Information Systems for Business and Beyond

David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.

Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.

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Contents
1 'JPNK@Q?PEKJ
Part 1: What Is an Information System?
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Part 2: Information Systems for Strategic Advantage
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Part 3: Information Systems Beyond the Organization
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iv
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Introduction
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Audience
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Chapter Outline
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Y Part 2: Information Systems for Strategic Advantage
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1
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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2 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
For the Instructor
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Introduction 3

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Part 1: What Is an Information System?

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Chapter 1: What Is an Information System?
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
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Defining Information Systems
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5

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Technology
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6 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Data
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Networking Communication: A Fourth Technology Piece?
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KB PA?DJKHKCU SEPD PDAI. QOEJAOOAO DKLEJC PK C=EJ =J =@R=JP=CA KRAN PDAEN ?KILAPEPKNO =NA DECDHU BK?QOA@ KJ PDEO ?KILKJAJP KB
EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO. 5A SEHH @EO?QOO LNK?AOOAO EJ ?D=LPAN 8.
Ch.1:What Is an Information System? 7

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
IB" 704 "08=5A0<4 (C>?HA867C: !0FA4=24 !8E4A<>A4
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The PC Revolution
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8 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Ch.1:What Is an Information System? 9
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Can Information Systems Bring Competitive Advantage?
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Ch.1:What Is an Information System? 11

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'468BC4A43 CA034<0A: >5 ,0;-"0AC (C>A4B, I=2.
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Ch.1:What Is an Information System? 13

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Chapter 2: Hardware
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
describe information systems hardware;
identify the primary components of a computer and the functions they perform; and
explain the effect of the commoditization of the personal computer.
Introduction
As we learned in the first chapter, an information system is made up of five components: hardware,
software, data, people, and process. The physical parts of computing devices those that you can actually
touch are referred to as hardware. In this chapter, we will take a look at this component of information
systems, learn a little bit about how it works, and discuss some of the current trends surrounding it.
As stated above, computer hardware encompasses digital devices that you can physically touch. This
includes devices such as the following:
desktop computers
laptop computers
mobile phones
tablet computers
e-readers
storage devices, such as flash drives
input devices, such as keyboards, mice, and scanners
output devices such as printers and speakers.
Besides these more traditional computer hardware devices, many items that were once not considered
digital devices are now becoming computerized themselves. Digital technologies are now being integrated
into many everyday objects, so the days of a device being labeled categorically as computer hardware may
be ending. Examples of these types of digital devices include automobiles, refrigerators, and even soft-
drink dispensers. In this chapter, we will also explore digital devices, beginning with defining what we
mean by the term itself.
14

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Attributed to David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Digital Devices
A digital device processes electronic signals that represent either a one (on) or a zero (off). The on
state is represented by the presence of an electronic signal; the off state is represented by the absence of an
electronic signal. Each one or zero is referred to as a bit (a contraction of binary digit); a group of eight bits
is a byte. The first personal computers could process 8 bits of data at once; modern PCs can now process
64 bits of data at a time, which is where the term 64-bit processor comes from.
Sidebar: Understanding Binary
As you know, the system of numbering we are most familiar with is base-ten numbering. In base-ten
numbering, each column in the number represents a power of ten, with the far-right column representing
10^0 (ones), the next column from the right representing 10^1 (tens), then 10^2 (hundreds), then 10^3
(thousands), etc. For example, the number 1010 in decimal represents: (1 x 1000) + (0 x 100) + (1 x 10) +
(0 x 1).
Computers use the base-two numbering system, also known as binary. In this system, each column in
the number represents a power of two, with the far-right column representing 2^0 (ones), the next column
from the right representing 2^1 (tens), then 2^2 (fours), then 2^3 (eights), etc. For example, the number
1010 in binary represents (1 x 8 ) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1). In base ten, this evaluates to 10.
As the capacities of digital devices grew, new terms were developed to identify the capacities of processors,
memory, and disk storage space. Prefixes were applied to the word byte to represent different orders of
magnitude. Since these are digital specifications, the prefixes were originally meant to represent multiples
of 1024 (which is 2
10
), but have more recently been rounded to mean multiples of 1000.
A Listing of Binary Prefixes
Prefix Represents Example
kilo one thousand kilobyte=one thousand bytes
mega one million megabyte=one million bytes
giga one billion gigabyte=one billion bytes
tera one trillion terabyte=one trillion bytes
Tour of a PC
All personal computers consist of the same basic components: a CPU, memory, circuit board, storage, and
input/output devices. It also turns out that almost every digital device uses the same set of components, so
examining the personal computer will give us insight into the structure of a variety of digital devices. So
lets take a tour of a personal computer and see what makes them function.
Ch.2: Hardware 15

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Attributed to David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Processing Data: The CPU
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Sidebar: Moores Law
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Ch.2: Hardware 17

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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
H0A3 38B: 4=2;>BDA4 (2;82: 8<064 C> 4=;0A64)
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Ch.2: Hardware 19

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
USB connector (click image to enlarge)
technologies began to dominate in the early 2000s, many personal computers also began including wireless
networking capabilities. Digital communication technologies will be discussed further in chapter 5.
Input and Output
In order for a personal computer to be useful, it must have channels for
receiving input from the user and channels for delivering output to the
user. These input and output devices connect to the computer via
various connection ports, which generally are part of the motherboard
and are accessible outside the computer case. In early personal
computers, specific ports were designed for each type of output
device. The configuration of these ports has evolved over the years,
becoming more and more standardized over time. Today, almost all
devices plug into a computer through the use of a USB port. This port type, first introduced in 1996, has
increased in its capabilities, both in its data transfer rate and power supplied.
Bluetooth
Besides USB, some input and output devices connect to the computer via a wireless-technology standard
called Bluetooth. Bluetooth was first invented in the 1990s and exchanges data over short distances using
radio waves. Bluetooth generally has a range of 100 to 150 feet. For devices to communicate via Bluetooth,
both the personal computer and the connecting device must have a Bluetooth communication chip installed.
Input Devices
All personal computers need components that allow the user to input data. Early computers used simply a
keyboard to allow the user to enter data or select an item from a menu to run a program. With the advent of
the graphical user interface, the mouse became a standard component of a computer. These two components
are still the primary input devices to a personal computer, though variations of each have been introduced
with varying levels of success over the years. For example, many new devices now use a touch screen as
the primary way of entering data.
Besides the keyboard and mouse, additional input devices are becoming more common. Scanners
allow users to input documents into a computer, either as images or as text. Microphones can be used to
record audio or give voice commands. Webcams and other types of video cameras can be used to record
video or participate in a video chat session.
Output Devices
Output devices are essential as well. The most obvious output device is a display, visually representing the
state of the computer. In some cases, a personal computer can support multiple displays or be connected to
larger-format displays such as a projector or large-screen television. Besides displays, other output devices
include speakers for audio output and printers for printed output.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206/
Attributed to David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Sidebar: What Hardware Components Contribute to the Speed of My Computer?
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Units Description
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PULAO KB @ARE?AO PD=P NALNAOAJP PDA H=PAOP PNAJ@O EJ LANOKJ=H ?KILQPEJC.
Ch.2: Hardware 21

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
A modern laptop
Portable Computers
In 1983, Compaq Computer Corporation developed the
first commercially successful portable personal computer.
By todays standards, the Compaq PC was not very
portable: weighing in at 28 pounds, this computer was
portable only in the most literal sense it could be carried
around. But this was no laptop; the computer was designed
like a suitcase, to be lugged around and laid on its side to be
used. Besides portability, the Compaq was successful
because it was fully compatible with the software being run
by the IBM PC, which was the standard for business.
In the years that followed, portable computing
continued to improve, giving us laptop and notebook
computers. The luggable computer has given way to a
much lighter clamshell computer that weighs from 4 to 6
pounds and runs on batteries. In fact, the most recent
advances in technology give us a new class of laptop that is
quickly becoming the standard: these laptops are extremely
light and portable and use less power than their larger
counterparts. The MacBook Air is a good example of this:
it weighs less than three pounds and is only 0.68 inches thick!
Finally, as more and more organizations and individuals are moving much of their computing to the
Internet, laptops are being developed that use the cloud for all of their data and application storage. These
laptops are also extremely light because they have no need of a hard disk at all! A good example of this
type of laptop (sometimes called a netbook) is Samsungs Chromebook.
Smartphones
The first modern-day mobile phone was invented in 1973. Resembling a brick and weighing in at two
pounds, it was priced out of reach for most consumers at nearly four thousand dollars. Since then, mobile
phones have become smaller and less expensive; today mobile phones are a modern convenience available
to all levels of society. As mobile phones evolved, they became more like small computers. These
smartphones have many of the same characteristics as a personal computer, such as an operating system
and memory. The first smartphone was the IBM Simon, introduced in 1994.
In January of 2007, Apple introduced the iPhone. Its ease of use and intuitive interface made it an
immediate success and solidified the future of smartphones. Running on an operating system called iOS,
the iPhone was really a small computer with a touch-screen interface. In 2008, the first Android phone was
released, with similar functionality.
Tablet Computers
A tablet computer is one that uses a touch screen as its primary input and is small enough and light enough
to be carried around easily. They generally have no keyboard and are self-contained inside a rectangular
case. The first tablet computers appeared in the early 2000s and used an attached pen as a writing device
for input. These tablets ranged in size from small personal digital assistants (PDAs), which were handheld,
22 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Ch.2: Hardware 23

