SLAB FOR SERVERY AREA

BS
8110

INTIAL DIMENSIONING

Design Data
Environmental Exposure Condition: moderate- concrete subject to condensation
Table
3.2
Table
3.3
Table
3.4

Concrete grade fcu : C35

Fire resistance: 2 hours
Concrete cover: 35mm
Steel grade(fy): 250N/mm2
Diameter of main bars: 12mm

Type of panel
Panel A: One long edge discontinuous
Panel B: One long edge discontinuous
Panel A : ly/lx = 6000/4800 =1.25 < 2
Panel B : ly/lx = 6000/3000 =2
Hence both panels will be design as 2- way slabs.
For continous rectangular slabs ;
Span
/Effective depth (deff1) = 26
Table
3.9

K
a

Effective depth (deff1) Span/26 = 3000/26 = 115.38

Depth , D = effective depth + (diameter of main bar) +conc. Cover
=115.38+1/2(12)+35 = 156.35
Use, Dtrial = 175mm
deff1 = 175-1/2(12)-35 =134mm for short span reinforcement
deff2 = 175-1/2(12)-12-35 = 122mm for long span reinforcement
Load Estimation
Data
Slab thickness = 175mm
Weight of concrete = 2400kg/m3
Finishes (13mm thick plaster) = 0.29KN/m2
Allowance for light partitioning (assumed) = 1.0 KN/m2
Acceleration due to gravity = 10m/s2
Slab self weight
Thickness of slab weight of concrete acceleration due to gravity
= 0.175m 2400kg/m3 10m/s2
= 4.2 KN/m2
Finishes (13mm thick plaster) = 0.29KN/m2
Allowance for light partitioning =1.0 KN/m2
Total dead load (Gk) = 4.2+ 0.29 +1.0
= 5.49KN/m2
Imposed loads
Kitchen Areas = 3.0KN/m2
Table
2.1

Ultimate design load

At ultimate limit state the partial safety factors are:
Dead loads: 1.4
Imposed loads: 1.6
Therefore ultimate design load = 1.4(5.49)+1.6(3)
= 12.49KN/m2

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Table
3.14

Moment
Panel

A
ly
/lx =
6000
/4800
= 1.25

B
ly
/lx =
6000
/3000
= 2.00

Span

Short

Long

Short

Long

Moment at mid span

(+ve)

Moment at continuous
edge (-ve)

12.49 0.0424.82
= 12.09KNm

12.49 0.0564.82
= 16.12KNm

12.49 0.0284.82
= 8.06KNm

12.49 0.0374.82
= 10.65KNm

12.49 0.06732
= 7.53KNm

12.49 0.08932
= 10.00KNm

12.49 0.02832
= 3.15KNm

12.49 0.03732
= 4.16KNm

Moment of resistance
Mu = 0.156bd2fcu = 0.1561000134235
= 98.04KNm
Since Mmax = 16.12KNm < Mu = 98.04KNm, no compression reinforcement is
required.

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Table
3.15

Shear
Panel

A
ly
/lx =
6000
/4800
= 1.25

B
ly
/lx =
6000
/3000
= 2.00

Span

Short

Long

Short

Long

Shear force at
continuous edge

Shear force at
discontinuous edge

0.44 12.494.8
= 26.38KN

0.29 12.494.8
= 17.39KN

0.36 12.494.8
= 21.58KN

0.59 12.493
= 22.11KN

0.38 12.493
= 14.24KN

0.3612.493
= 13.49KN

Adequacy of section to carry Maximum moment.

Effective depth required, (dreq) =
Mmax
kb
Mmax : maximum moment
K: 0.156fcu = 0.156 35N/mm2 = 5.46 N/mm2
dreq =

16.12 106
5.46 1000

= 54.34mm

Overall depth required, Dreq = 54.34+1/2(12)+35 =95.34mm

Since Dreq = 95.34mm < Dtrial = 175mm
Hence section is adequate.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

Area of steel required, Asreq = M/0.95fyZ

Moment Arm, Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- k/0.9

Moment Arm factor, K = M/(bd2fcu)

Recall:
deff1 = 175-1/2(12)-35 =134mm for short span reinforcement
deff2 = 175-1/2(12)-12-35 = 122mm for long span reinforcement
K = 16.12106
1000 134235
= 0.026
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.026/0.9

] = 0.97d

But according BS 8110, the moment arm must not exceed 0.95d.
By inspection the moment Arm (Z) for the maximum moment is greater than
o.95d. Therefore, any other moment will have its (Z) being greater than 0.95d.
Since the greater the moment the smaller the moment arm. For this reason the
lever arm will be taken as:
Z1 = 0.95deff1= 127.30mm
Z2 = 0.95deff2= 115.90mm

i.

Area of steel panel A (short span continuous edge)

Asreq = 16.12 106

0.95 250 127.30
= 533.18mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
ii.

Area of steel panel A (short span mid span)

Asreq = 12.09 106

0.95 250 127.30
= 399.88mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
iii.

Area of steel panel A (long span mid span)

Asreq = 8.06 106

0.95 250 115.90
= 292.81mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
iv.

Area of steel panel A (long span continuous edge)

Asreq = 10.65 106

0.95 250 115.90
= 386.90mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m

v.

Area of steel panel B (short span mid span)

Asreq = 7.53 106

0.95 250 127.30
= 249.06mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
vi.

Area of steel panel B (short span continuous edge)

Asreq = 10 106
0.95 250 127.30
= 330.76mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
vii.

Area of steel panel B (long span midspan)

Asreq = 3.15 106

0.95 250 115.90
= 114.44mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
viii.

Area of steel panel B (long span mid span)

Asreq = 4.16 106

0.95 250 115.90
= 151.13mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m

Panel Span Mid span (+ve)

Asreq

Asprov

Short 330.76mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov:
565mm2

Long 292.81mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov:
565mm2

Short 249.06mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov:
565mm2

Long 114.44mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov:
565mm2

Continuous edge
Asreq

Asprov

533.18mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov: 565mm2

386.90mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov: 565mm2
Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov: 565mm2

330.76mm2

B
Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov: 565mm2
151.13mm2

CHECKS

Shear
Allowable shear stress = 0.8

fcu

Design shear stress, = Vmax

bd

= 26.38 103
1000 x 134

= 4.733N/mm2
= 0.197 N/mm2

0.197 N/mm2 < 4.733N/mm2, hence diagonal compression is o.k.

Table
2.2

Design concrete shear stress, c = 0.79(100As/bd)1/3 (400/d)1/4 1/m

= 0.79(100(565)/(1000134))1/3 (400/134)1/4 1/1.25
= 0.790.7501.3140.8
= 0.623N/mm2
= 0.197 N/mm2 < c = 0.623N/mm2, hence shear is o.k.

Minimum Area of reinforcement

Asmin = 024% bh
Where, h is the thickness of slab
= 0.24% 1000 175
= 420mm2/m
Maximum Area of reinforcement
Asmax = 4%bh
= 4% 1000 175
= 7000mm2/m
Since Asmin <Asprov < Asmax reinforcement is o.k.

CHECKS CONTINUED

Table
3.10

Deflection
Actual Span

/effective depth

<

/bd2 = 16.12 106

Allowable

/ effective depth = 26 modification factor (m.f)

= 0.90

1000 1342
By interpolation
1.00 1.55
0.90- x
0.75 1.70
X = 0.3725
0.25
m.f = 1.49
Allowable

/ effective depth = 26 1.49 = 38.74mm

/effective depth = 3000 = 22.39mm
134
Since 22.39mm < 38.74mm, deflection is o.k.
Actual Span

Crack
From clause 3.12.11.2.7 (BS 8110) no cracking check is required for a slab that
has steel grade of 250N/mm2 and its thickness does not exceed 250mm.

