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CONTENT8
* Synopsis
Questions
* Level - 1
* Level - 2
* Level - 3
Answers
* Level - 1
* Level - 2
* Level - 3
e- Learni ng Resources
w w w . m a t h i i t . i n
LI MI TS
UNT - 2
CONTINUITY
DIFFERENTIABILITY
SYNOPSIS
LMT8, CONTNUTY AND DFFERENTABLTY
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DEFINITIONS AND RESULTS
1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, xa when left hand limit = right hand limit
Limit
h 0
f(a - h) =
Limit
h 0
f(a + h) = some finite value M .
Note that we are not interested in knowing about what happens at x = a . Also note that if
L.H.L. &

R.H.L.

are both tending towards '

' then it is said to be infinite limit .
Remember , Limit
x a

x a
2. Fundamental Theorems On Limits :
Let Limit
x a
f

(x) = l & Limit
x a
g

(x) = m
If l and m exists then :
(i) Limit
x a
(f

(x) t g

(x)) = l

m
(ii) Limit
x a
(f(x)

.

g(x)) = l .

m
(iii)
Limit
x a

f x
g x
( )
( )
=
l
m
, provided m

0
(iv) Limit
x a
k

f(x) = k Limit
x a
f(x), where k is a constant .
(v) Limit
x a
f

(g(x)) = f

Limit g x
x a

_
,

( ) = f

(m) , provided f is continuous at g

(x) = m .
For example let us assume that g (x)

=

sgn (x)

&

f (x) = c . Then Limit
x 0
f(g(x)) = c even if

'g'
is discontinuous at x = 0 .
3. Standard Limits :
(a) Limit
x0

sinx
x
= Limit
x0
tanx
x
= Limit
x0
tan
1
x
x
=
Limit
x0
sin
1
x
x
= 1
(where x is measured in radians)
(b) Limit
x0
(1 + x)
1/x
= e =
Limit
x
1
1
+

_
,

x
x
note however that
Limit
h
n

0
(1- h)
n
= 0 & Limit
h
n

0
(1 + h)
n

(c) If Limit
x a
f(x) = 1 & Limit
x a
f (x) = , then,
Limit
x a

[ ] f x e
x
Limit
x f x
x a
( )
( )
( )[ ( ) ]

1
(d) If
Limit
x a
f(x) = A > 0 & Limit
x a
(x) = B (a finite quantity) then,

Limit
x a
[f(x)]
(x)
= e
z
where z = Limit
x a
(x).ln[f(x)] = e
BlnA
= A
B
(e) Limit
x0
a
x
x
1
= ln a (a > 0). In particular
Limit
x0
e
x
x
1
= 1
LlMlT5
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(f) Limit
x a
x a
x a
na
n n
n

1
.
General Note :
All the above standard limits can be generalized if
'

x

' is replaced by f (x) .
e.g. Limit
x a
sin ( )
( )
f x
f x
= 1 provided Limit
x a
f

(x) = 0



&

so on .
4. Indeterminant Forms :

1 and , , 0 , 0 , ,
0
0
0 0
.
Note:
(i) Note here that '

0

' doesn't means exact zero but represent a value approaching towards zero
similarly for '

1

' and infinity .
(ii) + =
(iii) =

(iv) (a/ ) = 0 if a is finite

(v)
a
0
is not defined for any a R.
(vi) a

b = 0 , if and only if a = 0 or b = 0 and a & b are finite .
5. To evaluate a limit, we must always put the value where '

x

' is approaching to in the function. If we
get a determinate form, than that value becomes the limit otherwise if an indeterminant form comes,
then apply one of the following methods :
(a) Factorisation
(b) Rationalisation or double rationalisation
(c) Substitution
(d) Using standard limits
(e) Expansion of functions.
The following expansions must be remembered :
(i) 0 a .. ..........
! 3
a n x
! 2
a n x
! 1
a n x
1 a
3 3 2 2
x
> + + + +
l l l
(ii)
e
x x x
x
+ + + + 1
1 2! 3
2 3
! !
............
(iii) ln (1+x) = x
x x x
for x + + <
2 3 4
2 3 4
1 1 .........
(iv)
sin
!
....... x x
x x x
+ +
3 5 7
3 5! 7!
(v)
cos
! !
...... x
x x x
+ + 1
2! 4 6
2 4 6
(vi) tan x = x
x x
+ + +
3 5
3
2
15
........
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(vii) tan
-1
x = x
x x x
+ +
3 5 7
3 5 7
.......
(viii) sin
-1
x = x x x x + + + +
1
3
1 3
5!
1 3 5
7!
2
3
2 2
5
2 2 2
7
!
. . .
.......
(ix) sec
-1
x = 1
2!
5
4
61
6
2 4 6
+ + + +
x x x
! !
......
1. A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c, if Limit
x c
f(x) = f(c) . Symbolically 'f' is
continuous at

x = c if Limit
h0
f(c - h) =
Limit
h0
f(c + h) = f(c).
i.e. LHL at x = c = RHL at x = c equals value of f at x = c.
2. A function 'f' can be discontinuous due to any of the following three reasons :
(i) Limit
x c
f(x) does not exist i.e. Limit
x c