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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The Problem of Electronic Waste
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+EHHEKJO KB PDAI D=RA >AAJ QOA@ =J@ @EO?=N@A@. +K>EHA LDKJAO =NA
JKS =R=EH=>HA EJ ARAJ PDA NAIKPAOP L=NPO KB PDA SKNH@ =J@, =BPAN = BAS
UA=NO KB QOA, PDAU =NA @EO?=N@A@. 5DANA @KAO PDEO AHA?PNKJE? @A>NEO AJ@
QL?
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>ACEJJEJC PK >A OAAJ =O DA=HPD D=V=N@O BKN PDKOA HEREJC JA=N PDAI.
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?=J >A NA?U?HA@, AHA?PNKJE? S=OPA EO = LNK>HAI SEPD SDE?D SA IQOP =HH
@A=H.
Summary
'JBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO D=N@S=NA ?KJOEOPO KB PDA ?KILKJAJPO KB @ECEP=H
PA?DJKHKCU PD=P UKQ ?=J PKQ?D. 'J PDEO ?D=LPAN, SA NAREASA@ PDA
?KILKJAJPO PD=P I=GA QL = LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN, SEPD PDA QJ@ANOP=J@EJC
PD=P PDA ?KJBECQN=PEKJ KB = LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN EO RANU OEIEH=N PK PD=P KB =JU PULA KB @ECEP=H ?KILQPEJC @ARE?A.
ALANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN EO I=@A QL KB I=JU ?KILKJAJPO, IKOP EILKNP=JPHU PDA !.3, IKPDAN>K=N@, 0A+, D=N@
@EOG, NAIKR=>HA IA@E=, =J@ EJLQP/KQPLQP @ARE?AO. 5A =HOK NAREASA@ OKIA R=NE=PEKJO KJ PDA LANOKJ=H
?KILQPAN, OQ?D =O PDA P=>HAP ?KILQPAN =J@ PDA OI=NPLDKJA. 'J =??KN@=J?A SEPD +KKNAaO *=S, PDAOA
PA?DJKHKCEAO D=RA EILNKRA@ MQE?GHU KRAN PDA UA=NO, I=GEJC PK@=UaO ?KILQPEJC @ARE?AO IQ?D IKNA
LKSANBQH PD=J @ARE?AO FQOP = BAS UA=NO =CK. $EJ=HHU, SA @EO?QOOA@ PSK KB PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB PDEO ARKHQPEKJ:
PDA ?KIIK@EPEV=PEKJ KB PDA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN =J@ PDA LNK>HAI KB AHA?PNKJE? S=OPA.
Study Questions
1. 5NEPA UKQN KSJ @AO?NELPEKJ KB SD=P PDA PANI 8=5>A<0C8>= BHBC4<B 70A3F0A4 IA=JO.
2. 5D=P EO PDA EIL=?P KB +KKNAaO *=S KJ PDA R=NEKQO D=N@S=NA ?KILKJAJPO @AO?NE>A@ EJ PDEO
?D=LPAN?
3. 5NEPA = OQII=NU KB KJA KB PDA EPAIO HEJGA@ PK EJ PDA ^'JPACN=PA@ !KILQPEJC_ OA?PEKJ.
4. #TLH=EJ SDU PDA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN EO JKS ?KJOE@ANA@ = ?KIIK@EPU.
5. 2DA !.3 ?=J =HOK >A PDKQCDP KB =O PDA <<<<<<<<<<<<< KB PDA ?KILQPAN.
6. *EOP PDA BKHHKSEJC EJ EJ?NA=OEJC KN@AN (OHKSAOP PK B=OPAOP): IAC=DANPV, GEHKDANPV, CEC=DANPV.
7. 5D=P EO PDA >QO KB = ?KILQPAN?
24 Information Systems for Business and Beyond
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
8. ,=IA PSK @EBBANAJ?AO >APSAAJ 0A+ =J@ = D=N@ @EOG.
9. 5D=P =NA PDA =@R=JP=CAO KB OKHE@-OP=PA @NERAO KRAN D=N@ @EOGO?
10. &KS DA=RU S=O PDA BENOP ?KIIAN?E=HHU OQ??AOOBQH LKNP=>HA ?KILQPAN?
Exercises
1. 0AREAS PDA OE@A>=N KJ PDA >EJ=NU JQI>AN OUOPAI. &KS SKQH@ UKQ NALNAOAJP PDA JQI>AN 16 EJ
>EJ=NU? &KS =>KQP PDA JQI>AN 100? AOE@AO @A?EI=H =J@ >EJ=NU, KPDAN JQI>AN >=OAO =NA QOA@ EJ
?KILQPEJC =J@ LNKCN=IIEJC. -JA KB PDA IKOP QOA@ >=OAO EO 74G03428<0;, SDE?D EO >=OA-16. 'J
>=OA-16, PDA JQIAN=HO 0 PDNKQCD 9 =NA OQLLHAIAJPA@ SEPD PDA HAPPANO A (10) PDNKQCD $ (15). &KS
SKQH@ UKQ NALNAOAJP PDA @A?EI=H JQI>AN 100 EJ DAT=@A?EI=H?
2. 0AREAS PDA PEIAHEJA KB ?KILQPANO =P PDA -H@ !KILQPANO SA>OEPA. .E?G KJA ?KILQPAN BNKI PDA
HEOPEJC =J@ SNEPA = >NEAB OQII=NU. 'J?HQ@A PDA OLA?EBE?=PEKJO BKN !.3, IAIKNU, =J@ O?NAAJ OEVA.
,KS BEJ@ PDA OLA?EBE?=PEKJO KB = ?KILQPAN >AEJC KBBANA@ BKN O=HA PK@=U =J@ ?KIL=NA. "E@ +KKNAaO
*=S DKH@ PNQA?
3. 2DA &KIA>NAS !KILQPAN !HQ> S=O KJA KB PDA KNECEJ=H ?HQ>O BKN AJPDQOE=OPO KB PDA BENOP
LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN, PDA AHP=EN 8800. 0A=@ OKIA KB PDAEN JASOHAPPANO =J@ PDAJ @EO?QOO OKIA KB PDA
EOOQAO OQNNKQJ@EJC PDEO A=NHU LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN.
4. 'B UKQ ?KQH@ >QEH@ UKQN KSJ LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN, SD=P ?KILKJAJPO SKQH@ UKQ LQN?D=OA? .QP
PKCAPDAN = HEOP KB PDA ?KILKJAJPO UKQ SKQH@ QOA PK ?NA=PA EP, EJ?HQ@EJC = ?KILQPAN ?=OA,
IKPDAN>K=N@, !.3, D=N@ @EOG, 0A+, =J@ "4" @NERA. &KS ?=J UKQ >A OQNA PDAU =NA =HH
?KIL=PE>HA SEPD A=?D KPDAN? &KS IQ?D SKQH@ EP ?KOP? &KS @KAO PDEO ?KIL=NA PK = OEIEH=N
?KILQPAN LQN?D=OA@ BNKI = RAJ@KN OQ?D =O "AHH KN &.?
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KJ PDEO PKLE?. .NAL=NA = OHE@AODKS PD=P OQII=NEVAO PDA EOOQA =J@ PDAJ NA?KIIAJ@ = LKOOE>HA
OKHQPEKJ >=OA@ KJ UKQN NAOA=N?D.
6. AO SEPD =JU PA?DJKHKCU PATP, PDANA D=RA >AAJ =@R=J?AO EJ PA?DJKHKCEAO OEJ?A LQ>HE?=PEKJ. 5D=P
PA?DJKHKCU PD=P D=O >AAJ @ARAHKLA@ NA?AJPHU SKQH@ UKQ =@@ PK PDEO ?D=LPAN?
7. 5D=P EO PDA ?QNNAJP OP=PA KB OKHE@-OP=PA @NERAO RO. D=N@ @EOGO? "K KNECEJ=H NAOA=N?D KJHEJA SDANA
UKQ ?=J ?KIL=NA LNE?A KJ OKHE@-OP=PA @NERAO =J@ D=N@ @EOGO. A OQNA UKQ JKPA PDA @EBBANAJ?AO EJ
LNE?A, ?=L=?EPU, =J@ OLAA@.
Ch.2: Hardware 25

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Chapter 3: Software
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
3LKJ OQ??AOOBQH ?KILHAPEKJ KB PDEO ?D=LPAN, UKQ SEHH >A =>HA PK:
Y @ABEJA PDA PANI B>5CF0A4;
Y @AO?NE>A PDA PSK LNEI=NU ?=PACKNEAO KB OKBPS=NA;
Y @AO?NE>A PDA NKHA #0. OKBPS=NA LH=UO EJ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ;
Y @AO?NE>A ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC =J@ EPO =@R=JP=CAO =J@ @EO=@R=JP=CAO BKN QOA EJ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ; =J@
Y @ABEJA PDA PANI >?4=-B>DA24 =J@ E@AJPEBU EPO LNEI=NU ?D=N=?PANEOPE?O.
Introduction
2DA OA?KJ@ ?KILKJAJP KB =J EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAI EO OKBPS=NA. 1EILHU LQP: 1KBPS=NA EO PDA OAP KB EJOPNQ?PEKJO
PD=P PAHH PDA D=N@S=NA SD=P PK @K. 1KBPS=NA EO ?NA=PA@ PDNKQCD PDA LNK?AOO KB LNKCN=IIEJC (SA SEHH ?KRAN PDA
?NA=PEKJ KB OKBPS=NA EJ IKNA @AP=EH EJ ?D=LPAN 10). 5EPDKQP OKBPS=NA, PDA D=N@S=NA SKQH@ JKP >A BQJ?PEKJ=H.
Types of Software
1KBPS=NA ?=J >A >NK=@HU @ERE@A@ EJPK PSK ?=PACKNEAO: KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO =J@
=LLHE?=PEKJ OKBPS=NA. $?4A0C8=6 BHBC4<B I=J=CA PDA D=N@S=NA =J@ ?NA=PA
PDA EJPANB=?A >APSAAJ PDA D=N@S=NA =J@ PDA QOAN. A??;820C8>= B>5CF0A4 EO
PDA ?=PACKNU KB LNKCN=IO PD=P @K OKIAPDEJC QOABQH BKN PDA QOAN.
Operating Systems
2DA KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI LNKRE@AO OARAN=H AOOAJPE=H BQJ?PEKJO, EJ?HQ@EJC:
1. I=J=CEJC PDA D=N@S=NA NAOKQN?AO KB PDA ?KILQPAN;
2. LNKRE@EJC PDA QOAN-EJPANB=?A ?KILKJAJPO;
3. LNKRE@EJC = LH=PBKNI BKN OKBPS=NA @ARAHKLANO PK SNEPA
=LLHE?=PEKJO.
AHH ?KILQPEJC @ARE?AO NQJ =J KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI. $KN LANOKJ=H ?KILQPANO, PDA IKOP LKLQH=N KLAN=PEJC
OUOPAIO =NA +E?NKOKBPaO 5EJ@KSO, ALLHAaO -1 6, =J@ @EBBANAJP RANOEKJO KB *EJQT. 1I=NPLDKJAO =J@ P=>HAPO
NQJ KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO =O SAHH, OQ?D =O ALLHAaO E-1, %KKCHAaO AJ@NKE@, +E?NKOKBPaO 5EJ@KSO +K>EHA, =J@
H=?G>ANNU.
#=NHU LANOKJ=H-?KILQPAN KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO SANA OEILHA >U PK@=UaO OP=J@=N@O; PDAU @E@ JKP LNKRE@A
IQHPEP=OGEJC =J@ NAMQENA@ PDA QOAN PK PULA ?KII=J@O PK EJEPE=PA =J =?PEKJ. 2DA =IKQJP KB IAIKNU PD=P A=NHU
26