SLAB FOR WC @DINING AREA

BS
8110

INTIAL DIMENSIONING

Design Data
Environmental Exposure Condition: moderate- concrete subject to condensation
Table
3.2
Table
3.3
Table
3.4

Concrete grade fcu : C35

Fire resistance: 2 hours
Concrete cover: 35mm
Steel grade(fy): 250N/mm2
Diameter of main bars: 12mm

Type of panel
Panel A : Interior panel
Panel B : Interior panel
Panel A : ly/lx = 4200/3150 =1.33 < 2
Panel B : ly/lx = 4200/4200 = 1.00 < 2
Hence both panels will be design as 2- way slabs.
For continous rectangular slabs ;
Span
/Effective depth (deff1) = 26
Table
3.9

K
a

Effective depth (deff1) Span/26 = 3150/26 = 121.15mm

Depth , D = effective depth + (diameter of main bar) +conc. Cover
=121.15+1/2(12)+35 = 162.15mm
Use, Dtrial = 175mm
deff1 = 175-1/2(12)-35 =134mm for short span reinforcement
deff2 = 175-1/2(12)-12-35 = 122mm for long span reinforcement
Load Estimation
Data
Slab thickness = 175mm
Weight of concrete = 2400kg/m3
Finishes (13mm thick plaster) = 0.29KN/m2
Allowance for light partitioning (assumed) = 1.0 KN/m2
Acceleration due to gravity = 10m/s2
Slab self weight
Thickness of slab weight of concrete acceleration due to gravity
= 0.175m 2400kg/m3 10m/s2
= 4.2 KN/m2
Finishes (13mm thick plaster) = 0.29KN/m2
Allowance for light partitioning =1.0 KN/m2
Total dead load (Gk) = 4.2+ 0.29 +1.0
= 5.49KN/m2
Imposed loads
Toilet Areas = 3.0KN/m2
Table
2.1

Ultimate design load

At ultimate limit state the partial safety factors are:
Dead loads: 1.4
Imposed loads: 1.6
Therefore ultimate design load = 1.4(5.49)+1.6(2)
= 10.89KN/m2

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Table
3.14

Moment
Panel

A
ly
/lx =
4200
/3150
= 1.33

B
ly
/lx =
4200
/4200
= 1.00

Span

Short

Long

Short

Long

Moment at mid span

(+ve)

Moment at continuous
edge (-ve)

10.89 0.0353.152
= 3.78KNm

10.89 0.0463.152
= 4.97KNm

10.89 0.0243.152
= 2.59KNm

10.89 0.0323.152
= 3.46KNm

10.89 0.0244.22
= 4.61KNm

10.890.031 4.22
= 5.96KNm

10.890.024 4.22
= 4.61KNm

10.89 0.0324.22
= 6.15KNm

Moment of resistance
Mu = 0.156bd2fcu = 0.1561000134235
= 98.04KNm
Since Mmax = 6.15KNm < Mu = 98.04KNm, no compression reinforcement is
required.

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Table
3.15

Shear
Panel

A
ly
/lx =
4200
/3150
= 1.33

B
ly
/lx =
4200
/4200
=1.00

Span

Short

Long

Short

Long

Shear force at
continuous edge

Shear force at
discontinuous edge

0.41 10.893.15
= 14.06KN

0.33 10.893.15
= 11.32KN

0.36 10.894.2
= 16.47KN

0.3310.894.2
= 15.09KN

Adequacy of section to carry Maximum moment.

Effective depth required, (dreq) =
Mmax
kb
Mmax : maximum moment
K: 0.156fcu = 0.156 35N/mm2 = 5.46 N/mm2
dreq =

6.15 106
5.46 1000

= 33.56mm

Overall depth required, Dreq = 33.56+1/2(12)+35 = 74.56mm

Since Dreq = 74.56mm < Dtrial = 175mm
Hence section is adequate.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

Area of steel required, Asreq = M/0.95fyZ

Moment Arm, Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- k/0.9

Moment Arm factor, K = M/(bd2fcu)

Recall:
deff1 = 175-1/2(12)-35 =134mm for short span reinforcement
deff2 = 175-1/2(12)-12-35 = 122mm for long span reinforcement
K = 6.15106
1000 122235
= 0.012
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.012/0.9

] = 0.99d

But according BS 8110, the moment arm must not exceed 0.95d.
By inspection the moment Arm (Z) for the maximum moment is greater than
o.95d. Therefore, any other moment will have its (Z) being greater than 0.95d.
Since the greater the moment the smaller the moment arm. For this reason the
lever arm will be taken as:
Z1 = 0.95deff1= 127.30mm
Z2 = 0.95deff2= 115.90mm

i.

Area of steel panel A (short span continuous edge)

Asreq = 4.97 106

0.95 250 127.30
= 164.39mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
ii.

Area of steel panel A (short span mid span)

Asreq = 3.78 106

0.95 250 127.30
= 125.03mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
iii.

Area of steel panel A (long span mid span)

Asreq = 2.59 106

0.95 250 115.90
= 94.09mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
iv.

Area of steel panel A (long span continuous edge)

Asreq = 3.46 106

0.95 250 115.90
= 125.70mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m

v.

Area of steel panel B (short span mid span)

Asreq = 5.96 106

0.95 250 127.30
= 197.13mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
vi.

Area of steel panel B (short span continuous edge)

Asreq = 4.61 106

0.95 250 127.30
= 152.49mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
vii.

Area of steel panel B (long span midspan)

Asreq = 4.61 106

0.95 250 115.90
= 167.48mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m
viii.

Area of steel panel B (long span mid span)

Asreq = 6.15 106

0.95 250 115.90
= 223.42mm2
Provide R12 @ 200 c/c As prov. = 565mm2/m

Panel Span Mid span (+ve)

Asreq

Asprov

Short 125.03mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov:
565mm2

Long 94.09mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov:
565mm2

Short 152.49mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov:
565mm2

Long 167.48mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov:
565mm2

Continuous edge
Asreq

Asprov

164.39mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov: 565mm2

125.70mm2

Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov: 565mm2
Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov: 565mm2

197.13mm2

B
Provide R12
bars @ 200c/c
Asprov: 565mm2
223.42mm2

CHECKS

Shear
Allowable shear stress = 0.8

fcu

Design shear stress, = Vmax

bd

= 16.47 103
1000 x 134

= 4.733N/mm2
= 0.123 N/mm2

0.123 N/mm2 < 4.733N/mm2, hence diagonal compression is o.k.

Table
3.2

Design concrete shear stress, c = 0.79(100As/bd)1/3 (400/d)1/4 1/m

= 0.79(100(565)/(1000134))1/3 (400/134)1/4 1/1.25
= 0.790.7501.3140.8
= 0.623N/mm2
= 0.123 N/mm2 < c = 0.623N/mm2, hence shear is o.k.

Minimum Area of reinforcement

Asmin = 024% bh
Where, h is the thickness of slab
= 0.24% 1000 175
= 420mm2/m
Maximum Area of reinforcement
Asmax = 4%bh
= 4% 1000 175
= 7000mm2/m

CHECKS CONTINUED

Table
3.10

Deflection
Actual Span

/effective depth

<

Allowable

/bd2 = 6.15 106

/ effective depth = 26 modification factor (m.f)

= 0.34

1000 1342
m.f = 1.90
Allowable

/ effective depth = 26 1.90 = 49.40mm

/effective depth = 3150 = 23.51mm
134
Since 23.51mm < 49.40mm, deflection is o.k.
Actual Span

Crack
From clause 3.12.11.2.7 (BS 8110) no cracking check is required for a slab that
has steel grade of 250N/mm2 and its thickness does not exceed 250mm.