f(x)
Limit
x c
+
f (x)
(ii) f(x) is not defined at x = c
(iii) Limit
x c
f(x) f (c)
Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x = c .
3. (a) In case Limit
x c
f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c) then the function is said to have a removable
discontinuity or discontinuity of the first kind . In this case we can redefine the function such that
Limit
x c
f(x) = f(c) & make it continuous at x = c .
Removable type of Discontinuity can be further classified as :
(i) Missing Point Discontinuity : Where Limit
x a
f(x) exists finitely but f(a) is not defined .
e.g. f(x) =
( )
( )
( )
1 9
1
2

x x
x
has

a

missing

point

discontinuity at x = 1 .
(ii) Isolated Point Discontinuity : Where Limit
x a
f(x) exists & f(a) also exists but,

Limit
x a
f(x) f(a) . e.g. f(x) =
x
x
2
16
4

, x 4 & f (4) = 9 has a break at x = 4 .

(b) In case Limit
x c
f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make the function continuous by
redefining it. However if both the limits (i.e.L.H. L. & R.H.L.) are finite, then discontinuity is said
to be of first kind otherwise it is non-removable discontinuity of second kind .
CONTlNUlTY
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Irremovable type of Discontinuity can be further classified as :
(i) Finite discontinuity: e.g. f(x) = x - [x] at all integral x.
(ii) Infinite discontinuity: e.g. f(x) =
1
4 x
or g(x) =
1
4
2
( ) x
at x = 4.
(iii) Oscillatory discontinuity: e.g. f(x) = sin
1
x
at x = 0.
In all these cases the value of

f

(a)

of the function at x = a (point of discontinuity) may or may not
exist but Limit
x a
does not exist .
4. In case of non-removable discontinuity of the first kind the non-negative difference between

the
value of the RHL at x = c & LHL at x = c is called "The jump of Discontinuity". A function
having a finite number of jumps in a given interval I is called a "Piece wise Continuous" or
"Sectionally Continuous" function in this interval .
5. All polynomials, trigonometrical functions, exponential & logarithmic functions are continuous in
their domains .
6. If f & g are two functions that are continuous at
x = c then the functions defined by :
F
1
(x) = f(x) g(x) ; F
2
(x) = Kf(x) , K any real number ; F
3
(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous
at

x = c. Further, if g (c) is not zero, then F
4
(x) =
f x
g x
( )
( )
is also continuous at

x = c .
Note Carefully:
(a) If f(x) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at
x = a then the product function (x) = f(x)

.

g(x)
may be continuous but sum or difference function

(x) = f(x)

+ g(x) will necessarily be discontinuous
at

x = a . e.g.
f (x) = x & g(x) =
sin

x
x
x

0
0 0
(b) If f (x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x)

.
g(x) is not necessarily be discontinuous at x = a .
e.g. f(x) = -

g(x) =
1 0
1 0
x
x

<

(c) Point functions are to be treated as discontinuous. eg . f(x) = 1 1 + x x is not continuous

at x = 1.
(d)If f is continuous at x = c & g is continuous at x = f(c) then the composite g[f(x)]

is
continuous at x = c . eg . f(x) =
x x
x
sin
2
2 +
& g(x) = | x | are continuous at

x = 0 , hence the
composite (gof)(x) =
x x
x
sin
2
2 +
will also be continuous

at

x = 0.
7. Continuity in an interval :
(a) A

function

f

is said to be continuous in (a, b) if f is continuous at each & every point
(a, b)
(b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval [

a, b

] if :
(i) f is continuous in the open interval (a, b) &
(ii) f is right continuous at a i.e. Limit
x a
+
f(x) = f(a) = a finite quantity .
(iii) f is left continuous at b i.e. Limit
x b

f(x) = f(b) = a finite quantity .
Note that a function f which is continuous in
[ ]
a b , possesses the following properties :
(i) If f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation
f(x) = 0 in the open interval (a

, b) .
(ii) If "k" is any real number between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one solution
of the equation f(x) = k in the open inetrval (a, b) .
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DEFINITIONS & RESULTS
1. Differentiability of a function at a point
H The right hand derivative of f

(x) at x = a denoted by
f
+
(a) is defined by :
f
+
(a) =
Limit
h
+
0
f a h f a
h
( ) ( ) +
,
provided the limit exists & is finite .
H The left hand derivative of f(x) at x = a denoted by
f
_(a) is defined by :
f
_(a) =
Limit
h
+
0
f a h f a
h
( ) ( )

, Provided the limit exists & is finite .