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
!8=DG ;>6>
(C>?HA867C: !0AAH
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LKLQH=N KB PDA A=NHU KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO S=O '+aO "EOG -LAN=PEJC 1UOPAI, KN "-1, SDE?D S=O =?PQ=HHU
@ARAHKLA@ BKN PDAI >U +E?NKOKBP.
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QOAN EJPANB=?A. 2DKQCD JKP PDA BENOP CN=LDE?=H KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI, EP S=O PDA BENOP KJA PK BEJ@ ?KIIAN?E=H
OQ??AOO. 'J 1985, +E?NKOKBP NAHA=OA@ PDA BENOP RANOEKJ KB 5EJ@KSO. 2DEO RANOEKJ KB 5EJ@KSO S=O JKP =J
KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI, >QP EJOPA=@ S=O =J =LLHE?=PEKJ PD=P N=J KJ PKL KB PDA "-1 KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI, LNKRE@EJC
= CN=LDE?=H AJRENKJIAJP. 'P S=O MQEPA HEIEPA@ =J@ D=@ HEPPHA ?KIIAN?E=H OQ??AOO. 'P S=O JKP QJPEH PDA
1990 NAHA=OA KB 5EJ@KSO 3.0 PD=P +E?NKOKBP BKQJ@ OQ??AOO SEPD = CN=LDE?=H QOAN EJPANB=?A. A?=QOA KB
PDA DKH@ KB '+ =J@ '+-?KIL=PE>HA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPANO KJ >QOEJAOO, EP S=O JKP QJPEH 5EJ@KSO 3.0 S=O
NAHA=OA@ PD=P >QOEJAOO QOANO >AC=J QOEJC = CN=LDE?=H QOAN EJPANB=?A, QODANEJC QO EJPK PDA CN=LDE?=H-?KILQPEJC
AN=. 1EJ?A 1990, >KPD ALLHA =J@ +E?NKOKBP D=RA NAHA=OA@ I=JU JAS RANOEKJO KB PDAEN KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO,
SEPD A=?D NAHA=OA =@@EJC PDA =>EHEPU PK LNK?AOO IKNA @=P= =P KJ?A =J@ =??AOO IKNA IAIKNU. $A=PQNAO OQ?D
=O IQHPEP=OGEJC, RENPQ=H IAIKNU, =J@ RKE?A EJLQP D=RA >A?KIA OP=J@=N@ BA=PQNAO KB >KPD KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO.
A PDEN@ LANOKJ=H-?KILQPAN KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI B=IEHU PD=P EO C=EJEJC EJ LKLQH=NEPU EO *EJQT
(LNKJKQJ?A@ ^HEJJ-AT_). *EJQT EO = RANOEKJ KB PDA 3JET KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI PD=P NQJO KJ PDA
LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN. 3JET EO =J KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI QOA@ LNEI=NEHU >U O?EAJPEOPO =J@
AJCEJAANO KJ H=NCAN IEJE?KILQPANO. 2DAOA =NA RANU ATLAJOERA ?KILQPANO, =J@ OKBPS=NA
@ARAHKLAN *EJQO 2KNR=H@O S=JPA@ PK BEJ@ = S=U PK I=GA 3JET NQJ KJ HAOO ATLAJOERA
LANOKJ=H ?KILQPANO. *EJQT S=O PDA NAOQHP. *EJQT D=O I=JU R=NE=PEKJO =J@ JKS LKSANO =
H=NCA LAN?AJP=CA KB SA> OANRANO EJ PDA SKNH@. 'P EO =HOK =J AT=ILHA KB >?4=-B>DA24
B>5CF0A4, = PKLE? SA SEHH ?KRAN H=PAN EJ PDEO ?D=LPAN.
Sidebar: Mac vs. Windows
ANA UKQ = +=?? ANA UKQ = .!? #RAN OEJ?A EPO EJPNK@Q?PEKJ EJ 1984, QOANO KB PDA ALLHA +=?EJPKOD D=RA >AAJ
MQEPA >E=OA@ =>KQP PDAEN LNABANAJ?A BKN PDA +=?EJPKOD KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI(JKS ?=HHA@ -1 6) KRAN +E?NKOKBPaO.
5DAJ +E?NKOKBP EJPNK@Q?A@ 5EJ@KSO, ALLHA OQA@ +E?NKOKBP, ?H=EIEJC PD=P PDAU ?KLEA@ PDA ^HKKG =J@ BAAH_
KB PDA +=?EJPKOD KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI. 'J PDA AJ@, +E?NKOKBP OQ??AOOBQHHU @ABAJ@A@ PDAIOAHRAO.
-RAN PDA L=OP BAS UA=NO, +E?NKOKBP =J@ ALLHA D=RA PN=@A@ >=N>O SEPD A=?D KPDAN, A=?D ?H=EIEJC PK
D=RA = >APPAN KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI =J@ OKBPS=NA. 5DEHA +E?NKOKBP D=O =HS=UO D=@ PDA H=NCAN I=NGAP OD=NA (OAA
OE@A>=N), ALLHA D=O >AAJ PDA B=RKNEPA KB =NPEOPO, IQOE?E=JO, =J@ PDA PA?DJKHKCU AHEPA. ALLHA =HOK LNKRE@AO =
HKP KB ?KILQPANO PK AHAIAJP=NU O?DKKHO, PDQO C=EJEJC = BKHHKSEJC =IKJC PDA UKQJCAN CAJAN=PEKJ.
Sidebar: Why Is Microsoft Software So Dominant in the Business World?
'B UKQaRA SKNGA@ EJ PDA SKNH@ KB >QOEJAOO, UKQ I=U D=RA JKPE?A@ PD=P =HIKOP =HH KB PDA ?KILQPANO NQJ =
RANOEKJ KB +E?NKOKBPaO 5EJ@KSO KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI. 5DU EO PDEO? -J =HIKOP =HH ?KHHACA ?=ILQOAO, UKQ OAA =
LNALKJ@AN=J?A KB ALLHA +=?EJPKOD H=LPKLO. 'J AHAIAJP=NU O?DKKHO, ALLHA NAECJO =O SAHH. 5DU D=O PDEO JKP
ATPAJ@A@ EJPK PDA >QOEJAOO SKNH@?
AO SA HA=NJA@ EJ ?D=LPAN 1, =HIKOP =HH >QOEJAOOAO QOA@ '+ I=EJBN=IA ?KILQPANO >=?G EJ PDA 1960O
=J@ 1970O. 2DAOA O=IA >QOEJAOOAO ODEA@ =S=U BNKI LANOKJ=H ?KILQPANO QJPEH '+NAHA=OA@ PDA .! EJ 1981.
Ch.3: Software 27

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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
+8B8C0;2 AD==8=6 >= 0= A??;4 II. (%D1;82
D><08=)
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SKQH@ ?DKKOA PDA O=BA NKQPA =J@ LQN?D=OA '+. 2DA O=UEJC PDAJ S=O: ^,K KJA ARAN CKP BENA@ BKN >QUEJC
'+._ 1K KRAN PDA JATP @A?=@A, ?KIL=JEAO >KQCDP '+ LANOKJ=H ?KILQPANO (KN PDKOA ?KIL=PE>HA SEPD
PDAI), SDE?D N=J =J KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI ?=HHA@ "-1. "-1 S=O ?NA=PA@ >U +E?NKOKBP, OK SDAJ +E?NKOKBP
NAHA=OA@ 5EJ@KSO =O PDA JATP EPAN=PEKJ KB "-1, ?KIL=JEAO PKKG PDA O=BA NKQPA =J@ OP=NPA@ LQN?D=OEJC
5EJ@KSO.
+E?NKOKBP OKKJ BKQJ@ EPOAHB SEPD PDA @KIEJ=JP LANOKJ=H-?KILQPAN KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI BKN >QOEJAOOAO.
AO PDA JAPSKNGA@ LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN >AC=J PK NALH=?A PDA I=EJBN=IA ?KILQPAN =O PDA LNEI=NU S=U KB
?KILQPEJC EJOE@A >QOEJAOOAO, EP >A?=IA AOOAJPE=H BKN +E?NKOKBP PK CERA >QOEJAOOAO PDA =>EHEPU PK =@IEJEOPAN
=J@ OA?QNA PDAEN JAPSKNGO. +E?NKOKBP @ARAHKLA@ >QOEJAOO-HARAH OANRAN LNK@Q?PO PK CK =HKJC SEPD PDAEN
LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN LNK@Q?PO, PDANA>U LNKRE@EJC = ?KILHAPA >QOEJAOO OKHQPEKJ. AJ@ OK JKS, PDA O=UEJC CKAO:
^,K KJA ARAN CKP BENA@ BKN >QUEJC +E?NKOKBP._
Application Software
2DA OA?KJ@ I=FKN ?=PACKNU KB OKBPS=NA EO =LLHE?=PEKJ OKBPS=NA. ALLHE?=PEKJ OKBPS=NA EO, AOOAJPE=HHU,
OKBPS=NA PD=P =HHKSO PDA QOAN PK =??KILHEOD OKIA CK=H KN LQNLKOA. $KN AT=ILHA, EB UKQ D=RA PK SNEPA = L=LAN,
UKQ IECDP QOA PDA =LLHE?=PEKJ-OKBPS=NA LNKCN=I +E?NKOKBP 5KN@. 'B UKQ S=JP PK HEOPAJ PK IQOE?, UKQ IECDP
QOA E2QJAO. 2K OQNB PDA SA>, UKQ IECDP QOA 'JPANJAP #TLHKNAN KN $ENABKT. #RAJ = ?KILQPAN C=IA ?KQH@ >A
?KJOE@ANA@ =LLHE?=PEKJ OKBPS=NA.
The Killer App
5DAJ = JASPULA KB @ECEP=H @ARE?A EO EJRAJPA@, PDANA =NA CAJAN=HHU =
OI=HH CNKQL KB PA?DJKHKCU AJPDQOE=OPO SDK SEHH LQN?D=OA EP FQOP BKN
PDA FKU KB BECQNEJC KQP DKS EP SKNGO. &KSARAN, BKN IKOP KB QO, QJPEH
= @ARE?A ?=J =?PQ=HHU @K OKIAPDEJC QOABQH SA =NA JKP CKEJC PK
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@ARE?A FQOP PK NQJ PD=P =LLHE?=PEKJ. $KN PDA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN, PDA
GEHHAN =LLHE?=PEKJ S=O PDA OLNA=@ODAAP. 'J 1979, 4EOE!=H?, PDA BENOP
LANOKJ=H-?KILQPAN OLNA=@ODAAP L=?G=CA, S=O EJPNK@Q?A@. 'P S=O =J
EIIA@E=PA DEP =J@ @NKRA O=HAO KB PDA ALLHA ''. 'P =HOK OKHE@EBEA@ PDA
R=HQA KB PDA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN >AUKJ@ PDA NAH=PERAHU OI=HH ?EN?HA
KB PA?DJKHKCU CAAGO. 5DAJ PDA '+ .! S=O NAHA=OA@, =JKPDAN
OLNA=@ODAAP LNKCN=I, *KPQO 1-2-3, S=O PDA GEHHAN =LL BKN >QOEJAOO
QOANO.
Productivity Software
AHKJC SEPD PDA OLNA=@ODAAP, OARAN=H KPDAN OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJO D=RA >A?KIA OP=J@=N@ PKKHO BKN PDA
SKNGLH=?A. 2DAOA =LLHE?=PEKJO, ?=HHA@ LNK@Q?PEREPU OKBPS=NA, =HHKS KBBE?A AILHKUAAO PK ?KILHAPA PDAEN @=EHU
SKNG. +=JU PEIAO, PDAOA =LLHE?=PEKJO ?KIA L=?G=CA@ PKCAPDAN, OQ?D =O EJ +E?NKOKBPaO -BBE?A OQEPA. &ANA EO
= HEOP KB PDAOA =LLHE?=PEKJO =J@ PDAEN >=OE? BQJ?PEKJO:
28 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Y 5KN@ LNK?AOOEJC: 2DEO ?H=OO KB OKBPS=NA LNKRE@AO BKN PDA ?NA=PEKJ KB SNEPPAJ @K?QIAJPO. $QJ?PEKJO
EJ?HQ@A PDA =>EHEPU PK PULA =J@ A@EP PATP, BKNI=P BKJPO =J@ L=N=CN=LDO, =J@ =@@, IKRA, =J@ @AHAPA
PATP PDNKQCDKQP PDA @K?QIAJP. +KOP IK@ANJ SKN@-LNK?AOOEJC LNKCN=IO =HOK D=RA PDA =>EHEPU PK
=@@ P=>HAO, EI=CAO, =J@ R=NEKQO H=UKQP =J@ BKNI=PPEJC BA=PQNAO PK PDA @K?QIAJP. 5KN@ LNK?AOOKNO
O=RA PDAEN @K?QIAJPO =O AHA?PNKJE? BEHAO EJ = R=NEAPU KB BKNI=PO. U B=N, PDA IKOP LKLQH=N SKN@-
LNK?AOOEJC L=?G=CA EO +E?NKOKBP 5KN@, SDE?D O=RAO EPO BEHAO EJ PDA "-!6 BKNI=P. 2DEO BKNI=P ?=J
>A NA=@/SNEPPAJ >U I=JU KPDAN SKN@-LNK?AOOKN L=?G=CAO.
Y 1LNA=@ODAAP: 2DEO ?H=OO KB OKBPS=NA LNKRE@AO = S=U PK @K JQIANE? ?=H?QH=PEKJO =J@ =J=HUOEO. 2DA
SKNGEJC =NA= EO @ERE@A@ EJPK NKSO =J@ ?KHQIJO, SDANA QOANO ?=J AJPAN JQI>ANO, PATP, KN BKNIQH=O.
'P EO PDA BKNIQH=O PD=P I=GA = OLNA=@ODAAP LKSANBQH, =HHKSEJC PDA QOAN PK @ARAHKL ?KILHAT
?=H?QH=PEKJO PD=P ?=J ?D=JCA >=OA@ KJ PDA JQI>ANO AJPANA@. +KOP OLNA=@ODAAPO =HOK EJ?HQ@A PDA
=>EHEPU PK ?NA=PA ?D=NPO >=OA@ KJ PDA @=P= AJPANA@. 2DA IKOP LKLQH=N OLNA=@ODAAP L=?G=CA EO
+E?NKOKBP #T?AH, SDE?D O=RAO EPO BEHAO EJ PDA 6*16 BKNI=P. (QOP =O SEPD SKN@ LNK?AOOKNO, I=JU
KPDAN OLNA=@ODAAP L=?G=CAO ?=J NA=@ =J@ SNEPA PK PDEO BEHA BKNI=P.
Y .NAOAJP=PEKJ: 2DEO ?H=OO KB OKBPS=NA LNKRE@AO BKN PDA ?NA=PEKJ KB OHE@AODKS LNAOAJP=PEKJO.
&=NGAJEJC >=?G PK PDA @=UO KB KRANDA=@ LNKFA?PKNO =J@ PN=JOL=NAJ?EAO, LNAOAJP=PEKJ OKBPS=NA
=HHKSO EPO QOANO PK ?NA=PA = OAP KB OHE@AO PD=P ?=J >A LNEJPA@ KN LNKFA?PA@ KJ = O?NAAJ. 3OANO ?=J =@@
PATP, EI=CAO, =J@ KPDAN IA@E= AHAIAJPO PK PDA OHE@AO. +E?NKOKBPaO .KSAN.KEJP EO PDA IKOP LKLQH=N
OKBPS=NA NECDP JKS, O=REJC EPO BEHAO EJ ..26 BKNI=P.
Y 1KIA KBBE?A OQEPAO EJ?HQ@A KPDAN PULAO KB OKBPS=NA. $KN AT=ILHA, +E?NKOKBP -BBE?A EJ?HQ@AO
-QPHKKG, EPO A-I=EH L=?G=CA, =J@ -JA,KPA, =J EJBKNI=PEKJ-C=PDANEJC ?KHH=>KN=PEKJ PKKH. 2DA
LNKBAOOEKJ=H RANOEKJ KB -BBE?A =HOK EJ?HQ@AO +E?NKOKBP A??AOO, = @=P=>=OA L=?G=CA. ("=P=>=OAO =NA
?KRANA@ IKNA EJ ?D=LPAN 4.)
+E?NKOKBP LKLQH=NEVA@ PDA E@A= KB PDA KBBE?A-OKBPS=NA LNK@Q?PEREPU >QJ@HA SEPD PDAEN NAHA=OA KB +E?NKOKBP
-BBE?A. 2DEO L=?G=CA ?KJPEJQAO PK @KIEJ=PA PDA I=NGAP =J@ IKOP >QOEJAOOAO ATLA?P AILHKUAAO PK GJKS
DKS PK QOA PDEO OKBPS=NA. &KSARAN, I=JU ?KILAPEPKNO PK +E?NKOKBP -BBE?A @K ATEOP =J@ =NA ?KIL=PE>HA
SEPD PDA BEHA BKNI=PO QOA@ >U +E?NKOKBP (OAA P=>HA >AHKS). 0A?AJPHU, +E?NKOKBP D=O >ACQJ PK KBBAN = SA>
RANOEKJ KB PDAEN -BBE?A OQEPA. 1EIEH=N PK %KKCHA "NERA, PDEO OQEPA =HHKSO QOANO PK A@EP =J@ OD=NA @K?QIAJPO
KJHEJA QPEHEVEJC ?HKQ@-?KILQPEJC PA?DJKHKCU. !HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC SEHH >A @EO?QOOA@ H=PAN EJ PDEO ?D=LPAN.
Ch.3: Software 29