BEAM ON GRID LINE 9b - 9b

BS
8110

INTIAL DIMENSIONING

Design Data
Environmental Exposure Condition: moderate- concrete subject to condensation
Table
3.2
Table
3.3
Table
3.4

Concrete grade fcu : C35

Fire resistance: 2 hours
Concrete cover: 35mm
Steel grade(fy): 250N/mm2
Diameter of main bars: 20mm
Diameter of links: 8mm
Breadth of beam, bw: 200mm

bf = bw + Lz/5
Lz = 0.7 6000 = 4200
3.4.1.5

bf = 200+4200/5 = 1040mm
bw/ bf =200/1020 = 0.192

Table
3.9

For flange beams ;

Span
/Effective depth (deff) = 20.8

K
a

Effective depth (deff) Span/20.8 = 6000/20.8 = 288.46mm

Depth , D = effective depth + (diameter of main bar) +link+conc. Cover
=288.46+1/2(20)+8+35 = 341.46mm
Use, Dtrial = 450mm
deff = 450-1/2(20)-8-35 =397mm

Load Estimation
Area of slab load on beam
2A1 + A
2[1/2 3.90.78]+[ (6+1.2)] +[1/2 (6+3)] = 3.04+8.64 + 6.75 = 18.43m2
Dead load of slab including finishes
5.49KN/m218.43m2 = 101.18 KN
Weight of beam web
[0.275 0.27.55]m3 24KN/m3 = 9.97KN
Total dead load (Gk) = 111.15KN
Imposed loads
3.0KN/m218.43KN/m2 = 55.29KN
Design load
1.4(111.15) +(1.6(55.29) = 244.07KN

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Moment

Ma = 0
-0.78(32.33)(0.39+32.33(6.78)(3.39) -6Rb = 0
-9.83+743.08 = 6Rb
Rb = 733.25/6
Rb = 122.21KN
Since the loading arrangement is symmetrical :
Ra = 122.21KN
M0 = 0
M0.78 = -0.78(32.33)(0.39) = -9.28 KNM
M3.78 = 122.21(3)-32.33(3.78)(1.89 ) = 135.66KNM
M6.78 = 122.21(6)-32.33(6.78)(3.39) = -9.28KNM
M7.55 = 122.21(6.78)-32.33(7.55)(3.78) +122.21(0.78) = 0KNM

Adequacy of section to carry Maximum moment.

Effective depth required, (dreq) =
Mmax
kb
Mmax : maximum moment
K: 0.156fcu = 0.156 35N/mm2 = 5.46 N/mm2
dreq =

135.66 106
5.46 200

= 352.46mm

Overall depth required, Dreq = 352.46+1/2(20)+8+35 = 405.46mm

Since Dreq = 405.46mm < Dtrial = 450mm
Hence section is adequate.
Moment of resistance
Mu = 0.156bd2fcu = 0.156200397235
= 172.11KNm
Since Mmax = 135.66KNm < Mu = 172.11KNm, no compression reinforcement
is required.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

Area of steel required, Asreq = M/0.95fyZ

Moment Arm, Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- k/0.9

Moment Arm factor, K = M/(bd2fcu)

Recall:
deff = 450-1/2(20)-8-35 =397mm
K = 135.66106
200 397235
= 0.123
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.123/0.9 ] = 0.84d

Z = 0.84(397) = 333.48mm
Asreq = 135.66 106
0.95 250 333.48
= 1712.85mm2
But Asreq is big, use fy = 460N/mm2
Asreq = 135.66 106
0.95 460 333.48
= 930.89mm2

Provide 4T20 As prov. = 1257mm2

For M = 9.28KNm (Hogging)

K = 9.28106
200 397235
= 0.0084
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.0084/0.9 ] = 0.99d

Use, 0.95d = 0.95(397) = 377.15mm

Z = 0.84(397) = 333.48mm
Asreq = 9.28 106
0.95 250 377.15
= 103.60mm2
Provide 2R16 As prov. = 402mm2.

Checks
Minimum percentage of reinforcement
Flanged beams web in tension
bw/ bf < 0.4
bw/ bf =200/1020 = 0.192
From Table 3.25 (BS 8110) Asmin = 100As/ bwh > 0.32% for fy= 250N/mm2
100(402)/200(450) = 0.45% > 0.32%
For fy =460N/mm2, Asmin = 100As/ bwh > 0.18%
100(1257)/200(450) = 1.40% > 0.18%
Reinforcement o.k.
Shear
Allowable shear stress = 0.8
Design shear stress, = Vmax
bd

= 4.733N/mm2

fcu

= 96.99 103 = 1.22 N/mm2

200 x 397

1.22 N/mm2 < 4.733N/mm2, hence diagonal compression is o.k.

Design concrete shear stress, c = 0.79(100As/bd)1/3 (400/d)1/4 1/m
= 0.79(100(1257)/(200397)1/3 (400/397)1/4 1/1.25
= 0.791.171.000.8
= 0.739N/mm2
= 1.22 N/mm2 > c = 0.739N/mm2, hence shear reinforcement required.

From table 3.7 (BS 8110), the condition :

(c+0.4) << 0.8

fcu

is satisfied

Therefore provide links

Asv bvSv(- c)/0.95fy
Assume 2 legs of 8mm links
Asv = 2(d2/4) = 2(82/4) = 100.53mm2
Spacing, Sv 0.95fyAsv/b(- c) 0.75d
Sv 0.95 460100.53
200(1.22-0.739)

Sv 456.67 > 0.75d = 297.75

Provide 8mm diameter links @ 250c/c.
Deflection
Actual Span

/effective depth

<

Allowable

/bd2 = 135.66 106

/ effective depth = 20.8 modification factor (m.f)

= 4.30

200 3972
By interpolation
5.00 0.87
4.30- x
4.00 0.94
X = 0.94-0.0203
m.f = 0.92
Allowable

/ effective depth = 20.8 0.92 = 19.14mm

/effective depth = 6000 = 15.11mm
397
Since 15.11mm < 19.14mm, deflection is o.k.
Actual Span

Crack
From clause 3.12.11.1 (BS 8110), the horizontal distance between bars should
not be less than the maximum (hagg+5mm). Where hagg is the maximum size of
coarse aggregate.
Horizontal spacing:
= 200-[2cover+2stirrups+2bar]
= 200 -[2(35)+2(8)+2(20)]
= 74mm
Taking maximum size of aggregate to be 19mm then;
Horizontal spacing > 19mm +5mm
74mm > 24mm
Hence cracking is o.k.

BEAM ON GRID LINE K - K

BS
8110

INTIAL DIMENSIONING

Design Data
Environmental Exposure Condition: moderate- concrete subject to condensation
Table
3.2
Table
3.3
Table
3.4

Concrete grade fcu : C35

Fire resistance: 2 hours
Concrete cover: 35mm
Steel grade(fy): 250N/mm2
Diameter of main bars: 20mm
Diameter of links: 8mm
Breadth of beam, bw: 200mm

bf = bw + Lz/5
Lz = 0.7 4800 = 3360
3.4.1.5

bf = 200+3360/5 = 872mm
bw/ bf =200/872 = 0.229

Table
3.9

For flange beams ;

Span
/Effective depth (deff) = 20.8

K
a

Effective depth (deff) Span/20.8 = 4800/20.8 = 230.77mm

Depth , D = effective depth + (diameter of main bar) +link+conc. Cover
=230.77+1/2(20)+8+35 = 253.77mm
Use, Dtrial = 350mm
deff = 350-1/2(20)-8-35 =297mm