We also write f
+
(a) = f (a
+
) & f _(a) = f (a
-
) .
A function f(x) is said to be differentiable(finitely) at x = a if
f
+
(a) =
f _(a) = finite
By definition : f (a) =
Limit
h0

f a h f a
h
( ) ( ) +
2. Relation between Derivability & Continuity :
H If f (a) exists then f(x) is derivable at x = a
f(x) is continuous at x = a .
H If f(x) is derivable for every point of its domain of definition, then it is continuous in that
domain .
The Converse of the above result is not true :
IF f IS CONTINUOUS AT x , THEN f IS DERIVABLE AT x IS NOT TRUE.
e.g. the functions f(x) =

| x - 2 | continuous at
x = 2 but not derivable at x = 2 .
H If a function f is not differentiable but is continuous at x = a it geometrically implies a sharp
corner at x = a .
3. DERIVABILITY OVER AN INTERVAL :
H f (x) is said to be derivable over an interval if it is derivable at each & every point of the
interval

f(x) is said to be derivable over the closed interval [a, b] if :
(i) for the points a and b,
f (a
+
) & f (b
-
) exist and
(ii) for any point c such that a < c < b, f (c
+
) &
f (c
-
) exist & are equal .
NOTE :
1. If

a

function f

(x) is continuous at x = a

,

the graph of

f

(x) at the corresponding point
{a

, f

(a)} will not be broken. But if

f

(x) is discontinuous at x = a

, the graph will be broken at
the corresponding point .
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DlFFEkENTlABlLlTY
(when continuous at x = a)
(when discontinuous at x = a)
2. If

a

function f

(x) is differentiable at x = a

, the graph of

f

(x) will be such that there is a unique
tangent to the graph at the corresponding point. But

if f

(x) is non-differentiable at x = a

,

there
will not be unique tangent at the corresponding point of the graph .
(when differentiable at x = a)
(when non differentiable at x = a)
3. If f(x) & g(x) are derivable at x = a then the functions f(x)

+ g(x) , f(x) . g(x) will also be
derivable at x = a & if g

(a)

0 then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be derivable at x = a .

4. If f(x) is not differentiable at x = a & g(x) is differentiable at x = a

, then the product function
F(x) = f(x)

.

g(x) can still be differentiable at
x = a
e.g. f(x) = | x |

and g(x) =

x
2
.
5. If f(x) & g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a then the product function F(x) = f(x)

.g(x).
can still be differentiable at x = a. e.g. f(x) = | x | & g(x) = | x |.
6. If f(x) & g(x) both are non-derivable at x = a then the sum function F(x) = f(x)

+ g(x) may be a
differentiable function .
e.g. f(x) = | x | & g(x) = -| x |

.
>
>
x
O
y
a
Figure 1
Figure 2
>
>
x
O
y
a
>
>
x
O
y
a
Figure 3
>
>
x
O
y
a
Figure 4
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1.
) x sin x (cos x
4
x sin x cos
lim
4
x
+
,
_

is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) none of these
2.
3 log
3
1 x
x
) x 3 (log lim

is
(a) 1 (b) e (c) e
2
(d) none of these
3.
x cot
0 x
) x (cos lim

is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) e (d) does not exist
4.
x tan x
1 5 2 10
lim
x x x
0 x
+

is
(a) ln 2 (b)
5 n l
2 n l
(c) (ln 2) (ln 5) (d) ln 10
5.
1 x 2
x
2 x
1 x
lim
+


,
_

+
+
is
(a) e (b) e
-2
(c) e
-1
(d) 1
6.
x sin
) x (cos ) x (cos
lim
2
3 / 1 2 / 1
0 x

is
(a)
6
1
(b)
12
1

(c)
3
2
(d)
3
1
7.
x / 1
x x x
0 x
3
c b a
lim

,
_

+ +

is
(a) abc (b) abc (c) (abc)
1/3
(d) none of these
8.
x cot x cot 2
x cot 1
lim
3
3
4
x

is
(a)
4
11
(b)
4
3
(c)
2
1
(d) none of these
9.
2 2 a 2 x
a 4 x
a 2 x a 2 x
lim

is
(a)
a
1
(b)
a 2
1
(c)
2
a
(d) none of these
w w w. m a t h i i t . i n LEVEL - 1 {Objective}
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10. If

'

0 ] x [ , 0
0 ] x [ ,
] x [
]) x [ 1 ( sin
) x ( f , then
) x ( f lim
0 x

is
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) none of these
11. If
) 1 x ( log
) 1 e ( sin
) x ( f
2 x

, then ) x ( f lim
2 x
is
(a) -2 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) 1
12.
2
0 x
x
) x 1 ( log x cos x
lim
+

is
(a)
2
1
(b) 0 (c) 1 (d) none of these
13.