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
C><?0A8B>= >5 >55824 0??;820C8>= B>5CF0A4 BD8C4B
Utility Software and Programming Software
2SK OQ>?=PACKNEAO KB =LLHE?=PEKJ OKBPS=NA SKNPD IAJPEKJEJC =NA QPEHEPU OKBPS=NA =J@ LNKCN=IIEJC
OKBPS=NA. 3PEHEPU OKBPS=NA EJ?HQ@AO OKBPS=NA PD=P =HHKSO UKQ PK BET KN IK@EBU UKQN ?KILQPAN EJ OKIA S=U.
#T=ILHAO EJ?HQ@A =JPERENQO OKBPS=NA =J@ @EOG @ABN=CIAJP=PEKJ OKBPS=NA. 2DAOA PULAO KB OKBPS=NA L=?G=CAO
SANA EJRAJPA@ PK BEHH ODKNP?KIEJCO EJ KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO. +=JU PEIAO, = OQ>OAMQAJP NAHA=OA KB =J KLAN=PEJC
OUOPAI SEHH EJ?HQ@A PDAOA QPEHEPU BQJ?PEKJO =O L=NP KB PDA KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI EPOAHB.
.NKCN=IIEJC OKBPS=NA EO OKBPS=NA SDKOA LQNLKOA EO PK I=GA IKNA OKBPS=NA. +KOP KB PDAOA LNKCN=IO
LNKRE@A LNKCN=IIANO SEPD =J AJRENKJIAJP EJ SDE?D PDAU ?=J SNEPA PDA ?K@A, PAOP EP, =J@ ?KJRANP EP EJPK PDA
BKNI=P PD=P ?=J PDAJ >A NQJ KJ = ?KILQPAN.
Sidebar: PowerPointed to Death
AO LNAOAJP=PEKJ OKBPS=NA, OLA?EBE?=HHU +E?NKOKBP .KSAN.KEJP, D=O C=EJA@ =??ALP=J?A =O PDA LNEI=NU IAPDK@
PK BKNI=HHU LNAOAJP EJBKNI=PEKJ EJ = >QOEJAOO OAPPEJC, PDA =NP KB CEREJC =J AJC=CEJC LNAOAJP=PEKJ EO >A?KIEJC
N=NA. +=JU LNAOAJPANO JKS FQOP NA=@ PDA >QHHAP LKEJPO EJ PDA LNAOAJP=PEKJ =J@ EIIA@E=PAHU >KNA PDKOA EJ
=PPAJ@=J?A, SDK ?=J =HNA=@U NA=@ EP BKN PDAIOAHRAO.
2DA NA=H LNK>HAI EO JKP SEPD .KSAN.KEJP =O IQ?D =O EP EO SEPD PDA LANOKJ ?NA=PEJC =J@ LNAOAJPEJC. AQPDKN
=J@ PDEJGAN 1APD %K@EJ LQP EP PDEO S=U: ^.KSAN.KEJP ?KQH@ >A PDA IKOP LKSANBQH PKKH KJ UKQN ?KILQPAN.
QP EPaO JKP. 'PaO =?PQ=HHU = @EOI=H B=EHQNA. AHIKOP ARANU .KSAN.KEJP LNAOAJP=PEKJ OQ?GO NKPPAJ ACCO._
1
2DA
OKBPS=NA QOA@ PK DAHL UKQ ?KIIQJE?=PA ODKQH@ JKP @QLHE?=PA PDA LNAOAJP=PEKJ UKQ S=JP PK CERA, >QP EJOPA=@
1. $NKI ,7H 0A4 H>DA %>F4A%>8=CB B> 103? =R=EH=>HA BKN @KSJHK=@ =P DPPL://SSS.OAPDCK@EJ.?KI/BNAALNEVA/NA=HHU>[email protected]@B.
30 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
EP ODKQH@ OQLLKNP EP. ' DECDHU NA?KIIAJ@ PDA >KKG %A4B4=C0C8>= /4= >U %=NN 0AUJKH@O PK =JUKJA SDK
S=JPO PK EILNKRA PDAEN LNAOAJP=PEKJ OGEHHO.
1KBPS=NA @ARAHKLANO =NA >A?KIEJC =S=NA KB PDEO LNK>HAI =O SAHH. ,AS @ECEP=H LNAOAJP=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCEAO
=NA >AEJC @ARAHKLA@, SEPD PDA DKLAO KB >A?KIEJC ^PDA JATP .KSAN.KEJP._ -JA EJJKR=PERA JAS LNAOAJP=PEKJ
=LLHE?=PEKJ EO .NAVE. .NAVE EO = LNAOAJP=PEKJ PKKH PD=P QOAO = OEJCHA ?=JR=O BKN PDA LNAOAJP=PEKJ, =HHKSEJC
LNAOAJPANO PK LH=?A PATP, EI=CAO, =J@ KPDAN IA@E= KJ PDA ?=JR=O, =J@ PDAJ J=REC=PA >APSAAJ PDAOA K>FA?PO
=O PDAU LNAOAJP. (QOP =O SEPD .KSAN.KEJP, .NAVE ODKQH@ >A QOA@ PK OQLLHAIAJP PDA LNAOAJP=PEKJ. AJ@ SA
IQOP =HS=UO NAIAI>AN PD=P OKIAPEIAO PDA >AOP LNAOAJP=PEKJO =NA I=@A SEPD JK @ECEP=H PKKHO.
Sidebar: I Own This Software, Right? Well . . .
5DAJ UKQ LQN?D=OA OKBPS=NA =J@ EJOP=HH EP KJ UKQN ?KILQPAN, =NA UKQ PDA KSJAN KB PD=P OKBPS=NA?
2A?DJE?=HHU, UKQ =NA JKP! 5DAJ UKQ EJOP=HH OKBPS=NA, UKQ =NA =?PQ=HHU FQOP >AEJC CERAJ = HE?AJOA PK QOA EP.
5DAJ UKQ BENOP EJOP=HH = OKBPS=NA L=?G=CA, UKQ =NA =OGA@ PK =CNAA PK PDA PANIO KB OANRE?A KN PDA HE?AJOA
=CNAAIAJP. 'J PD=P =CNAAIAJP, UKQ SEHH BEJ@ PD=P UKQN NECDPO PK QOA PDA OKBPS=NA =NA HEIEPA@. $KN AT=ILHA, EJ
PDA PANIO KB PDA +E?NKOKBP -BBE?A #T?AH 2010 OKBPS=NA HE?AJOA, UKQ SEHH BEJ@ PDA BKHHKSEJC OP=PAIAJP: ^2DEO
OKBPS=NA EO HE?AJOA@, JKP OKH@. 2DEO =CNAAIAJP KJHU CERAO UKQ OKIA NECDPO PK QOA PDA BA=PQNAO EJ?HQ@A@ EJ PDA
OKBPS=NA A@EPEKJ UKQ HE?AJOA@._
$KN PDA IKOP L=NP, PDAOA NAOPNE?PEKJO =NA SD=P UKQ SKQH@ ATLA?P: UKQ ?=JJKP I=GA EHHAC=H ?KLEAO KB PDA
OKBPS=NA =J@ UKQ I=U JKP QOA EP PK @K =JUPDEJC EHHAC=H. &KSARAN, PDANA =NA KPDAN, IKNA QJATLA?PA@ PANIO EJ
PDAOA OKBPS=NA =CNAAIAJPO. $KN AT=ILHA, I=JU OKBPS=NA =CNAAIAJPO =OG UKQ PK =CNAA PK = HEIEP KJ HE=>EHEPU.
AC=EJ, BNKI +E?NKOKBP: ^*EIEP=PEKJ KJ =J@ AT?HQOEKJ KB @=I=CAO. 7KQ ?=J NA?KRAN BNKI +E?NKOKBP =J@ EPO
OQLLHEANO KJHU @ENA?P @=I=CAO QL PK PDA =IKQJP UKQ L=E@ BKN PDA OKBPS=NA. 7KQ ?=JJKP NA?KRAN =JU KPDAN
@=I=CAO, EJ?HQ@EJC ?KJOAMQAJPE=H, HKOP LNKBEPO, OLA?E=H, EJ@ENA?P KN EJ?E@AJP=H @=I=CAO._ 5D=P PDEO IA=JO EO
PD=P EB = LNK>HAI SEPD PDA OKBPS=NA ?=QOAO D=NI PK UKQN >QOEJAOO, UKQ ?=JJKP DKH@ +E?NKOKBP KN PDA OQLLHEAN
NAOLKJOE>HA BKN @=I=CAO.
Applications for the Enterprise
AO PDA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN LNKHEBAN=PA@ EJOE@A KNC=JEV=PEKJO, ?KJPNKH KRAN PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ CAJAN=PA@ >U
PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ >AC=J OLHEJPANEJC. 1=U PDA ?QOPKIAN OANRE?A @AL=NPIAJP ?NA=PAO = ?QOPKIAN @=P=>=OA PK
GAAL PN=?G KB ?=HHO =J@ LNK>HAI NALKNPO, =J@ PDA O=HAO @AL=NPIAJP =HOK ?NA=PAO = @=P=>=OA PK GAAL PN=?G KB
?QOPKIAN EJBKNI=PEKJ. 5DE?D KJA ODKQH@ >A QOA@ =O PDA I=OPAN HEOP KB ?QOPKIANO? AO =JKPDAN AT=ILHA,
OKIAKJA EJ O=HAO IECDP ?NA=PA = OLNA=@ODAAP PK ?=H?QH=PA O=HAO NARAJQA, SDEHA OKIAKJA EJ BEJ=J?A ?NA=PAO
= @EBBANAJP KJA PD=P IAAPO PDA JAA@O KB PDAEN @AL=NPIAJP. &KSARAN, EP EO HEGAHU PD=P PDA PSK OLNA=@ODAAPO
SEHH ?KIA QL SEPD @EBBANAJP PKP=HO BKN NARAJQA. 5DE?D KJA EO ?KNNA?P? AJ@ SDK EO I=J=CEJC =HH KB PDEO
EJBKNI=PEKJ?
Ch.3: Software 31