Load Estimation
Area of slab load on beam
A1 + A2
{[1/2 4.82.4]+[4.80.78] +[1/231.5] +[30.78]}-1/2 (3.90.78)
= [5.76+3.74 + 2.25+2.34] -1.52= 12.57m2
Dead load of slab including finishes
5.49KN/m212.57m2 = 69 KN
Weight of beam web
[0.175 0.27.8]m3 24KN/m3 = 6.55KN
Total dead load (Gk) = 75.55KN
Imposed loads
3.0KN/m212.57KN/m2 = 37.71KN
Design load
1.4(75.55) +1.6(37.71) = 166.11KN

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Moment

Using three moment equation,

Span AB
M= wl2/8 = 21.304.82 = 61.34KNm
8
2
A1= /3 4.861.34 = 196.29KNm2
1 = 2.4m
Span BC
M= wl2/8 = 21.3032 = 23.96KNm
8
2
A2= /3 323.96 = 47.92KNm2
2 = 1.5m
MabL1+2Mb(L1+L2)+McbL2 =-6[A1 1/L1 + A2 2/L2]
Mab = Mcb =0
2Mb(4.8+3) = -6(98.15+23.96)
15.6Mb = -732.66
Mb = -46.97KNm
Mb = 0
4Ra+46.97-21.30(4.8)(2.4) = 0
Ra = 41.34KN
V = 0
Ra+Rba = 102.24
Rba = 102.24-41.34
Rba = 60.90KN

Mc = 0
3Rbc-46.97-21.30(3)(1.5) = 0
Rbc = 47.61KN
V = 0
Rbc+Rc = 63.90
Rc = 63.9-47.61
Rc = 16.29KN
Rb = Rbc+Rba
Rb = 60.90+47.61 =108.51KN

Adequacy of section to carry Maximum moment.

Effective depth required, (dreq) =
Mmax
kb
Mmax : maximum moment
K: 0.156fcu = 0.156 35N/mm2 = 5.46 N/mm2
dreq =

61.34 106
5.46 200

= 237mm

Overall depth required, Dreq = 237+1/2(20)+8+35 = 290mm

Since Dreq = 290mm < Dtrial = 350mm
Hence section is adequate.
Moment of resistance
Mu = 0.156bd2fcu = 0.156200297235
= 96.32KNm
Since Mmax = 61.34KNm < Mu = 96.32KNm, no compression reinforcement is
required.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

Area of steel required, Asreq = M/0.95fyZ

Moment Arm, Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- k/0.9

Moment Arm factor, K = M/(bd2fcu)

Recall:
deff = 350-1/2(20)-8-35 =297mm
K = 61.34106
200 297235
= 0.099
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.099/0.9 ] = 0.87d

Z = 0.87(297) = 258.39mm
Asreq = 61.34 106
0.95 250 258.39
= 999.55mm2
Provide 4R20 As prov. = 1257mm2

For M = 46.97KNm (Hogging)

K = 46.97106
200 297235
= 0.076
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.076/0.9 ] = 0.91d

Z = 0.91(297) = 270.27mm
Asreq = 46.97 106
0.95 250 270.27
= 731.74mm2
Provide 3R20 As prov. =942mm2.

Checks
Minimum percentage of reinforcement
Flanged beams web in tension
bw/ bf < 0.4
bw/ bf =200/872 = 0.229
From Table 3.25 (BS 8110) Asmin = 100As/ bwh > 0.32% for fy= 250N/mm2
100(1257)/200(350) = 1.80% > 0.32%
Reinforcement o.k.
Shear
Allowable shear stress = 0.8
Design shear stress, = Vmax
bd

= 4.733N/mm2

fcu

= 60.90 103 = 1.025 N/mm2

200 x 297

1.025 N/mm2 < 4.733N/mm2, hence diagonal compression is o.k.

Design concrete shear stress, c = 0.79(100As/bd)1/3 (400/d)1/4 1/m
= 0.79(100(1257)/(200297)1/3 (400/297)1/4 1/1.25
= 0.791.2841.0770.8
= 0.874N/mm2
= 1.025 N/mm2 > c = 0.874N/mm2, hence shear reinforcement required.

From table 3.7 (BS 8110), the condition :

0.5c << (c+0.4) is satisfied
Therefore provide links
Asv 0.4bvSv/0.95fy
Assume 2 legs of 8mm links
Asv = 2(d2/4) = 2(82/4) = 100.53mm2
Spacing, Sv 0.95fyAsv/0.4bv 0.75d
Sv 0.95 250100.53
0.4(200)

Sv 298.45 > 0.75d = 222.75

Provide 8mm diameter links @ 200c/c.
Deflection
Actual Span

/effective depth

<

/bd2 = 61.34 106

Allowable

/ effective depth = 20.8 modification factor (m.f)

= 3.47

200 2972
By interpolation
4.00 0.94
3.47- x
3.00 1.04
X = 1.04-0.0047
m.f = 1.035
Allowable

/ effective depth = 20.8 1.035 = 21.53mm

/effective depth = 4800 = 16.16mm
297
Since 16.16mm <21.53mm, deflection is o.k.
Actual Span

Crack
From clause 3.12.11.1 (BS 8110), the horizontal distance between bars should
not be less than the maximum (hagg+5mm). Where hagg is the maximum size of
coarse aggregate.
Horizontal spacing:
= 200-[2cover+2stirrups+2bar]
= 200 -[2(35)+2(8)+2(20)]
= 74mm
Taking maximum size of aggregate to be 19mm then;
Horizontal spacing > 19mm +5mm
74mm > 24mm
Hence cracking is o.k.

BEAM ON GRID LINE W - W

BS
8110

INTIAL DIMENSIONING

Design Data
Environmental Exposure Condition: moderate- concrete subject to condensation
Table
3.2
Table
3.3
Table
3.4

Concrete grade fcu : C35

Fire resistance: 2 hours
Concrete cover: 35mm
Steel grade(fy): 250N/mm2
Diameter of main bars: 20mm
Diameter of links: 8mm
Breadth of beam, bw: 200mm

bf = bw + Lz/5
Lz = 4200
3.4.1.5

bf = 200+4200/5 = 1040mm
bw/ bf =200/1040 = 0.192

Table
3.9

For flange beams ;

Span
/Effective depth (deff) = 16mm

K
a

Effective depth (deff) Span/20.8 = 4200/16 = 262.50mm

Depth , D = effective depth + (diameter of main bar) +link+conc. Cover
=262.50+1/2(20)+8+35 = 315.50mm
Use, Dtrial = 350mm
deff = 350-1/2(20)-8-35 =297mm

Load Estimation
Area of slab load on beam
A = [1/2 4.22.1]+1/2[(4.2+1.05)1.58]
= [4.41+4.15] = 8.56m2
Dead load of slab including finishes
5.49KN/m28.56m2 = 46.99 KN
Weight of beam web
[0.175 0.24.2]m3 24KN/m3 = 3.53KN
Total dead load (Gk) = 50.52KN
Imposed loads
2.0KN/m28.56KN/m2 = 17.12KN
Design load
1.4(50.52) +1.6(17.12) = 98.12KN

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Moment

Mmax = wl2/8 = 23.36 4.22 = 51.51KNm

8
Vmax = wl/2 =23.36 4.2 = 49.06KN
2

Adequacy of section to carry Maximum moment.