,
_

2
x
tan ) x 1 ( lim
1 x
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c)
2

(d)

2
14.
1 x
x cos
lim
1
1 x
+



is given by
(a)

1
(b)
2
1
(c) 1 (d) 0
15.
x sin
| x |
lim
x
+

is
(a) -1 (b) 1 (c) (d) none of these
16. If
), N b , a ( , e ) ax 1 ( lim
2 x / b
0 x
+

then
(a) a = 4, b = 2 (b) a = 8, b = 4 (c) a = 16, b = 8 (d) none of these
17.
x ec cos
0 x
x sin 1
x tan 1
lim

'

+
+

is
(a) e (b) e
-1
(c) 1 (d) none of these
18.
x / 1
0 x
) bx sin a x (cos lim +

is
(a) 1 (a) ab (c) e
ab
(d) e
b/a
19. If
1 x
) 1 ( f ) x ( f
lim then x 25 ) x ( f
1 x
2

is
(a)
24
1
(b)
5
1
(c)
24
(d)
24
1
20. Value of x sin
x
6
x
x x sin
lim
6
3
0 x

,
_

is
(a) 0 (b)
12
1
(c)
30
1
(d)
120
1
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21. Value of
3
0 x
x
) x 1 log( x cos x sin 1
lim
+ +

is
(a) -1/2 (b) 1/2 (c) 0 (d) none of these
22. Value of
x cos x sin x
x cos 1
lim
3
0 x

is
(a)
5
2
(b)
5
3
(c)
2
3
(d) none of these
23. If
3 x
) 3 ( f ) x ( f
lim then ,
x 18
1
) x ( f
3 x 2

is
(a) 0 (b)
9
1

(c)
3
1

(d) none of these

24.

,
_

| x | 1
x
x
1
sin x
lim
2
x
is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) none of these
25. If

'

otherwise , 2
Z n , n x , x sin
) x ( f and

'

2 x , 5
0 x , 4
2 , 0 x , 1 x
) x ( g
2
then )) x ( f ( g lim
0 x
is
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) -5
26.
] x [cos 1
] x [cos sin
lim
0 x
+

is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) does not exist (d) none of these
27.
) e e ( log
) a x ( log
lim
a x
a x

is
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) none of these
28.
) 1 x ( sin
2 x x
lim
2 3
1 x

is
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) none of these
29. If

'

0 x ,
2
1
0 x ,
x sin x
x cos 1
) x ( f is continuous at x = 0, then

is
(a) 0 (b)
1 t
(c) 1 (d) none of these
30. If

'

2 x ,
2 x ], x [ ] x [
) x ( f , then 'f' is continuous at x = 2 provided is
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
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31. If ) 0 x ( ,
2 ) 32 x 5 (
) x 7 256 ( 2
) x ( f
5 / 1
8 / 1

+

then for 'f' to be continuous everywhere f(0) is equal to
(a) -1 (b) 1 (c) 16 (d) none of these
32. The function

'

<

<
<

x 2 ,
x
b 4 b 2
2 x 1 , a
1 x 0 ,
a
x
) x ( f
2
2
2
is continuous for < x 0 , then the most suitable values of a and b
are
(a) a = 1, b = -1 (b) a = -1, 2 1 b + (c) a = -1, b = 1 (d) none of these
33. The function
( )

'

+

0 x , a
0 x ,
) 1 e ( x tan
) x 3 1 ( log x sin
) x ( f
3
x 5
2
1
3
is continuous at x = 0 if
(a) a = 0 (b) a = 3/5 (c) a = 2 (d)
3
5
a
34. If f(x) = (x + 1)
cot x
is continuous at x = 0, then f(0) is
(a) 0 (b)
e
1
(c) e (d) none of these
35. The function

'

0 x , 0
0 x ,
1 e
1 e
) x ( f
x / 1
x / 1
is
(a) continuous at x = 0 (b) discontinuous at x = 0
(c) discontinuous at x = 0 but can be made continuous at x = 0 (c) none of these
36. If the derivative of the function

'

+ +
< +

1 x , 4 ax bx
1 x , b ax
) x ( f
2
2
is everywhere continuous, then
(a) a = 2, b = 3 (b) a = 3, b = 2 (c) a = -2, b = -3 (d) a = -3, b = -2
37. If , x eger int greatest the ] x [ and 2 x 1 , x ] x [
2
cos ) x ( f
3
< <
,
_

then

,
_

3
2
f is equal to
(a) 0 (b)
3 / 2
2
3
,
_

(c)
3 / 2
2
3
,
_

(d)
3 / 2
2

,
_

38. Let

'

<

0 x } 1 x , x 2 { max
0 x } x , x { min
) x ( f
2
2
. Then
(a) f(x) is continuous at x = 0
(b) f(x) is differentiable at x = 1
(c) f(x) is not differentiable at exactly three points
(d) f(x) is every where continuous
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39. Let

'

+
> +

4 x , 8 x 2
4 x , dy |) 2 y | 3 (
) x ( f
x
0
then
(a) f(x) is continuous as well as differentiable everywhere.
(b) f(x) is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x = 4
(c) f(x) is neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 4. (d) 2 ) 4 ( f L
40. If f(x) = cos(x
2
- 2[x]) for 0 < x < 1, where [x] denotes the greatest integer x , then

,
_

2
f is equal to
(a)

(b)

(c)
2

(d) none of these

41. The following functions are continuous on ) , 0 (
(a) tan x (b)

x
0
dt
t
1
sin t
(c)

'

< <

<
x
4
3
,
9
x 2
sin 2
4
3
x 0 , 1
(d)

'

< <

<
x
2
), x sin(
2
2
x 0 , x sin x
42. Let f(x) = 1 - |cos x| for all R x . Then
(a)
,
_