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
'468BC4A43 CA034<0A: >5 (A%
Enterprise Resource Planning
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=LL=NAJP. 2DA AJPANLNEOA NAOKQN?A LH=JJEJC (#0.) OUOPAI (OKIAPEIAO FQOP ?=HHA@ AJPANLNEOA OKBPS=NA) S=O
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EO = OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ QPEHEVEJC = ?AJPN=H @=P=>=OA PD=P EO EILHAIAJPA@ PDNKQCDKQP PDA AJPENA KNC=JEV=PEKJ.
*APaO P=GA = ?HKOAN HKKG =P PDEO @ABEJEPEKJ:
Y ^A OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ_: AJ #0. EO = OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ PD=P EO QOA@ >U I=JU KB =J
KNC=JEV=PEKJaO AILHKUAAO.
Y ^QPEHEVEJC = ?AJPN=H @=P=>=OA_: AHH QOANO KB PDA #0. A@EP =J@ O=RA PDAEN EJBKNI=PEKJ BNKI PDA @=P=
OKQN?A. 5D=P PDEO IA=JO LN=?PE?=HHU EO PD=P PDANA EO KJHU KJA ?QOPKIAN @=P=>=OA, PDANA EO KJHU KJA
?=H?QH=PEKJ BKN NARAJQA, AP?.
Y ^PD=P EO EILHAIAJPA@ PDNKQCDKQP PDA AJPENA KNC=JEV=PEKJ_: #0. OUOPAIO EJ?HQ@A BQJ?PEKJ=HEPU PD=P
?KRANO =HH KB PDA AOOAJPE=H ?KILKJAJPO KB = >QOEJAOO. $QNPDAN, =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ ?=J LQN?D=OA
IK@QHAO BKN EPO #0. OUOPAI PD=P I=P?D OLA?EBE? JAA@O, OQ?D =O I=JQB=?PQNEJC KN LH=JJEJC.
#0. OUOPAIO SANA KNECEJ=HHU I=NGAPA@ PK H=NCA ?KNLKN=PEKJO.
&KSARAN, =O IKNA =J@ IKNA H=NCA ?KIL=JEAO >AC=J EJOP=HHEJC
PDAI, #0. RAJ@KNO >AC=J P=NCAPEJC IE@-OEVA@ =J@ ARAJ OI=HHAN
>QOEJAOOAO. 1KIA KB PDA IKNA SAHH-GJKSJ #0. OUOPAIO EJ?HQ@A
PDKOA BNKI 1A., -N=?HA, =J@ +E?NKOKBP.
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OUOPAIO =NA NALH=?A@ >U PDA #0. OUOPAI. 'J CAJAN=H, EILHAIAJPEJC =J #0. OUOPAI ?=J P=GA PSK PK PDNAA
UA=NO =J@ OARAN=H IEHHEKJ @KHH=NO. 'J IKOP ?=OAO, PDA ?KOP KB PDA OKBPS=NA EO JKP PDA IKOP ATLAJOERA L=NP KB
PDA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ: EP EO PDA ?KOP KB PDA ?KJOQHP=JPO!
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NAPQNJ KJ PDAEN EJRAOPIAJP. U ?KJOKHE@=PEJC EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO =?NKOO PDA AJPANLNEOA =J@ QOEJC PDA
OKBPS=NA PK AJBKN?A >AOP LN=?PE?AO, IKOP KNC=JEV=PEKJO OAA =J KRAN=HH EILNKRAIAJP =BPAN EILHAIAJPEJC =J
#0.. QOEJAOO LNK?AOOAO =O = BKNI KB ?KILAPEPERA =@R=JP=CA SEHH >A ?KRANA@ EJ ?D=LPAN 9.
Sidebar: Y2K and ERP
2DA EJEPE=H S=RA KB OKBPS=NA-=LLHE?=PEKJ @ARAHKLIAJP >AC=J EJ PDA 1960O, SDAJ =LLHE?=PEKJO SANA
@ARAHKLA@ BKN I=EJBN=IA ?KILQPANO. 'J PDKOA @=UO, ?KILQPEJC S=O ATLAJOERA, OK =LLHE?=PEKJO SANA
@AOECJA@ PK P=GA =O HEPPHA OL=?A =O LKOOE>HA. -JA ODKNP?QP PD=P I=JU LNKCN=IIANO PKKG S=O EJ PDA OPKN=CA
KB @=PAO, OLA?EBE?=HHU PDA UA=N. 'JOPA=@ KB =HHK?=PEJC BKQN @ECEPO PK DKH@ PDA UA=N, I=JU LNKCN=IO =HHK?=PA@
PSK @ECEPO, I=GEJC PDA =OOQILPEKJ PD=P PDA BENOP PSK @ECEPO SANA ^19c. $KN AT=ILHA, PK ?=H?QH=PA DKS KH@
OKIAKJA S=O, PDA =LLHE?=PEKJ SKQH@ P=GA PDA H=OP PSK @ECEPO KB PDA ?QNNAJP UA=N (BKN 1995, BKN AT=ILHA, PD=P
32 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
SKQH@ >A ^95c) =J@ PDAJ OQ>PN=?P PDA PSK @ECEPO OPKNA@ BKN PDA >ENPD@=U UA=N (^65c BKN 1965). 95 IEJQO 65
CERAO =J =CA KB 30, SDE?D EO ?KNNA?P.
&KSARAN, =O PDA UA=N 2000 =LLNK=?DA@, I=JU KB PDAOA ^HAC=?U_ =LLHE?=PEKJO SANA OPEHH >AEJC QOA@, =J@
>QOEJAOOAO SANA RANU ?KJ?ANJA@ PD=P =JU OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJO PDAU SANA QOEJC PD=P JAA@A@ PK ?=H?QH=PA
@=PAO SKQH@ B=EH. 2K QL@=PA KQN =CA-?=H?QH=PEKJ AT=ILHA, PDA =LLHE?=PEKJ SKQH@ P=GA PDA H=OP PSK @ECEPO KB
PDA ?QNNAJP UA=N (BKN 2012, PD=P SKQH@ >A ^12c) =J@ PDAJ OQ>PN=?P PDA PSK @ECEPO OPKNA@ BKN PDA >ENPD@=U
UA=N (^65c BKN 1965). 12 IEJQO 65 CERAO =J =CA KB -53, SDE?D SKQH@ ?=QOA =J ANNKN. 'J KN@AN PK OKHRA PDEO
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SKQH@ >A = I=OOERA QJ@ANP=GEJC, =O ARANU HEJA KB ?K@A =J@ ARANU @=P=>=OA SKQH@ D=RA PK >A AT=IEJA@.
2DEO EO SDANA ?KIL=JEAO C=EJA@ =@@EPEKJ=H EJ?AJPERA PK EILHAIAJP =J #0. OUOPAI. $KN I=JU
KNC=JEV=PEKJO PD=P SANA ?KJOE@ANEJC QLCN=@EJC PK #0. OUOPAIO EJ PDA H=PA 1990O, PDEO LNK>HAI, GJKSJ =O
72) (UA=N 2000), C=RA PDAI PDA ATPN= LQOD PDAU JAA@A@ PK CAP PDAEN #0. EJOP=HHA@ >ABKNA PDA UA=N 2000.
#0. RAJ@KNO CQ=N=JPAA@ PD=P PDAEN OUOPAIO D=@ >AAJ @AOECJA@ PK >A 72) ?KILHE=JP \ SDE?D OEILHU IA=JP
PD=P PDAU OPKNA@ @=PAO QOEJC BKQN @ECEPO EJOPA=@ KB PSK. 2DEO HA@ PK = I=OOERA EJ?NA=OA EJ #0. EJOP=HH=PEKJO EJ
PDA UA=NO HA=@EJC QL PK 2000, I=GEJC PDA #0. = OP=J@=N@ OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ BKN >QOEJAOOAO.
Customer Relationship Management
A ?QOPKIAN NAH=PEKJODEL I=J=CAIAJP (!0+) OUOPAI EO = OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ @AOECJA@ PK I=J=CA =J
KNC=JEV=PEKJaO ?QOPKIANO. 'J PK@=UaO AJRENKJIAJP, EP EO EILKNP=JP PK @ARAHKL NAH=PEKJODELO SEPD UKQN
?QOPKIANO, =J@ PDA QOA KB = SAHH-@AOECJA@ !0+ ?=J =HHKS = >QOEJAOO PK LANOKJ=HEVA EPO NAH=PEKJODEL SEPD
A=?D KB EPO ?QOPKIANO. 1KIA #0. OKBPS=NA OUOPAIO EJ?HQ@A !0+ IK@QHAO. AJ AT=ILHA KB = SAHH-GJKSJ
!0+ L=?G=CA EO 1=HAOBKN?A.
Supply Chain Management
+=JU KNC=JEV=PEKJO IQOP @A=H SEPD PDA ?KILHAT P=OG KB I=J=CEJC PDAEN OQLLHU ?D=EJO. AP EPO OEILHAOP,
= OQLLHU ?D=EJ EO PDA HEJG=CA >APSAAJ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJaO OQLLHEANO, EPO I=JQB=?PQNEJC B=?EHEPEAO, =J@ PDA
@EOPNE>QPKNO KB EPO LNK@Q?PO. #=?D HEJG EJ PDA ?D=EJ D=O = IQHPELHUEJC ABBA?P KJ PDA ?KILHATEPU KB PDA LNK?AOO:
EB PDANA =NA PSK OQLLHEANO, KJA I=JQB=?PQNEJC B=?EHEPU, =J@ PSK @EOPNE>QPKNO, BKN AT=ILHA, PDAJ PDANA =NA 2 T
1 T 2 = 4 HEJGO PK D=J@HA. &KSARAN, EB UKQ =@@ PSK IKNA OQLLHEANO, =JKPDAN I=JQB=?PQNEJC B=?EHEPU, =J@ PSK
IKNA @EOPNE>QPKNO, PDAJ UKQ D=RA 4 T 2 T 4 = 32 HEJGO PK I=J=CA.
A OQLLHU ?D=EJ I=J=CAIAJP (1!+) OUOPAI I=J=CAO PDA EJPAN?KJJA?PEKJ >APSAAJ PDAOA HEJGO, =O SAHH
=O PDA EJRAJPKNU KB PDA LNK@Q?PO EJ PDAEN R=NEKQO OP=CAO KB @ARAHKLIAJP. A BQHH @ABEJEPEKJ KB = OQLLHU ?D=EJ
I=J=CAIAJP OUOPAI EO LNKRE@A@ >U PDA AOOK?E=PEKJ BKN -LAN=PEKJO +=J=CAIAJP: ^2DA @AOECJ, LH=JJEJC,
ATA?QPEKJ, ?KJPNKH, =J@ IKJEPKNEJC KB OQLLHU ?D=EJ =?PEREPEAO SEPD PDA K>FA?PERA KB ?NA=PEJC JAP R=HQA,
>QEH@EJC = ?KILAPEPERA EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA, HARAN=CEJC SKNH@SE@A HKCEOPE?O, OUJ?DNKJEVEJC OQLLHU SEPD @AI=J@,
=J@ IA=OQNEJC LANBKNI=J?A CHK>=HHU._
2
+KOP #0. OUOPAIO EJ?HQ@A = OQLLHU ?D=EJ I=J=CAIAJP IK@QHA.
Mobile Applications
(QOP =O SEPD PDA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN, IK>EHA @ARE?AO OQ?D =O P=>HAP ?KILQPANO =J@ OI=NPLDKJAO =HOK D=RA
KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO =J@ =LLHE?=PEKJ OKBPS=NA. 'J B=?P, PDAOA IK>EHA @ARE?AO =NA EJ I=JU S=UO FQOP OI=HHAN
RANOEKJO KB LANOKJ=H ?KILQPANO. A IK>EHA =LL EO = OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ LNKCN=IIA@ PK NQJ OLA?EBE?=HHU KJ
= IK>EHA @ARE?A.
2. DPPL://SSS.=LE?O.KNC/@E?PEKJ=NU/@E?PEKJ=NU-EJBKNI=PEKJ?'"=3984
Ch.3: Software 33