Effective depth required, (dreq) =
Mmax
kb
Mmax : maximum moment
K: 0.156fcu = 0.156 35N/mm2 = 5.46 N/mm2
dreq =

51.51 106
5.46 200

= 217.19mm

Overall depth required, Dreq = 217.19+1/2(20)+8+35 = 270.19mm

Since Dreq = 270.19mm < Dtrial = 350mm
Hence section is adequate.
Moment of resistance
Mu = 0.156bd2fcu = 0.156200297235
= 96.32KNm
Since Mmax = 51.51KNm < Mu = 96.32KNm, no compression reinforcement is
required.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

Area of steel required, Asreq = M/0.95fyZ

Moment Arm, Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- k/0.9

Moment Arm factor, K = M/(bd2fcu)

Recall:
deff = 350-1/2(20)-8-35 =297mm
K = 51.51106
200 297235
= 0.083
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.083/0.9 ] = 0.90d

Z = 0.90(297) = 267.30mm
Asreq = 51.51 106
0.95 250 267.30
= 811.39mm2
Provide 3R20 As prov. = 942mm2

Checks
Minimum percentage of reinforcement
Flanged beams web in tension
bw/ bf < 0.4
bw/ bf =200/1040 = 0.192
From Table 3.25 (BS 8110) Asmin = 100As/ bwh > 0.32% for fy= 250N/mm2
100(942)/200(350) = 1.35% > 0.32%
Reinforcement o.k.
Shear
Allowable shear stress = 0.8
Design shear stress, = Vmax
bd

= 4.733N/mm2

fcu

= 51.51 103 = 0.867 N/mm2

200 x 297

0.867 N/mm2 < 4.733N/mm2, hence diagonal compression is o.k.

Design concrete shear stress, c = 0.79(100As/bd)1/3 (400/d)1/4 1/m
= 0.79(100(942)/(200297)1/3 (400/297)1/4 1/1.25
= 0.791.171.0770.8
= 0.796N/mm2
= 0.867 N/mm2 > c = 0.796N/mm2, hence shear reinforcement required.

From table 3.7 (BS 8110), the condition :

0.5c << (c+0.4) is satisfied
Therefore provide links
Asv 0.4bvSv/0.95fy
Assume 2 legs of 8mm links
Asv = 2(d2/4) = 2(82/4) = 100.53mm2
Spacing, Sv 0.95fyAsv/0.4bv 0.75d
Sv 0.95 250100.53
0.4(200)

Sv 298.45 > 0.75d = 222.75

Provide 8mm diameter links @ 200c/c.
Deflection
Actual Span

/effective depth

<

/bd2 = 51.51 106

Allowable

/ effective depth = 16 modification factor (m.f)

= 2.92

200 2972
By interpolation
3.00 1.04
2.92- x
2.00 1.20
X = 1.04+ 0.0128
m.f = 1.041
Allowable

/ effective depth = 16 1.041 = 16.66mm

/effective depth = 4200 = 14.14mm
297
Since 14.14mm <16.66mm, deflection is o.k.
Actual Span

Crack
From clause 3.12.11.1 (BS 8110), the horizontal distance between bars should
not be less than the maximum (hagg+5mm). Where hagg is the maximum size of
coarse aggregate.
Horizontal spacing:
= 200-[2cover+2stirrups+2bar]
= 200 -[2(35)+2(8)+2(20)]
= 74mm
Taking maximum size of aggregate to be 19mm then;
Horizontal spacing > 19mm +5mm
74mm > 24mm
Hence cracking is o.k.

BEAM ON GRID LINE 14 - 14

BS
8110

INTIAL DIMENSIONING

Design Data
Environmental Exposure Condition: moderate- concrete subject to condensation
Table
3.2
Table
3.3
Table
3.4

Concrete grade fcu : C35

Fire resistance: 2 hours
Concrete cover: 35mm
Steel grade(fy): 250N/mm2
Diameter of main bars: 20mm
Diameter of links: 8mm
Breadth of beam, bw: 200mm

bf = bw + Lz/5
Lz = 0.7 4200 = 2940
3.4.1.5

bf = 200+2940/5 = 788mm
bw/ bf =200/788 = 0.25

Table
3.9

For flange beams ;

Span
/Effective depth (deff) = 20.8

K
a

Effective depth (deff) Span/20.8 = 4200/20.8 = 201.92mm

Depth , D = effective depth + (diameter of main bar) +link+conc. Cover
=201.92+1/2(20)+8+35 = 254.92mm
Use, Dtrial = 300mm
deff = 300-1/2(20)-8-35 =247mm

Load Estimation
Area of slab load on beam
A1 + A2
[1/2 3.151.58]+[1/2(4.22.1)] +[0.780.78] +[0.783.15]+ [4.20.78]
= [2.49+4.41 +0.61+2.46+3.28] = 13.25m2
Dead load of slab including finishes
5.49KN/m213.25m2 = 72.74 KN
Weight of beam web
[0.125 0.27.35]m3 24KN/m3 = 4.41KN
Total dead load (Gk) = 77.15KN
Imposed loads
2.0KN/m213.25KN/m2 = 26.50KN
Design load
1.4(77.15) +1.6(26.50) = 150.41KN

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Moment

Using three moment equation,

Span AB
M= wl2/8 = 20.463.152 = 25.38KNm
8
2
A1= /3 3.1525.38 = 53.30KNm2
1 = 1.58m
Span BC
M= wl2/8 = 20.464.22 = 45.11KNm
8
2
A2= /3 4.245.11 = 126.31KNm2
2 = 2.1m
MabL1+2Mb(L1+L2)+McbL2 =-6[A1 1/L1 + A2 2/L2]
Mab = Mcb =0
2Mb(3.15+4.2) = -6(26.73+63.16)
14.7Mb = -539.34
Mb = -36.69KNm
Mb = 0
3.15Ra+36.69-20.46(3.15)(1.58) = 0
Ra = 20.68KN
V = 0
Ra+Rba = 64.45
Rba = 64.45-20.68
Rba = 43.77KN

Mc = 0
4.2Rbc-36.69-20.46(4.2)(2.1) = 0
Rbc = 51.70KN
V = 0
Rbc+Rc = 85.93
Rc = 85.93-51.70
Rc = 34.23KN
Rb = Rbc+Rba
Rb = 51.70+43.77 =95.47KN

Adequacy of section to carry Maximum moment.

Effective depth required, (dreq) =
Mmax
kb
Mmax : maximum moment
K: 0.156fcu = 0.156 35N/mm2 = 5.46 N/mm2
dreq =

45.11 106
5.46 200

= 203.25mm

Overall depth required, Dreq = 203.25+1/2(20)+8+35 = 256.25mm

Since Dreq = 256.25mm < Dtrial = 300mm
Hence section is adequate.
Moment of resistance
Mu = 0.156bd2fcu = 0.156200247235
= 66.62KNm
Since Mmax = 45.11KNm < Mu =66.62KNm, no compression reinforcement is
required.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

Area of steel required, Asreq = M/0.95fyZ

Moment Arm, Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- k/0.9

Moment Arm factor, K = M/(bd2fcu)

Recall:
deff = 300-1/2(20)-8-35 =247mm
K = 45.11106
200 247235
= 0.106
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.106/0.9 ] = 0.86d

Z = 0.86(247) = 212.42mm
Asreq = 45.11 106
0.95 250 212.42
= 894.16mm2
Provide 3R20 As prov. = 942mm2

For M = 36.69KNm (Hogging)

K = 36.69106
200 247235
= 0.086
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.086/0.9 ] = 0.89d

Z = 0.89(247) = 219.83mm
Asreq = 36.69 106
0.95 250 219.83
= 702.74mm2
Provide 3R20 As prov. =942mm2.

Checks
Minimum percentage of reinforcement
Flanged beams web in tension
bw/ bf < 0.4
bw/ bf =200/788 = 0.254
From Table 3.25 (BS 8110) Asmin = 100As/ bwh > 0.32% for fy= 250N/mm2
100(942)/200(300) = 1.57% > 0.32%
Reinforcement o.k.
Shear
Allowable shear stress = 0.8
Design shear stress, = Vmax
bd

= 4.733N/mm2

fcu

= 51.70 103 = 1.047 N/mm2

200 x 247

1.047 N/mm2 < 4.733N/mm2, hence diagonal compression is o.k.

Design concrete shear stress, c = 0.79(100As/bd)1/3 (400/d)1/4 1/m
= 0.79(100(942)/(200247)1/3 (400/247)1/4 1/1.25
= 0.791.2401.130.8
= 0.886N/mm2
= 1.047 N/mm2 > c = 0.886N/mm2, hence shear reinforcement required.