2
f does not exist (b) f(x) is continuous everywhere
(c) f(x) is not differentiable anywhere (d) 1 ) x ( f Lt
2
x

43. Let
1 | x | , x 1 2 ) x ( f
2
+

1 | x | , e 2
2
) x 1 (
>

The points where f(x) is not differentiable are
(a) 0 only (b) -1, 1 only (c) 1 only (d) -1 only
44. If
n 2
n
) x (sin Lim ) x ( f

, then f is
(a) continuous at
2
x

(b) discontinuous at
2
x

(c) discontinuous at
2
x


(d) discontinuous at an infinite number of points
45. If

'

+
<

2 x 0 if , 1 x 2
0 x 3 if ], x [
) x ( f and g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)|, then
(a) 2 ) x ( g Lim
0 x

+
(b) 0 ) x ( g Lim
0 x

(c) g(x) is discontinuous at three points (d) g(x) is continuous at x = 0
46. Which of the following is true about
n 2
n 2
n
x 1
x sin x ) x 2 ln(
Lim ) x ( f
+
+

(a)
3 ln ) x ( f Lim
1 x

(b)
0 ) x ( f Lim
1 x

(c) f(1) = ln 3 - sin 1 (d) f(x) has removable discontinuity at x = 1

Mathiit e- Learni ng Res ources [email protected] www.mathiit.in
1. Let
2
) y ( f ) x ( f
2
y x
f
+

,
_

+
for all real x and y. If ) 0 ( f exists and equals to -1 and f(0) = 1, then f(2) is equal
to...
2. If 0 ) 0 ( f and
n
1
nf lim ) 0 ( f and R ] 1 , 1 [ : f
n

,
_

. Then the value of n
n
1
cos ) 1 n (
2
lim
1
n

,
_

is ........
Given that
2 n
1
cos lim 0
1
n

<
,
_

<


.
3. (a) If

,
_

+
+

b ax
1 x
1 x
Lt
2
x
, find a and b.
(b) If 0 b ax
1 x
1 x
Lim
2
x

,
_

+
+

, find a and b
4. Let f (x) be defined in the interval [-2, 2] such that

'

2 x 0 , 1 x
0 x 2 , 1
) x ( f
g (x) = f (|x|) + | f (x) |. Test the differentiability of g (x) in (-2, 2).
5. If 1 ) 0 ( f and R y , x
3
) y ( f 2 ) x ( f
3
y 2 x
f
+

,
_

+
. Prove that f(x) is continuous for all R x
6: Find the values of constants a, b and c so that
x sin x
cxe ) x 1 log( b axe
lim
2
x x
0 x

+ +
= 2.
7:
0 x ,
4 ] ) x ( 16 [
x
0 x , a
0 x ,
x
x 4 cos 1
) x ( f
2
>
+

<

If possible find the value of a so that the function may be continuous at x = 0.

8. Determine the constants a, b and c for which the function

'

>
+
+

< +

0 x ,
1 ) 1 x (
1 ) c x (
0 x , b
0 x , ) ax 1 (
) x ( f
2 / 1
3 / 1
x / 1
is continuous at x = 0.
w w w. m a t h i i t . i n LEVEL - 2 {8ubjective}
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9. Let

'

,
_

+
0 x , 0
0 x , xe
) x ( f
x
1
| x |
1
Test whether
(a) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 (b) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0.
10. If

,
_

+
+
xy 1
y x
f ) y ( f ) x ( f for all x, ) 1 xy ( , R y and 2
x
) x ( f
lim
0 x

. Find
,
_

3
1
f and ) 1 ( f .
11. (a) If f(2) = 4 and f (2) = 1, then find
2 x
) x ( f 2 ) 2 ( xf
lim
2 x

(b) f(x) is differentiable function given

f (1) = 4, f (2) = 6, where f (c) means the derivative of function at x = c then
) 1 ( f ) h h 1 ( f
) 2 ( f ) h h 2 2 ( f
2
2
lim
0 h
+
+ +
.
12.

'

< <

< <
,
_

2
1
x 0 ,
x
1 e
0 x , 2 / 1
0 x
2
1
,
2
c x
sin b
) x ( f
x 2 / a
1
If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and |c| <
2
1
then find the value of 'a' and prove that 64b
2
= (4 - c
2
).
13 Find for what values of a and b , f(x) defined by

'

> +

+
+

0 x ,
x
b
x
x cot a
0 x ,
x 3
x 2 1
) x ( f
2
2
2
is continuous at x = 0
14 Let [x] stands for the greatest integer not exceeding x and f(x) = sin (x
2
+ [x]). Examine f(x) for differentiability
at x = 1 and at 1 x . Find the derivatives at these points if they exist.
15

'

<

'

< +

0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
2 1
3 1
2
3
x , ) x (
x , ) x (
) x ( g ;
x , x
x , x
) x ( f Let Discuss the continuity of g(f(x)).
16 Evaluate

'

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

n
n
2
x
cos ......
8
x
cos
4
x
cos
2
x
cos lim
17. Evaluate
} x /{ 1
} x /{ 1
0 x
e
}) x { 1 (
lim

,
_

, if it exists where } {x represents the fractional part of x.