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
AO SA O=S EJ ?D=LPAN 2, OI=NPLDKJAO =J@ P=>HAPO =NA >A?KIEJC = @KIEJ=JP BKNI KB ?KILQPEJC, SEPD
I=JU IKNA OI=NPLDKJAO >AEJC OKH@ PD=J LANOKJ=H ?KILQPANO. 2DEO IA=JO PD=P KNC=JEV=PEKJO SEHH D=RA PK
CAP OI=NP =>KQP @ARAHKLEJC OKBPS=NA KJ IK>EHA @ARE?AO EJ KN@AN PK OP=U NAHAR=JP.
2DAOA @=UO, IKOP IK>EHA @ARE?AO NQJ KJ KJA KB PSK KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO: AJ@NKE@ KN E-1. AJ@NKE@ EO
=J KLAJ-OKQN?A KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI LQN?D=OA@ =J@ OQLLKNPA@ >U %KKCHA; E-1 EO ALLHAaO IK>EHA KLAN=PEJC
OUOPAI. 'J PDA BKQNPD MQ=NPAN KB 2012, AJ@NKE@ S=O EJOP=HHA@ KJ 70.1% KB =HH IK>EHA LDKJAO ODELLA@,
BKHHKSA@ >U 21.0% BKN E-1. -PDAN IK>EHA KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO KB JKPA =NA H=?G>ANNU (3.2%) =J@ 5EJ@KSO
(2.6%).
3
AO KNC=JEV=PEKJO ?KJOE@AN I=GEJC PDAEN @ECEP=H LNAOAJ?A ?KIL=PE>HA SEPD IK>EHA @ARE?AO, PDAU SEHH
D=RA PK @A?E@A SDAPDAN PK >QEH@ = IK>EHA =LL. A IK>EHA =LL EO =J ATLAJOERA LNKLKOEPEKJ, =J@ EP SEHH KJHU
NQJ KJ KJA PULA KB IK>EHA @ARE?A =P = PEIA. $KN AT=ILHA, EB =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ ?NA=PAO =J E.DKJA =LL, PDKOA
SEPD AJ@NKE@ LDKJAO ?=JJKP NQJ PDA =LLHE?=PEKJ. #=?D =LL P=GAO OARAN=H PDKQO=J@ @KHH=NO PK ?NA=PA, OK PDEO
EO JKP = PNERE=H @A?EOEKJ BKN I=JU ?KIL=JEAO.
-JA KLPEKJ I=JU ?KIL=JEAO D=RA EO PK ?NA=PA = SA>OEPA PD=P EO IK>EHA-BNEAJ@HU. A IK>EHA SA>OEPA
SKNGO KJ =HH IK>EHA @ARE?AO =J@ ?KOPO =>KQP PDA O=IA =O ?NA=PEJC =J =LL. 5A SEHH @EO?QOO PDA MQAOPEKJ KB
SDAPDAN PK >QEH@ = IK>EHA =LL IKNA PDKNKQCDHU EJ !D=LPAN 10.
Cloud Computing
&EOPKNE?=HHU, BKN OKBPS=NA PK NQJ KJ = ?KILQPAN, =J EJ@ERE@Q=H ?KLU KB PDA OKBPS=NA D=@ PK >A EJOP=HHA@ KJ
PDA ?KILQPAN, AEPDAN BNKI = @EOG KN, IKNA NA?AJPHU, =BPAN >AEJC @KSJHK=@A@ BNKI PDA 'JPANJAP. 2DA ?KJ?ALP
KB ^?HKQ@_ ?KILQPEJC ?D=JCAO PDEO, DKSARAN.
2K QJ@ANOP=J@ ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC, SA BENOP D=RA PK QJ@ANOP=J@ SD=P PDA ?HKQ@ EO. ^2DA ?HKQ@_ NABANO PK
=LLHE?=PEKJO, OANRE?AO, =J@ @=P= OPKN=CA KJ PDA 'JPANJAP. 2DAOA OANRE?A LNKRE@ANO NAHU KJ CE=JP OANRAN B=NIO
=J@ I=OOERA OPKN=CA @ARE?AO PD=P =NA ?KJJA?PA@ RE= 'JPANJAP LNKPK?KHO. !HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC EO PDA QOA KB PDAOA
OANRE?AO >U EJ@ERE@Q=HO =J@ KNC=JEV=PEKJO.
7KQ LNK>=>HU =HNA=@U QOA ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC EJ OKIA BKNIO. $KN AT=ILHA, EB UKQ =??AOO UKQN A-I=EH
RE= UKQN SA> >NKSOAN, UKQ =NA QOEJC = BKNI KB ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC. 'B UKQ QOA %KKCHA "NERAaO =LLHE?=PEKJO,
UKQ =NA QOEJC ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC. 5DEHA PDAOA =NA BNAA RANOEKJO KB ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC, PDANA EO >EC >QOEJAOO EJ
LNKRE@EJC =LLHE?=PEKJO =J@ @=P= OPKN=CA KRAN PDA SA>. 1=HAOBKN?A (OAA =>KRA) EO = CKK@ AT=ILHA KB ?HKQ@
?KILQPEJC \ PDAEN AJPENA OQEPA KB !0+=LLHE?=PEKJO =NA KBBANA@ RE= PDA ?HKQ@. !HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC EO JKP HEIEPA@
PK SA> =LLHE?=PEKJO: EP ?=J =HOK >A QOA@ BKN OANRE?AO OQ?D =O LDKJA KN RE@AK OPNA=IEJC.
Advantages of Cloud Computing
Y ,K OKBPS=NA PK EJOP=HH KN QLCN=@AO PK I=EJP=EJ.
Y AR=EH=>HA BNKI =JU ?KILQPAN PD=P D=O =??AOO PK PDA 'JPANJAP.
Y !=J O?=HA PK = H=NCA JQI>AN KB QOANO A=OEHU.
Y ,AS =LLHE?=PEKJO ?=J >A QL =J@ NQJJEJC RANU MQE?GHU.
Y 1ANRE?AO ?=J >A HA=OA@ BKN = HEIEPA@ PEIA KJ =J =O-JAA@A@ >=OEO.
Y 7KQN EJBKNI=PEKJ EO JKP HKOP EB UKQN D=N@ @EOG ?N=ODAO KN UKQN H=LPKL EO OPKHAJ.
Y 7KQ =NA JKP HEIEPA@ >U PDA =R=EH=>HA IAIKNU KN @EOG OL=?A KJ UKQN ?KILQPAN.
3. 2=GAJ BNKI '"! 5KNH@SE@A +K>EHA .DKJA 2N=?GAN, $A>NQ=NU 14, 2013. $QHH NALKNP =R=EH=>HA =P DPPL://SSS.E@?.?KI/
CAP@K?.FOL??KJP=EJAN'@=LN3123946013
34 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
Y 7KQN EJBKNI=PEKJ EO OPKNA@ KJ OKIAKJA AHOAaO ?KILQPAN \ DKS O=BA EO EP?
Y 7KQ IQOP D=RA 'JPANJAP =??AOO PK QOA EP. 'B UKQ @K JKP D=RA =??AOO, UKQaNA KQP KB HQ?G.
Y 7KQ =NA NAHUEJC KJ = PDEN@-L=NPU PK LNKRE@A PDAOA OANRE?AO.
!HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC D=O PDA =>EHEPU PK NA=HHU EIL=?P DKS KNC=JEV=PEKJO I=J=CA PA?DJKHKCU. $KN AT=ILHA, SDU
EO =J '2 @AL=NPIAJP JAA@A@ PK LQN?D=OA, ?KJBECQNA, =J@ I=J=CA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPANO =J@ OKBPS=NA SDAJ =HH
PD=P EO NA=HHU JAA@A@ EO =J 'JPANJAP ?KJJA?PEKJ?
Using a Private Cloud
+=JU KNC=JEV=PEKJO =NA QJ@ANOP=J@=>HU JANRKQO =>KQP CEREJC QL ?KJPNKH KB PDAEN @=P= =J@ OKIA KB PDAEN
=LLHE?=PEKJO >U QOEJC ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC. QP PDAU =HOK OAA PDA R=HQA EJ NA@Q?EJC PDA JAA@ BKN EJOP=HHEJC
OKBPS=NA =J@ =@@EJC @EOG OPKN=CA PK HK?=H ?KILQPANO. A OKHQPEKJ PK PDEO LNK>HAI HEAO EJ PDA ?KJ?ALP KB =
?A8E0C4 2;>D3. 5DEHA PDANA =NA R=NEKQO IK@AHO KB = LNER=PA ?HKQ@, PDA >=OE? E@A= EO BKN PDA ?HKQ@ OANRE?A
LNKRE@AN PK OA?PEKJ KBB SA> OANRAN OL=?A BKN = OLA?EBE? KNC=JEV=PEKJ. 2DA KNC=JEV=PEKJ D=O BQHH ?KJPNKH KRAN
PD=P OANRAN OL=?A SDEHA OPEHH C=EJEJC OKIA KB PDA >AJABEPO KB ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC.
Virtualization
-JA PA?DJKHKCU PD=P EO QPEHEVA@ ATPAJOERAHU =O L=NP KB ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC EO ^RENPQ=HEV=PEKJ._ 4ENPQ=HEV=PEKJ
EO PDA LNK?AOO KB QOEJC OKBPS=NA PK OEIQH=PA = ?KILQPAN KN OKIA KPDAN @ARE?A. $KN AT=ILHA, QOEJC
RENPQ=HEV=PEKJ, = OEJCHA ?KILQPAN ?=J LANBKNI PDA BQJ?PEKJO KB OARAN=H ?KILQPANO. !KIL=JEAO OQ?D =O #+!
LNKRE@A RENPQ=HEV=PEKJ OKBPS=NA PD=P =HHKSO ?HKQ@ OANRE?A LNKRE@ANO PK LNKREOEKJ SA> OANRANO PK PDAEN ?HEAJPO
MQE?GHU =J@ ABBE?EAJPHU. -NC=JEV=PEKJO =NA =HOK EILHAIAJPEJC RENPQ=HEV=PEKJ EJ KN@AN PK NA@Q?A PDA JQI>AN
KB OANRANO JAA@A@ PK LNKRE@A PDA JA?AOO=NU OANRE?AO. $KN IKNA @AP=EH KJ DKS RENPQ=HEV=PEKJ SKNGO, OAA PDEO
EJBKNI=PEKJ=H L=CA BNKI 4+5=NA.
Software Creation
&KS EO OKBPS=NA ?NA=PA@? 'B OKBPS=NA EO PDA OAP KB EJOPNQ?PEKJO PD=P PAHHO PDA D=N@S=NA SD=P PK @K, DKS =NA
PDAOA EJOPNQ?PEKJO SNEPPAJ? 'B = ?KILQPAN NA=@O ARANUPDEJC =O KJAO =J@ VANKAO, @K SA D=RA PK HA=NJ DKS PK
SNEPA OKBPS=NA PD=P S=U?
+K@ANJ OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJO =NA SNEPPAJ QOEJC = LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA. A LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA
?KJOEOPO KB = OAP KB ?KII=J@O =J@ OUJP=T PD=P ?=J >A KNC=JEVA@ HKCE?=HHU PK ATA?QPA OLA?EBE? BQJ?PEKJO.
2DEO H=JCQ=CA CAJAN=HHU ?KJOEOPO KB = OAP KB NA=@=>HA SKN@O ?KI>EJA@ SEPD OUI>KHO. 3OEJC PDEO H=JCQ=CA,
= LNKCN=IIAN SNEPAO = LNKCN=I (?=HHA@ PDA OKQN?A ?K@A) PD=P ?=J PDAJ >A ?KILEHA@ EJPK I=?DEJA-NA=@=>HA
BKNI, PDA KJAO =J@ VANKAO JA?AOO=NU PK >A ATA?QPA@ >U PDA !.3. #T=ILHAO KB SAHH-GJKSJ LNKCN=IIEJC
H=JCQ=CAO PK@=U EJ?HQ@A (=R=, .&., =J@ R=NEKQO BH=RKNO KB ! (4EOQ=H !, !++, !#). *=JCQ=CAO OQ?D =O
&2+* =J@ (=R=O?NELP =NA QOA@ PK @ARAHKL SA> L=CAO. +KOP KB PDA PEIA, LNKCN=IIEJC EO @KJA EJOE@A =
LNKCN=IIEJC AJRENKJIAJP; SDAJ UKQ LQN?D=OA = ?KLU KB 4EOQ=H 1PQ@EK BNKI +E?NKOKBP, EP LNKRE@AO UKQ
SEPD =J A@EPKN, ?KILEHAN, =J@ DAHL BKN I=JU KB +E?NKOKBPaO LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO.
1KBPS=NA LNKCN=IIEJC S=O KNECEJ=HHU =J EJ@ERE@Q=H LNK?AOO, SEPD A=?D LNKCN=IIAN SKNGEJC KJ =J
AJPENA LNKCN=I, KN OARAN=H LNKCN=IIANO A=?D SKNGEJC KJ = LKNPEKJ KB = H=NCAN LNKCN=I. &KSARAN, JASAN
Ch.3: Software 35