From table 3.7 (BS 8110), the condition :

0.5c << (c+0.4) is satisfied
Therefore provide links
Asv 0.4bvSv/0.95fy
Assume 2 legs of 8mm links
Asv = 2(d2/4) = 2(82/4) = 100.53mm2
Spacing, Sv 0.95fyAsv/0.4bv 0.75d
Sv 0.95 250100.53
0.4(200)

Sv 298.45 > 0.75d = 185.25

Provide 8mm diameter links @ 175c/c.
Deflection
Actual Span

/effective depth

<

Allowable

/bd2 = 45.11 106

/ effective depth = 20.8 modification factor (m.f)

= 3.70

200 2472
By interpolation
4.00 0.94
3.70- x
3.00 1.04
X = 0.94+0.030
m.f = 0.97
Allowable

/ effective depth = 20.8 0.97 = 20.18mm

/effective depth = 4200 = 17.00mm
247
Since 17.00mm <20.18mm, deflection is o.k.
Actual Span

Crack
From clause 3.12.11.1 (BS 8110), the horizontal distance between bars should not
be less than the maximum (hagg+5mm). Where hagg is the maximum size of coarse
aggregate.
Horizontal spacing:
= 200-[2cover+2stirrups+2bar]
= 200 -[2(35)+2(8)+2(20)]
= 74mm
Taking maximum size of aggregate to be 19mm then;
Horizontal spacing > 19mm +5mm
74mm > 24mm
Hence cracking is o.k.

BEAM AT RECEIVING PLATFORM

BS
8110

INTIAL DIMENSIONING

Design Data
Environmental Exposure Condition: moderate- concrete subject to condensation
Table
3.2
Table
3.3
Table
3.4

Concrete grade fcu : C35

Fire resistance: 2 hours
Concrete cover: 35mm
Steel grade(fy): 250N/mm2
Diameter of main bars: 16mm
Diameter of links: 8mm
Breadth of beam, b: 150mm

For simply supported rectangular beams ;

Span
/Effective depth (deff) = 20mm
Table
3.9

Effective depth (deff) Span/20.8 = 4800/20 = 240mm

Depth , D = effective depth + (diameter of main bar) +link+conc. Cover
=240+1/2(16)+8+35 = 291mm
Use, Dtrial = 300mm
deff = 350-1/2(16)-8-35 =249mm

K
a

BS 648

Load Estimation
Unit weight of concrete = 2403kg/m3
Unit weight of hardwood = 720.8kg/m3
Dead load of beam
2403kg/m39.81m/s20.30m 1m (span considered)
= 7.07KN/m
Dead load of hardwood purlins
720.8kg/m39.81m/s20.0750.05 = 0.03 KN/m
Dead load of hardwood rafters
720.8kg/m39.81m/s20.0750.15 = 0.08 KN/m
Dead load of hardwood rafters
720.8kg/m39.81m/s20.050.15 = 0.05 KN/m

Total dead load (Gk) = 7.23KN/m

BS
6399

Imposed loads
2.5KN/m
Design load
1.4(7.23) +1.6(2.5) = 14.12KN/m

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Moment

Mmax = wl2/8 = 14.12 4.82 = 40.47KNm

8
Vmax = wl/2 =14.12 4.8 = 33.89KN
2

Adequacy of section to carry Maximum moment.

Effective depth required, (dreq) =
Mmax
kb
Mmax : maximum moment
K: 0.156fcu = 0.156 35N/mm2 = 5.46 N/mm2
dreq =

40.67 106
5.46 150

= 222.84mm

Overall depth required, Dreq = 222.84+1/2(16)+8+35 = 273.84mm

Since Dreq = 273.84mm < Dtrial = 300mm
Hence section is adequate.
Moment of resistance
Mu = 0.156bd2fcu = 0.156150249235
= 50.78KNm
Since Mmax = 40.67KNm < Mu = 50.78KNm, no compression reinforcement is
required.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

Area of steel required, Asreq = M/0.95fyZ

Moment Arm, Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- k/0.9

Moment Arm factor, K = M/(bd2fcu)

Recall:
deff = 300-1/2(16)-8-35 =249mm
K = 40.67106
200 249235
= 0.094
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.094/0.9 ] = 0.88d

Z = 0.88(249) = 219.12mm
Asreq = 40.67 106
0.95 250 219.12
= 781.50mm2
Provide 5R16 As prov. =1005mm2

Checks
Minimum percentage of reinforcement
Minimum Area of reinforcement
Asmin = 024% bh
Where, h is the thickness of slab
= 0.24% 150 300
= 108mm2
Maximum Area of reinforcement
Asmax = 4%bh
= 4% 150 300
= 1800mm2
Since Asmin <Asprov < Asmax reinforcement is o.k.
Shear
Allowable shear stress = 0.8
Design shear stress, = Vmax
bd

= 4.733N/mm2

fcu

= 33.89 103 = 0.681 N/mm2

200 x 249

0.681 N/mm2 < 4.733N/mm2, hence diagonal compression is o.k.

Design concrete shear stress, c = 0.79(100As/bd)1/3 (400/d)1/4 1/m
= 0.79(100(1005)/(200249)1/3 (400/247)1/4 1/1.25
= 0.791.261.130.8
= 0.900N/mm2
= 0.681 N/mm2< c = 0.900N/mm2, hence no shear reinforcement required.

Deflection
Actual Span

/effective depth

<

Allowable

/bd2 = 40.67 106

/ effective depth = 16 modification factor (m.f)

= 3.28

200 2492
By interpolation
4.00 0.94
3.28- x
3.00 1.04
X = 0.94+ 0.072
m.f = 1.01
Allowable

/ effective depth = 20 1.01 = 20.2mm

/effective depth = 4800 = 19.28mm
249
Since 19.28mm < 20.2mm, deflection is o.k.
Actual Span

Crack
From clause 3.12.11.1 (BS 8110), the horizontal distance between bars should not
be less than the maximum (hagg+5mm). Where hagg is the maximum size of coarse
aggregate.
Horizontal spacing:
= 150-[2cover+2stirrups+2bar]
= 150 -[2(35)+2(8)+2(16)]
= 32mm
Taking maximum size of aggregate to be 19mm then;
Horizontal spacing > 19mm +5mm
32mm > 24mm
Hence cracking is o.k.

BEAM AT RECEIVING STORAGE AREA

BS
8110

INTIAL DIMENSIONING

Design Data
Environmental Exposure Condition: moderate- concrete subject to condensation
Table
3.2
Table
3.3
Table
3.4

Concrete grade fcu : C35

Fire resistance: 2 hours
Concrete cover: 35mm
Steel grade(fy): 250N/mm2
Diameter of main bars: 12mm
Diameter of links: 8mm
Breadth of beam, b: 175mm

For simply supported rectangular beams ;

Span
/Effective depth (deff) = 26mm
Table
3.9

Effective depth (deff) Span/26 = 3000/26 = 115.38mm

Depth , D = effective depth + (diameter of main bar) +link+conc. Cover
=115.38+1/2(12)+8+35 = 164.38mm
Use, Dtrial = 200mm
deff = 200-1/2(12)-8-35 =151mm

K
a

BS 648

Load Estimation
Unit weight of concrete = 2403kg/m3
Unit weight of hardwood = 720.8kg/m3
Dead load of beam
2403kg/m39.81m/s20.175m 1m (span considered)
= 4.13KN/m
Dead load of hardwood purlins
720.8kg/m39.81m/s20.0750.05 = 0.03 KN/m
Dead load of hardwood rafters
720.8kg/m39.81m/s20.0750.15 = 0.08 KN/m
Dead load of hardwood rafters
720.8kg/m39.81m/s20.050.15 = 0.05 KN/m

Total dead load (Gk) = 4.29KN/m

BS
6399

Imposed loads
2.0KN/m
Design load
1.4(4.29) +1.6(2.) = 9.21KN/m

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Moment

Using the slope deflection method, the bending moments and shear forces where
calculated as shown in the diagram below;

Adequacy of section to carry Maximum moment.