18 Let ' f ' be a function such that
+
R y , x ), y ( f ). x ( f ) xy ( f and )), x ( g 1 ( x 1 ) x 1 ( f + + + where 0 ) x ( g lim
0 x

.
Then find the value of x.
19 Let

'

+
< +

'

< +

, 0 x if b ) 1 x (
0 x if 1 x
) x ( g and
, 0 x if 1 x
0 x if a x
) x ( f
2
where a and b are nonegative real numbers. Determine the composite function g of. if (gof) (x) is continuous for
all real x, determine the values of a and b. Further, for these values of a and b, is g of differentiable at x = 0?
Justify your answer.
20 A function 'f' is defined as f

(x) =
1 1
2
1
2
2
| |
| |
| |
x
if x
a x bx c if x

+ + <

. If 'f' is differentiable at
x =
1
2
and x = -
1
2
, then find the values of a, b & c if possible .
21 Find a function continuous and derivable for all x and satisfying the functional relation,
f (x + y) . f (x - y) = f
2
(x) , where x & y are independent variables & f (0) 0 .
22 Evaluate , Limit
n
1
]
1

+ + + +
1 n n 2 3 2
2
x
sec .
2
x
tan ......
2
x
sec .
2
x
tan
2
x
sec .
2
x
tan x sec .
2
x
tan
where x

,
_

2
, 0
23 Evaluate without using series expansion or L ' Hospital's rule

,
x
Limit x - x
2
l

n
,
_

+
x
1
1
24 Evaluate:
0 h
Limit
h
x ) h x (
x h x
+
+
, (x > 0)
25 If f

(x) =
4
x
5 x sin x B x cos A +
(x 0) is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of A and B . Also find f

(0)
. Use of series expansion or L ` Hospital's rule is prohibited.
Mathiit e- Learni ng Res ources [email protected] www.mathiit.in
1. Let and be the distinct roots of ax
2
+ bx + c = 0, then
2
2
x
) x (
) c bx ax ( cos 1
lim

+ +

is equal to
(a)
2
2
) (
2
a

(b)
2
) (
2
1

(c)
2
2
) (
2
a
(d) 0
2. If , 0 x ,
x
1
sin x ) x ( f
,
_

then

) x ( f lim
0 x
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) does not exist
3.

+

2
0 x
x
) x 1 log( x cos x
lim
(a)
2
1
(b) 0 (c) 1 (d) none of these
4.

1 x cot
1 x cos 2
lim
4
x
(a)
2
1
(b)
2
1
(c)
2 2
1
(d) 1
5.

+

1 x 1
1 a
lim
x
0 x
(a) 2 log
e
a (b)
2
1
log
e
a (c) a log
e
2 (d) none of these
6.

2
x
0 x
x
x cos e
lim
2
(a)
2
3
(b)
2
1
(c)
3
2
(d) none of these
7.

'

+
<
+

1 x 0 ,
2 x
1 x 2
0 x 1 ,
x
px 1 px 1
) x ( f
is continuous on [-1, 1], then 'p' is
(a) -1 (b)
2
1

(c)
2
1
(d) 1
w w w. m a t h i i t . i n
LEVEL - 3
{Ouestions asked from previous Engineering Exams}
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8.

x 3 sin x
x 5 sin ) x 2 cos 1 (
lim
2
0 x
(a)
3
10
(b)
10
3
(c)
5
6
(d)
6
5
9.

'

2 x , k
2 x ,
2 x
32 x
) x ( f
5
is continuous at x = 2, then k =
(a) 16 (b) 80 (c) 32 (d) 8
10. If a, b, c, d are positive, then

,
_

+
+
+

dx c
x
bx a
1
1 lim
(a) e
d/b
(b) e
c/a
(c) e
(c+d)/(a+b)
(d) e
11.

x x tan
e e
lim
x x tan
0 x
(a) 1 (b) e (c) e - 1 (d) 0
12. The value of k which makes

'

,
_

0 x , k
0 x ,
x
1
sin
) x ( f continuous at x = 0 is
(a) 8 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) none of these
13. The value of f(0) so that the function
x tan x 2
x sin x 2
) x ( f
1
1

is continuous at each point on its domain is

(a) 2 (b)
3
1
(c)
3
2
(d)
3
1

14. If the function

'

+ +

2 x for x
2 x for
2 x
A x ) 2 A ( x
) x ( f
2
is continuous at x = 2, then
(a) A = 0 (b) A = 1 (c) A = -1 (d) none of these
15. Let
x
x sin 1 x sin 1
) x ( f
+
. The value which should be assigned to 'f' at x = 0 so that it is continuous
everywhere is
(a)
2
1
(b) -2 (c) 2 (d) 1
16. The number of points at which the function
| x | log
1
) x ( f is discontinuous is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
17. The value of 'b' for which the function

'

