self-actuated devices

Pressure (regulators, relief/safety valves)

Temperature, flow, and level (regulators)

Valve actuators

Pneumatic & electric (solenoid, diaphragm, cylinder,
motor, etc.)

With & without positioners

Miscellaneous labels
Signal/Line Symbols

Some Sensor & Control Valve Symbols

A circle --

individual measurement
instruments such as transmitters,
sensors, and detectors for pressure,
temperature, flow, level

A square with a circle inside --

instruments that both display
measurement readings and perform
some control function (e.g. DCS
connection and control)

A hexagon --

computer functions.

A square with a diamond --

PLC
(Programmable Logic Control)
functions.
Instrument Location

Solid line: Control room panel

No line: Field

Double solid: Remote panel

Dash line: Behind panel in control room

Double dash line: Behind remote panel
Instrument Identification

Tag Number

Instrument symbols should contain
letters and numbers.

The letters indicate the instrument
type, and the numbers identify the
control loop.

Usually 2 or 3 letters are used.

The first letter identifies the
measured or initiating variable,

The second is a modifier,

The remaining letters identify the
function.

Normally a plant # should be
prefixed to the Tag#.

e.g. 265-PI217 (265 is a plant #)
a.

Pressure indicator, Loop 217,
located in the field.
b.

Pressure indicator, Loop 217, on
control panel, located in the
control room.
c.

Pressure indicator, Loop 217,
signal to DCS.
PI
217
PI
217
PI
217
a b c
Examples of Instrument #
Instrument Identification Letters
First Letter Succeeding Letters
Measured or Initiating
Variable
Modifier
Readout or Passi ve
Function
Output Function Modifier
A Analysis Alarm
B Burner, Combustion Users Choice Users Choice Users Choice
C Users Choice Control
D Users Choice Differential
E Voltage Sensory (Primary)
F Flow Rate Ratio
G Users Choice Glass, Viewing Device
H Hand High
I Current Indicate
J Power Scan
K Time Time Rate of Change Control Station
L Level Light Low
M Users Choice Momentary Middle
N Users Choice Users Choice Users Choice Users Choice
O Users Choice Orifice
P Pressure, Vacuum Test Point
Q Quantity Integrate, Totalize
R Radiation Record
S Speed, Frequency Safety Switch
T Temperature Transmit
U Multivariable Multifunction Multifunction Multifunction
V Vibration, mechanical analysis
W Weight, Force Well
X Unclassified x-axis Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified
Y Event, State or presence y-axis Relay, Compute, Convert
Z Position, Dimension z-axis Driver, Actuator
Some Combinations of Instrument Letters
PC Pressure controller TA Temperature alarm
PI Pressure indicator TI Temperature indicator
PT Pressure transmitter TR Temperature recorder
PR Pressure recorder TY Temperature I/P converter
PY Pressure converter TW Temperature well
PIC Pressure indicating controller TIC Temperature indicating controller
PRC Pressure recording controller TRC Temperature recording controller
PSV
Pressure safety valve/
Pressure relief valve
TCV Temperature control valve
PCV Pressure control valve
I/P: Current to Pneumatic.
Some Combinations of Instrument Letters
FA Flow alarm LA Level alarm
FE Flow element LAH Level alarm high
FI Flow indicator LAL Level alarm low
FR Flow recorder LC Level controller
FT Flow transmitter LG Level glass
FY Flow I/P converter LI Level indicator
FF Flow ratio LIC Level indicating controller
FCV Flow control valve LRC Level recording controller
FRC Flow recording controller LCV Level control valve
A Control Loop Example in P&ID

FT123: field-mounted flow transmitter

FIC123: panel-mounted flow indicating
controller located in a shared
control/display device

TY123: temperature I/P converter
located in an inaccessible location

TT123: filed-mounted temperature
transmitter

TIC123: field-mounted temperature
indicating controller. Its output is
connected via an internal software or
data link to the setpoint (SP) of
FIC123.