Effective depth required, (dreq) =
Mmax
kb
Mmax : maximum moment
K: 0.156fcu = 0.156 35N/mm2 = 5.46 N/mm2
dreq =

10.36 106
5.46 175

= 104.12mm

Overall depth required, Dreq = 104.12+1/2(12)+8+35 = 153.12mm

Since Dreq = 153.12mm < Dtrial = 200mm
Hence section is adequate.
Moment of resistance
Mu = 0.156bd2fcu = 0.156175151235
= 21.79KNm
Since Mmax = 10.36KNm < Mu =21.79KNm, no compression reinforcement is
required.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

Area of steel required, Asreq = M/0.95fyZ

Moment Arm, Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- k/0.9

Moment Arm factor, K = M/(bd2fcu)

Recall:
deff = 200-1/2(12)-8-35 =151mm
K = 10.36106
175 151235
= 0.074
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.074/0.9 ] = 0.91d

Z = 0.91(151) = 137.41mm
Asreq = 10.36 106
0.95 250 137.41
= 317.45mm2
Provide 3R12 As prov. =339mm2

Checks
Minimum percentage of reinforcement
Minimum Area of reinforcement
Asmin = 0.24% bh
Where, h is the thickness of slab
= 0.24% 175 200
= 84mm2
Maximum Area of reinforcement
Asmax = 4%bh
= 4% 175 200
= 1400mm2
Since Asmin <Asprov < Asmax reinforcement is o.k.
Shear
Allowable shear stress = 0.8
Design shear stress, = Vmax
bd

= 4.733N/mm2

fcu

= 27.33 103 = 1.034 N/mm2

175 x 151

1.034 N/mm2 < 4.733N/mm2, hence diagonal compression is o.k.

Design concrete shear stress, c = 0.79(100As/bd)1/3 (400/d)1/4 1/m
= 0.79(100(339)/(175151)1/3 (400/151)1/4 1/1.25
= 0.791.0871.2760.8
= 0.877N/mm2
= 1.034 N/mm2> c = 0.877N/mm2, hence shear reinforcement required.

From table 3.7 (BS 8110), the condition :

0.5c << (c+0.4) is satisfied
Therefore provide links
Asv 0.4bvSv/0.95fy
Assume 2 legs of 8mm links
Asv = 2(d2/4) = 2(82/4) = 100.53mm2
Spacing, Sv 0.95fyAsv/0.4bv 0.75d
Sv 0.95 250100.53
0.4(175)

Sv 341.08 > 0.75d = 113.25

Provide 8mm diameter links @ 125c/c.
Deflection
Actual Span

/effective depth

<

Allowable

/bd2 = 10.36 106

/ effective depth = 26 modification factor (m.f)

= 2.59

175 1512
By interpolation
3.00 1.04
2.59- x
2.00 1.20
X = 1.04+ 0.0656
m.f = 1.11
Allowable

/ effective depth = 26 1.11 = 28.86mm

/effective depth = 3000 = 19.87mm
151
Since 19.87mm < 28.86mm, deflection is o.k.
Actual Span

Crack
From clause 3.12.11.1 (BS 8110), the horizontal distance between bars should not
be less than the maximum (hagg+5mm). Where hagg is the maximum size of coarse
aggregate.
Horizontal spacing:
= 175-[2cover+2stirrups+2bar]
= 175 -[2(35)+2(8)+2(12)]
= 65mm
Taking maximum size of aggregate to be 19mm then;
Horizontal spacing > 19mm +5mm
65mm > 24mm
Hence cracking is o.k.

BEAM AT KITCHEN
BS
8110

INTIAL DIMENSIONING

Design Data
Environmental Exposure Condition: moderate- concrete subject to condensation
Table
3.2
Table
3.3
Table
3.4

Concrete grade fcu : C35

Fire resistance: 2 hours
Concrete cover: 35mm
Steel grade(fy): 250N/mm2
Diameter of main bars: 25mm
Diameter of links: 8mm
Breadth of beam, b: 200mm

For simply supported rectangular beams ;

Span
/Effective depth (deff) = 26mm
Table
3.9

Effective depth (deff) Span/26 =5400/26 = 207.69mm

Depth , D = effective depth + (diameter of main bar) +link+conc. Cover
=207.69+1/2(25)+8+35 = 263.19mm
Use, Dtrial = 300mm
deff = 300-1/2(25)-8-35 =244.50mm

K
a

BS 648

Load Estimation
Unit weight of concrete = 2403kg/m3
0.7mm corrugated aluminum roofing sheet = 2.9kg/m2
Dead load roofing sheet
2.9kg/m29.81m/s2 1m (span considered)
= 0.03KN/m

BS4848

Dead roof truss

Top chord (20015012 thick unequal angle)
32kg/m9.81m/s2 2no = 0.61KN/m
Bottom chord (75508 thick unequal angle)
7.39kg/m9.81m/s2 = 0.07KN/m
Internals (75508 thick unequal angle)
7.39kg/m9.81m/s2 = 0.07KN/m
Purlins (75508 thick unequal angle)
7.39kg/m9.81m/s2 = 0.07KN/m
Dead load beam
2403kg/m39.81m/s20.31m = 7.07KN/m

Total dead load (Gk) = 7.92KN/m

BS
6399

Imposed loads
3.0KN/m
Design load
1.4(7.92) +1.6(3.0) = 15.89KN/m

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Moment

Using the slope deflection method, the bending moments and shear forces
where calculated as shown in the diagram below;

Adequacy of section to carry Maximum moment.

Effective depth required, (dreq) =
Mmax
kb
Mmax : maximum moment
K: 0.156fcu = 0.156 35N/mm2 = 5.46 N/mm2
dreq =

57.85 106
5.46 200

= 230.17mm

Overall depth required, Dreq = 230.17+1/2(25)+8+35 = 153.12mm

Since Dreq = 285.67mm < Dtrial = 300mm
Hence section is adequate.
Moment of resistance
Mu = 0.156bd2fcu = 0.156200244.5235
= 65.28KNm
Since Mmax = 57.85KNm < Mu =65.28KNm, no compression reinforcement is
required.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

Area of steel required, Asreq = M/0.95fyZ

Moment Arm, Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- k/0.9

Moment Arm factor, K = M/(bd2fcu)

Recall:
deff = 300-1/2(25)-8-35 =244.50mm
K = 57.85106
200 244.5235
= 0.138
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.138/0.9 ] = 0.81d

Z = 0.81(244.50) = 198.04mm
Asreq = 57.85 106
0.95 250 198.04
= 1229.95mm2
Provide 3R25 As prov. =1473mm2

Checks
Minimum percentage of reinforcement
Minimum Area of reinforcement
Asmin = 0.24% bh
Where, h is the thickness of slab
= 0.24% 200 300
= 144mm2
Maximum Area of reinforcement
Asmax = 4%bh
= 4% 200 300
= 2400mm2
Since Asmin <Asprov < Asmax reinforcement is o.k.
Shear
Allowable shear stress = 0.8
Design shear stress, = Vmax
bd

= 4.733N/mm2

fcu

= 52.25 103 = 1.067 N/mm2

200 x 244.50

1.067 N/mm2 < 4.733N/mm2, hence diagonal compression is o.k.

Design concrete shear stress, c = 0.79(100As/bd)1/3 (400/d)1/4 1/m
= 0.79(100(1473)/(200244.50)1/3 (400/244.50)1/4 1/1.25
= 0.791.441.130.8
= 1.028N/mm2
= 1.067 N/mm2> c = 1.028N/mm2, hence shear reinforcement required.