< < +
<

2 x 1 , bx 3 x 4
1 x 0 , 4 x 5
) x ( f
2
is continuous at every point of its domain is
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d)
3
13
Mathiit e- Learni ng Res ources [email protected] www.mathiit.in
18. The value of f(0) so that

,
_

,
_

3
x
1 log
4
x
sin
) 1 4 (
) x ( f
2
3 x
is continuous everywhere is
(a) 3(ln 4)
3
(b) 4 (ln 4)
3
(c) 12 (ln 4)
3
(d) 15 (ln 4)
3
19. Let

'

< +

3 x 2 , x 2
2 x 0 , 4 x 3
) x ( f . If 'f' is continuous at x = 2, then is
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) -2 (d) 2
20. If the function

'

0 x , k
0 x , ) x (cos
) x ( f
x / 1
is continuous at x = 0, then value of 'k' is
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) e
21. If , 500
5 x
5 x
lim
k k
k x

then positive value of 'k' is

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
22.

,
_

x sin 2 1
x tan 1
lim
4
x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -2 (d) 2
23.
x
) bx 1 ( log ) ax 1 ( log
) x ( f
+
is not defined at x = 0. The value which should be assigned to 'f' at x = 0 so that
it is continuous at x = 0 is
(a) a - b (b) a + b (c) log a + log b (d)
2
b a +
24. The values of A and B such that the function

'

< <

2
x , x cos
2
x
2
, B x sin A
2
x , x sin 2
) x ( f is continuous everywhere, are
(a) A = 0, B = 1 (b) A = 1, B = 1 (c) A = -1, B = 1 (d) A = -1, B = 0
25.

x cos x cot
a a
Lt
x cos x cot
2 / x
(a) ln a (b) ln 2 (c) a (d) ln x
26.

2
0 x
x
1 ) x cos(sin
Lim
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c)
2
1
(d)
2
1

27.

,
_

+ +
+ +

x
2
2
x
2 x x
3 x 5 x
lim
(a) e
4
(b) e
2
(c) e
3
(d) e
Mathiit e- Learni ng Res ources [email protected] www.mathiit.in
28. If
, k
x
) x 3 ( log ) x 3 ( log
lim
0 x

then k is
(a)
3
1

(b)
3
2
(c)
3
2

(d) 0
29. If
, e
x
b
x
a
1 lim
2
x 2
2
x

,
_

+ +

then the values of 'a' and 'b' are
(a) R b , R a (b) R b , 1 a
(c) 2 b , R a (d) a = 1 and b = 2
30. If
x cos x
x sin x
) x ( f
2
+

, then ) x ( f lim
x
is
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) none of these
31.

+

1 ) x 1 (
1 2
lim
2 / 1
x
0 x
(a) log 2 (b) 2 log 2
(c)
2 log
2
1
(d) 0
32.

3
0 x
x
x sin x tan
lim
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c)
2
1
(d) -1
33. The function

'

<

< +

x
2
, x sin b x 2 cos a
2
x
4
, b x cot x 2
4
x 0 , x sin 2 a x
) x ( f is continuous for , x 0 then a, b are
(a)
12
,
6

(b)
6
,
3

(c)
12
,
6

(d) none of these
34.

'

>
+

<

0 x ,
4 x 16
x
0 x , a
0 x ,
x
x 4 cos 1
) x ( f
2
. If the function be continuous at x = 0, then a =
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10
35. The function ,
2
1 x 2
cos ] x [ ) x ( f
,
_

where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is discontinuous at
(a) all x (b) all integral points (c) no x (d) x which is not an integer
36.

x
) x 2 cos 1 (
2
1
lim
0 x
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) none of these
37.

2
2
0 x
x
) x cos ( sin
lim
(a) (b)
(c)
2

(d) 1
38. The left-hand derivative of f(x) = [x] sin ) x ( at x = k, k an integer, is
(a) ) 1 k ( ) 1 (
k
(b)

) 1 k ( ) 1 (
1 k
(c) k ) 1 (
k
(d)

k ) 1 (
1 k
39. The integer 'n' for which
n
x
0 x
x
) e x )(cos 1 x (cos
lim

is a finite non-zero number is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
40. If 0
x
nx sin ) x tan nx ) n a ((
lim
2
0 x

, where 'n' is non-zero real number, then 'a' is equal to

(a) 0 (b)
n
1 n +
(c) n (d)
n
1
n +
41. The function f(x) = sin (log
e
|x|),
0 x
, and 1 if x = 0
(a) is continuous at x = 0 (b) has removable discontinuity at x = 0
(c) has jump discontinuity at x = 0 (d) has oscillating discontinuity at x = 0
42. Let [x] stands for the greatest integer function and f(x) = 0 x
2
1
, x ] x 2 [ x 4
2
< + and
= ax
2
- bx,
2
1
x 0 < . Then
(a) f(x) is continuous in

,
_

2
1
,
2
1
iff a = 4 and b = 0
(b) f(x) is continuous and differentiable in
,
_

2
1
,
2
1
iff a = 4,b = 1
(c) f(x) is continuous and differentiable in

,
_

2
1
,
2
1
for all a, provided b = 1
(d) for no choice of a and b, f(x) is differentiable in