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
IAPDK@O KB OKBPS=NA @ARAHKLIAJP EJ?HQ@A = IKNA ?KHH=>KN=PERA =LLNK=?D, SEPD PA=IO KB LNKCN=IIANO
SKNGEJC KJ ?K@A PKCAPDAN. 5A SEHH ?KRAN EJBKNI=PEKJ-OUOPAIO @ARAHKLIAJP IKNA BQHHU EJ ?D=LPAN 10.
Open-Source Software
5DAJ PDA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN S=O BENOP NAHA=OA@, EP @E@ JKP OANRA =JU LN=?PE?=H JAA@. #=NHU ?KILQPANO SANA
@EBBE?QHP PK LNKCN=I =J@ NAMQENA@ CNA=P =PPAJPEKJ PK @AP=EH. &KSARAN, I=JU LANOKJ=H-?KILQPAN AJPDQOE=OPO
EIIA@E=PAHU >=J@A@ PKCAPDAN PK >QEH@ =LLHE?=PEKJO =J@ OKHRA LNK>HAIO. 2DAOA ?KILQPAN AJPDQOE=OPO SANA
D=LLU PK OD=NA =JU LNKCN=IO PDAU >QEHP =J@ OKHQPEKJO PK LNK>HAIO PDAU BKQJ@; PDEO ?KHH=>KN=PEKJ AJ=>HA@
PDAI PK IKNA MQE?GHU EJJKR=PA =J@ BET LNK>HAIO.
AO OKBPS=NA >AC=J PK >A?KIA = >QOEJAOO, DKSARAN, PDEO E@A= KB OD=NEJC ARANUPDEJC BAHH KQP KB B=RKN, =P
HA=OP SEPD OKIA. 5DAJ = OKBPS=NA LNKCN=I P=GAO DQJ@NA@O KB I=J-DKQNO PK @ARAHKL, EP EO QJ@ANOP=J@=>HA
PD=P PDA LNKCN=IIANO @K JKP S=JP PK FQOP CERA EP =S=U. 2DEO HA@ PK = JAS >QOEJAOO IK@AH KB NAOPNE?PERA
OKBPS=NA HE?AJOEJC, SDE?D NAMQENA@ L=UIAJP BKN OKBPS=NA, = IK@AH PD=P EO OPEHH @KIEJ=JP PK@=U. 2DEO IK@AH
EO OKIAPEIAO NABANNA@ PK =O 2;>B43 B>DA24, =O PDA OKQN?A ?K@A EO JKP I=@A =R=EH=>HA PK KPDANO.
2DANA =NA I=JU, DKSARAN, SDK BAAH PD=P OKBPS=NA ODKQH@ JKP >A NAOPNE?PA@. (QOP =O SEPD PDKOA A=NHU
DK>>UEOPO EJ PDA 1970O, PDAU BAAH PD=P EJJKR=PEKJ =J@ LNKCNAOO ?=J >A I=@A IQ?D IKNA N=LE@HU EB SA OD=NA
SD=P SA HA=NJ. 'J PDA 1990O, SEPD 'JPANJAP =??AOO ?KJJA?PEJC IKNA =J@ IKNA LAKLHA PKCAPDAN, PDA KLAJ-
OKQN?A IKRAIAJP C=EJA@ OPA=I.
-LAJ-OKQN?A OKBPS=NA EO OKBPS=NA PD=P I=GAO PDA OKQN?A ?K@A =R=EH=>HA BKN =JUKJA PK ?KLU =J@ QOA. $KN
IKOP KB QO, D=REJC =??AOO PK PDA OKQN?A ?K@A KB = LNKCN=I @KAO QO HEPPHA CKK@, =O SA =NA JKP LNKCN=IIANO
=J@ SKJaP >A =>HA PK @K IQ?D SEPD EP. 2DA CKK@ JASO EO PD=P KLAJ-OKQN?A OKBPS=NA EO =HOK =R=EH=>HA EJ
= ?KILEHA@ BKNI=P PD=P SA ?=J OEILHU @KSJHK=@ =J@ EJOP=HH. 2DA KLAJ-OKQN?A IKRAIAJP D=O HA@ PK PDA
@ARAHKLIAJP KB OKIA KB PDA IKOP-QOA@ OKBPS=NA EJ PDA SKNH@, EJ?HQ@EJC PDA $ENABKT >NKSOAN, PDA *EJQT
KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI, =J@ PDA AL=?DA SA> OANRAN. +=JU =HOK PDEJG KLAJ-OKQN?A OKBPS=NA EO OQLANEKN PK ?HKOA@-
OKQN?A OKBPS=NA. A?=QOA PDA OKQN?A ?K@A EO BNAAHU =R=EH=>HA, I=JU LNKCN=IIANO D=RA ?KJPNE>QPA@ PK KLAJ-
OKQN?A OKBPS=NA LNKFA?PO, =@@EJC BA=PQNAO =J@ BETEJC >QCO.
+=JU >QOEJAOOAO =NA S=NU KB KLAJ-OKQN?A OKBPS=NA LNA?EOAHU >A?=QOA PDA ?K@A EO =R=EH=>HA BKN =JUKJA
PK OAA. 2DAU BAAH PD=P PDEO EJ?NA=OAO PDA NEOG KB =J =PP=?G. -PDANO ?KQJPAN PD=P PDEO KLAJJAOO =?PQ=HHU @A?NA=OAO
PDA NEOG >A?=QOA PDA ?K@A EO ATLKOA@ PK PDKQO=J@O KB LNKCN=IIANO SDK ?=J EJ?KNLKN=PA ?K@A ?D=JCAO PK
MQE?GHU L=P?D RQHJAN=>EHEPEAO.
2DANA =NA I=JU =NCQIAJPO KJ >KPD OE@AO KB PDA =EOHA BKN PDA >AJABEPO KB PDA PSK IK@AHO. 1KIA >AJABEPO
KB PDA KLAJ-OKQN?A IK@AH =NA:
Y 2DA OKBPS=NA EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA.
Y 2DA OKBPS=NA OKQN?A-?K@A EO =R=EH=>HA; EP ?=J >A AT=IEJA@ =J@ NAREASA@ >ABKNA EP EO EJOP=HHA@.
Y 2DA H=NCA ?KIIQJEPU KB LNKCN=IIANO SDK SKNG KJ KLAJ-OKQN?A LNKFA?PO HA=@O PK MQE?G >QC-
BETEJC =J@ BA=PQNA =@@EPEKJO.
1KIA >AJABEPO KB PDA ?HKOA@-OKQN?A IK@AH =NA:
Y U LNKRE@EJC BEJ=J?E=H EJ?AJPERA BKN OKBPS=NA @ARAHKLIAJP, OKIA KB PDA >NECDPAOP IEJ@O D=RA
?DKOAJ OKBPS=NA @ARAHKLIAJP =O = ?=NAAN.
Y 2A?DJE?=H OQLLKNP BNKI PDA ?KIL=JU PD=P @ARAHKLA@ PDA OKBPS=NA.
36 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
2K@=U PDANA =NA PDKQO=J@O KB KLAJ-OKQN?A OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJO =R=EH=>HA BKN @KSJHK=@. $KN AT=ILHA, =O
SA @EO?QOOA@ LNAREKQOHU EJ PDEO ?D=LPAN, UKQ ?=J CAP PDA LNK@Q?PEREPU OQEPA BNKI -LAJ -BBE?A. -JA CKK@
LH=?A PK OA=N?D BKN KLAJ-OKQN?A OKBPS=NA EO OKQN?ABKNCA.JAP, SDANA PDKQO=J@O KB OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJO =NA
=R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA @KSJHK=@.
Summary
1KBPS=NA CERAO PDA EJOPNQ?PEKJO PD=P PAHH PDA D=N@S=NA SD=P PK @K. 2DANA =NA PSK >=OE? ?=PACKNEAO KB OKBPS=NA:
KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO =J@ =LLHE?=PEKJO. -LAN=PEJC OUOPAIO LNKRE@A =??AOO PK PDA ?KILQPAN D=N@S=NA =J@ I=GA
OUOPAI NAOKQN?AO =R=EH=>HA. ALLHE?=PEKJ OKBPS=NA EO @AOECJA@ PK IAAP = OLA?EBE? CK=H. .NK@Q?PEREPU OKBPS=NA
EO = OQ>OAP KB =LLHE?=PEKJ OKBPS=NA PD=P LNKRE@AO >=OE? >QOEJAOO BQJ?PEKJ=HEPU PK = LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN: SKN@
LNK?AOOEJC, OLNA=@ODAAPO, =J@ LNAOAJP=PEKJO. AJ #0. OUOPAI EO = OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ SEPD = ?AJPN=HEVA@
@=P=>=OA PD=P EO EILHAIAJPA@ =?NKOO PDA AJPENA KNC=JEV=PEKJ. !HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC EO = IAPDK@ KB OKBPS=NA
@AHERANU PD=P NQJO KJ =JU ?KILQPAN PD=P D=O = SA> >NKSOAN =J@ =??AOO PK PDA 'JPANJAP. 1KBPS=NA EO @ARAHKLA@
PDNKQCD = LNK?AOO ?=HHA@ LNKCN=IIEJC, EJ SDE?D = LNKCN=IIAN QOAO = LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA PK LQP
PKCAPDAN PDA HKCE? JAA@A@ PK ?NA=PA PDA LNKCN=I. 5DEHA IKOP OKBPS=NA EO @ARAHKLA@ QOEJC = ?HKOA@-OKQN?A
IK@AH, PDA KLAJ-OKQN?A IKRAIAJP EO C=EJEJC IKNA OQLLKNP PK@=U.
Study Questions
1. !KIA QL SEPD UKQN KSJ @ABEJEPEKJ KB OKBPS=NA. #TLH=EJ PDA GAU PANIO EJ UKQN @ABEJEPEKJ.
2. 5D=P =NA PDA BQJ?PEKJO KB PDA KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI?
3. 5DE?D KB PDA BKHHKSEJC =NA KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO =J@ SDE?D =NA =LLHE?=PEKJO: +E?NKOKBP #T?AH,
%KKCHA !DNKIA, E2QJAO, 5EJ@KSO, AJ@NKE@, AJCNU EN@O.
4. 5D=P EO UKQN B=RKNEPA OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ? 5D=P P=OGO @KAO EP DAHL UKQ =??KILHEOD?
5. 5D=P EO = ^GEHHAN_ =LL? 5D=P S=O PDA GEHHAN =LL BKN PDA .!?
6. &KS SKQH@ UKQ ?=PACKNEVA PDA OKBPS=NA PD=P NQJO KJ IK>EHA @ARE?AO? NA=G @KSJ PDAOA =LLO
EJPK =P HA=OP PDNAA >=OE? ?=PACKNEAO =J@ CERA =J AT=ILHA KB A=?D.
7. #TLH=EJ SD=P =J #0. OUOPAI @KAO.
8. 5D=P EO KLAJ-OKQN?A OKBPS=NA? &KS @KAO EP @EBBAN BNKI ?HKOA@-OKQN?A OKBPS=NA? %ERA =J
AT=ILHA KB A=?D.
9. 5D=P @KAO = OKBPS=NA HE?AJOA CN=JP?
10. &KS @E@ PDA 72) (UA=N 2000) LNK>HAI =BBA?P PDA O=HAO KB #0. OUOPAIO?
Exercises
1. %K KJHEJA =J@ BEJ@ = ?=OA OPQ@U =>KQP PDA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ KB =J #0. OUOPAI. 5=O EP OQ??AOOBQH?
&KS HKJC @E@ EP P=GA? "KAO PDA ?=OA OPQ@U PAHH UKQ DKS IQ?D IKJAU PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ OLAJP?
Ch.3: Software 37