From table 3.7 (BS 8110), the condition :

0.5c << (c+0.4) is satisfied
Therefore provide links
Asv 0.4bvSv/0.95fy
Assume 2 legs of 8mm links
Asv = 2(d2/4) = 2(82/4) = 100.53mm2
Spacing, Sv 0.95fyAsv/0.4bv 0.75d
Sv 0.95 250100.53
0.4(300)

Sv 198.97 > 0.75d = 183.38

Provide 8mm diameter links @ 200c/c.
Deflection
Actual Span

/effective depth

<

Allowable

/bd2 = 57.85 106

/ effective depth = 26 modification factor (m.f)

= 4.84

200 244.502
By interpolation
5.00 0.87
4.84- x
4.00 0.94
X = 0.87+ 0.0112
m.f = 0.88
Allowable

/ effective depth = 26 0.88 = 22.88mm

/effective depth = 5400 = 19.87mm
244.50
Since 22.09mm < 22.88mm, deflection is o.k.
Actual Span

Crack
From clause 3.12.11.1 (BS 8110), the horizontal distance between bars should not
be less than the maximum (hagg+5mm). Where hagg is the maximum size of coarse
aggregate.
Horizontal spacing:
= 200-[2cover+2stirrups+2bar]
= 200 -[2(35)+2(8)+2(25)]
= 64mm
Taking maximum size of aggregate to be 19mm then;
Horizontal spacing > 19mm +5mm
64mm > 24mm
Hence cracking is o.k.

BEAM AT DINING HALL

BS
8110

INTIAL DIMENSIONING

Design Data
Environmental Exposure Condition: moderate- concrete subject to condensation
Table
3.2
Table
3.3
Table
3.4

Concrete grade fcu : C35

Fire resistance: 2 hours
Concrete cover: 35mm
Steel grade(fy): 250N/mm2
Diameter of main bars: 25mm
Diameter of links: 8mm
Breadth of beam, b: 250mm

For simply supported rectangular beams ;

Span
/Effective depth (deff) = 26mm
Table
3.9

Effective depth (deff) Span/26 =7650/26 = 294.23mm

Depth , D = effective depth + (diameter of main bar) +link+conc. Cover
=294.23+1/2(25)+8+35 = 349.73mm
Use, Dtrial = 400mm
deff = 400-1/2(25)-8-35 =344.50mm

K
a

BS 648

Load Estimation
Unit weight of concrete = 2403kg/m3
0.7mm corrugated aluminum roofing sheet = 2.9kg/m2
Dead load roofing sheet
2.9kg/m29.81m/s2 1m (span considered)
= 0.03KN/m

BS4848

Dead roof truss

Top chord (20015012 thick unequal angle)
32kg/m9.81m/s2 2no = 0.61KN/m
Bottom chord (75508 thick unequal angle)
7.39kg/m9.81m/s2 = 0.07KN/m
Internals (75508 thick unequal angle)
7.39kg/m9.81m/s2 = 0.07KN/m
Purlins (75508 thick unequal angle)
7.39kg/m9.81m/s2 = 0.07KN/m
Dead load beam
2403kg/m39.81m/s20.41m = 9.43KN/m

Total dead load (Gk) = 10.25KN/m

BS
6399

Imposed loads
2.0KN/m
Design load
1.4(10.25) +1.6(2.0) = 17.55KN/m

MOMENT AND SHEAR ANALYSIS

Moment

Using the slope deflection method, the bending moments and shear forces where calculated
as shown in the diagram below;

Adequacy of section to carry Maximum moment.

Effective depth required, (dreq) =
Mmax
kb
Mmax : maximum moment
K: 0.156fcu = 0.156 35N/mm2 = 5.46 N/mm2
dreq =

128.54 106
5.46 250

= 306.87mm

Overall depth required, Dreq = 306.87+1/2(25)+8+35 = 362.37mm

Since Dreq = 362.37mm < Dtrial = 400mm
Hence section is adequate.
Moment of resistance
Mu = 0.156bd2fcu = 0.156250344.5235
= 162KNm
Since Mmax = 128.54KNm < Mu =162KNm, no compression reinforcement is
required.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

Area of steel required, Asreq = M/0.95fyZ

Moment Arm, Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- k/0.9

Moment Arm factor, K = M/(bd2fcu)

Recall:
deff = 400-1/2(25)-8-35 =344.50mm
K = 128.54106
250 344.5235
= 0.124
Z = d [0.5+ 0.25- 0.124/0.9 ] = 0.83d

Z = 0.83(344.50) = 285.94mm
Asreq = 128.54 106
0.95 250 285.94
= 1892.78mm2
Provide 4R25 As prov. =1963mm2

Checks
Minimum percentage of reinforcement
Minimum Area of reinforcement
Asmin = 0.24% bh
Where, h is the thickness of slab
= 0.24% 250 400
= 240mm2
Maximum Area of reinforcement
Asmax = 4%bh
= 4% 250 400
= 4000mm2
Since Asmin <Asprov < Asmax reinforcement is o.k.
Shear
Allowable shear stress = 0.8
Design shear stress, = Vmax
bd

= 4.733N/mm2

fcu

= 113.71 103 = 1.32N/mm2

250 x 344.50

1.32 N/mm2 < 4.733N/mm2, hence diagonal compression is o.k.

Design concrete shear stress, c = 0.79(100As/bd)1/3 (400/d)1/4 1/m
= 0.79(100(1963)/(250344.50)1/3 (400/344.5)1/4 1/1.25
= 0.791.321.040.8
= 0.867N/mm2
= 1.32 N/mm2> c = 0.867N/mm2, hence shear reinforcement required.

From table 3.7 (BS 8110), the condition :

(c+0.4) << 0.8

fcu

is satisfied

Therefore provide links

Asv bvSv(- c)/0.95fy
Assume 2 legs of 8mm links
Asv = 2(d2/4) = 2(82/4) = 100.53mm2
Spacing, Sv 0.95fyAsv/b(- c) 0.75d
Sv 0.95 250100.53
250(1.32-0.867)

Sv 210.82 < 0.75d = 258.38

Provide 8mm diameter links @ 200c/c.
Deflection
Actual Span

/effective depth

<

Allowable

/bd2 = 128.54 106

/ effective depth = 26 modification factor (m.f)

= 4.33

250 344.502
By interpolation
4.00 0.94
4.33- x
5.00 0.87
X = 0.94-0.023
m.f = 0.92
Allowable

/ effective depth = 26 0.92 = 23.92mm

/effective depth = 7650 = 22.21mm
344.50
Since 22.21mm < 23.92mm, deflection is o.k.
Actual Span

Crack
From clause 3.12.11.1 (BS 8110), the horizontal distance between bars should not
be less than the maximum (hagg+5mm). Where hagg is the maximum size of coarse
aggregate.
Horizontal spacing:
= 250-[2cover+2stirrups+2bar]
= 250 -[2(35)+2(8)+2(25)]
= 114mm
Taking maximum size of aggregate to be 19mm then;
Horizontal spacing > 19mm +5mm
114mm > 24mm
Hence cracking is o.k.