YIC123: an event indicating controller.
All inputs and outputs are wired to a
PLC accessible to the operator. YIC
typically indicates a controlled on/off
valve.
Rules of Thumb in P&ID Design

P&IDs

are typically developed from PFDs, so that understanding
the designed process is a key basis for P&ID design.

P&IDs

do not have a drawing scale and usually present only the
functional relationship, not the relative physical locations of
components.

P&IDs

are done in a single line

format that represents all piping
and ductwork as a single line regardless of size.

P&IDs

should be specific to one system only, i.e. no more than one
system should be shown on a single diagram.

P&IDs

should be configured such that major flow should generally
be from left to right and from top to bottom, if possible. Primary
flow paths should not suffer major changes in directions on P&IDs.

P&IDs

should start simple and then be enhanced in several
revisions to address the real process by various disciplines.

Following the style from the existing P&IDs for the same client.
Line Designation (Line Number) in P&IDs

Line # is required for piping in P&IDs

Position of the line #: normally above piping lines

Different formats of line # for different companies

A line # contains the following basic information:

Plant #

Commodity symbol

Line serial #

Piping/Line size

Piping/Line class (optional)

An example: 6N1-4-CA2B
Plant 6, Nitrogen line 1, 4

pipe, piping class

CA2B
Styles for Flow Direction in P&IDs
2.

Flow arrow at the end of each line 1.

Flow arrow at each turning point
3.

Flow arrow at the middle of each line
Valve Status for Bypass Lines

Its better to mark the valve status on the bypass
lines including safety relief lines:

NC

Normal Closed

NO

Normal Open

CSC

Car Seal Closed

CSO

Car Seal Open

LC

Lock Closed

LO

Lock Open

Relief valves need to indicate their set pressures

e.g. SET @125 PSIG
Accompanying Deliverables from P&IDs

Equipment List

Line List (Line Designation Table - LDT)

Valve List

Instrument List

Tie-In List
A Tie-in List shall be issued indicating the extent of the Vendor package battery limits
each time a P&ID issue is made starting with IFA. For plant modification, the tie-in
point is the point where from process or utility is connected in

the existing systems.

Holds List
A "Holds" list must be issued each time a P&ID issue is made starting with IFD. The
"Hold" indicates where the information used as input to the P&ID

is preliminary and
the item is used with risk in the downstream design.

Revision list
A Revision List defines the changes made in the design so that appropriate action
can be taken to accommodate those changes. A Revision List must accompany any
issue of P&IDs

after IFH if the changes are too extensive to be distinguished in the
revision box and by clouding.
(IFA -

Issued for Approval, IFD -

Issued for Design, IFH -

Issued for HAZOP)
As-Built

P&IDs

When there are modifications done in construction,
commissioning, qualification, or at any other time after the
facility has been validated and operating, the P&ID must be
modified to indicate the latest information.

Frequently these modifications arise from construction,
post-construction, and C&Q walk-downs prior to the
system turn-over from IQ, OQ and PQ.

All changes must be processed through the Quality
Management System (QMS).

All changes on a P&ID must be bubbled, signed and dated.

Often a new revision number should be assigned to a As-

Built

P&ID.
Software for Developing P&IDs

AutoPLANT

P&ID

AutoCAD-based (Bentley)

PlantSpace

P&ID

MicroStation-based (Bentley)

SmartPlant

P&ID

Able to convert AutoCAD or
MicroStation

based P&ID to SmartPlant

P&ID
(Intergraph)

CADWorx

P&ID

AutoCAD-based (CodeCAD

Inc.)

AutoCAD P&ID

AutoCAD-based (Autodesk)

CADPIPE P&ID

AutoCAD-based (AEC Design Group)

AutoFLOW

AutoCAD-based (PROCAD)

HexaCAD

P&ID

(Hexagon Software)
AutoCAD P&ID 2007

for Developing P&IDs
1.

Industry standard P&ID symbols
2.

Dynamic process and signal lines
3.

Dynamic components
4.

Report and list generation
5.

Import and export to MS Excel
6.

Tag generation and uniqueness
7.

Search and edit using a spreadsheet interface
8.

Easy symbol creation and substitution
9.

Review and approve data edits
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