,
_

2
1
,
2
1
Mathiit e- Learni ng Res ources [email protected] www.mathiit.in
43. Let
( )

'

1
]
1

,
_

0 x when , 0
2
1
,
2
1
x and 0 x when ,
x
1
sin x 2 sin
) x ( f
2
1
. Then f(x) is
(a) discontinuous at x = 0 (b) continuous in
1
]
1

2
1
,
2
1
but differentiable in
,
_

2
1
,
2
1
(c) continuous in
1
]
1

2
1
,
2
1
but not differentiable at x = 0 (d) differentiable only in
,
_

2
1
, 0
44. The set of points where f(x) =
| x | 9
| x |
+
is differentiable is
(a) ) 0 , ( (b) ) , 0 ( (c) ) , 0 ( ) 0 , ( (d) ) , (
45. At the point x = 1, the function f(x) = x
3
- 1, 1 < x <

= x - 1, -

< x < 1, is
(a) continuous and differentiable (b) continuous and not differentiable
(c) discontinuous and differentiable (d) discontinuous and not differentiable
46. Consider f(x) =
( )
( )
1
1
]
1

+
x sin x sin x sin x sin 2
x sin x sin x sin x sin 2
3 3
3 3
, x
2

for x(0, ), f( /2) = 3

where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function then,
(a) f is continuous & differentiable at x =
2

(b) f is continuous but not differentiable at x =

2

(c) f is neither continuous nor differentiable at x =

2

(d) none of these

47. Let f & g be two functions defined as follows ; f(x) =
2
x x +
for all x &

<

0 x for x
0 x for x
) x ( g
2
then
(a) (gof)(x) & (fog)(x) are both cont. for all xR (b) (gof)(x) & (fog)(x) are unequal functions
(c) (gof)(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 (d) (fog)(x) is not differentiable at

x = 0
48. Let f(x) = cos x,

'

>

x , 1 x sin
] , 0 [ x }, x t 0 : ) t ( f { imum min
) x ( g , then
(a) g(x) is discontinuous at x (b) g(x) is continuous for ) , 0 [ x
(c) g(x) is differentiable at x (d) g(x) is differentiable for ) , 0 [ x
49. If
] x [
1 x
) x ( f
2
+
, ([.] denotes the greatest integer function), 4 x 1 < , then
(a) Range of f is
} 5 { ~
3
17
, 2

,
_

(b) f is discontinuous at exactly two points

(c) f is not differentiable at x = 3 (d) none of these
Mathiit e- Learni ng Res ources [email protected] www.mathiit.in
AN8WER KEY
1. b
2. b
3. b
4. c
5. b
6. b
7. c
8. b
9. b
10. b
11. d
12. a
13. d
14. b
15. d
16. d
17. c
18. c
19. d
20. d
21. a
22. c
23. d
24. a
25. a
26. b
27. a
28. b
29. b
30. a
31. d
32. c
33. b
34. c
35. b
36. a
37. a
38. a,c,d
39. b,d
40. c
41. b,c
42. a,b,d
43. b
44. b,c,d
45. a,d
46. a
LEVEL - 1 {Objective)
Mathiit e- Learni ng Res ources [email protected] www.mathiit.in
AN8WER KEY
1. f(2) = -1
2. 0
3. (a)
1 a
and b can have any value
(b) a = 1, b = -1
4. Not differentiable at x = 0 and 1
5.
6. a = 3, b = 12, c = 9
7. a = 8
8.
1 c ,
3
2
b ,
3
2
log a

,
_

,
_

9. (a) Continuous (b) Not differentiable

10.
1 ) 1 ( f and
3 3
1
f

,
_

11. (a) 2 (b) 3

12. a = 1
13. a = -1 and b = 1
14.
15. Discontinuous at x = -1, 0, 1
16. sinx / x
17. Limit does not exist
18.
) x ( f
) x ( f
x

19. a = 1, b = 0 g(f(x)) is differentiable

20. a = -4, b = 0, c = 3
21.
) 0 ( f
) 0 ( f
k where e ) x ( f
e kx


+
22. tan x
23. 1/2
24.

,
_

+
x
1
x 2
x ln
x
x
25 A = 5, B =
2
5
and f(0) =
24
5

LEVEL -2 {Subjective)
Mathiit e- Learni ng Res ources [email protected] www.mathiit.in
1. c
2. b
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. a
7. b
8. a
9. b
10. a
11. a
12. d
13. b
14. a
15. d
16. c
17. a
18. c
19. c
20. a
21. b
22. d
23. b
24. c
25. a
26. d
27. a
28. b
29. b
30. c
31. b
32. c
33. c
34. c
35. c
36. d
37. b
38. a
39. c
40. d
41. d
42. c
43. b
44. c
45. b
46. a
47. a
48. b
49. a,b,c
LEVEL - 3 {Questions asked from previous Engineering Exams)
AN8WER KEY
Mathiit e- Learni ng Res ources [email protected] www.mathiit.in