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
2. 5D=P #0. OUOPAI @KAO UKQN QJERANOEPU KN LH=?A KB AILHKUIAJP QOA? $EJ@ KQP SDE?D KJA PDAU
QOA =J@ OAA DKS EP ?KIL=NAO PK KPDAN #0. OUOPAIO.
3. 'B UKQ SANA NQJJEJC = OI=HH >QOEJAOO SEPD HEIEPA@ BQJ@O BKN EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU, SKQH@ UKQ
?KJOE@AN QOEJC ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC? $EJ@ OKIA SA>->=OA@ NAOKQN?AO PD=P OQLLKNP UKQN @A?EOEKJ.
4. "KSJHK=@ =J@ EJOP=HH -LAJ -BBE?A. 3OA EP PK ?NA=PA = @K?QIAJP KN OLNA=@ODAAP. &KS @KAO EP
?KIL=NA PK +E?NKOKBP -BBE?A? "KAO PDA B=?P PD=P UKQ CKP EP BKN BNAA I=GA EP BAAH HAOO R=HQ=>HA?
5. %K PK OKQN?ABKNCA.JAP =J@ NAREAS PDAEN IKOP @KSJHK=@A@ OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJO. 0ALKNP >=?G KJ
PDA R=NEAPU KB =LLHE?=PEKJO UKQ BEJ@. 2DAJ LE?G KJA PD=P EJPANAOPO UKQ =J@ NALKNP >=?G KJ SD=P EP
@KAO, PDA GEJ@ KB PA?DJE?=H OQLLKNP KBBANA@, =J@ PDA QOAN NAREASO.
6. 0AREAS PDEO =NPE?HA KJ PDA OA?QNEPU NEOGO KB KLAJ-OKQN?A OKBPS=NA. 5NEPA = ODKNP =J=HUOEO CEREJC
UKQN KLEJEKJ KJ PDA @EBBANAJP NEOGO @EO?QOOA@.
7. 5D=P =NA PDNAA AT=ILHAO KB LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO? 5D=P I=GAO A=?D KB PDAOA H=JCQ=CAO
QOABQH PK LNKCN=IIANO?
38 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Chapter 4: Data and Databases
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
3LKJ OQ??AOOBQH ?KILHAPEKJ KB PDEO ?D=LPAN, UKQ SEHH >A =>HA PK:
Y @AO?NE>A PDA @EBBANAJ?AO >APSAAJ @=P=, EJBKNI=PEKJ, =J@ GJKSHA@CA;
Y @ABEJA PDA PANI 30C010B4 =J@ E@AJPEBU PDA OPALO PK ?NA=PEJC KJA;
Y @AO?NE>A PDA NKHA KB = @=P=>=OA I=J=CAIAJP OUOPAI;
Y @AO?NE>A PDA ?D=N=?PANEOPE?O KB = @=P= S=NADKQOA; =J@
Y @ABEJA @=P= IEJEJC =J@ @AO?NE>A EPO NKHA EJ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ.
Introduction
7KQ D=RA =HNA=@U >AAJ EJPNK@Q?A@ PK PDA BENOP PSK ?KILKJAJPO KB EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO: D=N@S=NA =J@
OKBPS=NA. &KSARAN, PDKOA PSK ?KILKJAJPO >U PDAIOAHRAO @K JKP I=GA = ?KILQPAN QOABQH. 'I=CEJA EB UKQ
PQNJA@ KJ = ?KILQPAN, OP=NPA@ PDA SKN@ LNK?AOOKN, >QP ?KQH@ JKP O=RA = @K?QIAJP. 'I=CEJA EB UKQ KLAJA@ =
IQOE? LH=UAN >QP PDANA S=O JK IQOE? PK LH=U. 'I=CEJA KLAJEJC = SA> >NKSOAN >QP PDANA SANA JK SA> L=CAO.
5EPDKQP @=P=, D=N@S=NA =J@ OKBPS=NA =NA JKP RANU QOABQH! "=P= EO PDA PDEN@ ?KILKJAJP KB =J EJBKNI=PEKJ
OUOPAI.
Data, Information, and Knowledge
"=P= =NA PDA N=S >EPO =J@ LEA?AO KB EJBKNI=PEKJ SEPD JK ?KJPATP. 'B ' PKH@ UKQ, ^15, 23, 14, 85,_ UKQ SKQH@
JKP D=RA HA=NJA@ =JUPDEJC. QP ' SKQH@ D=RA CERAJ UKQ @=P=.
"=P= ?=J >A MQ=JPEP=PERA KN MQ=HEP=PERA. /Q=JPEP=PERA @=P= EO JQIANE?, PDA NAOQHP KB = IA=OQNAIAJP,
?KQJP, KN OKIA KPDAN I=PDAI=PE?=H ?=H?QH=PEKJ. /Q=HEP=PERA @=P= EO @AO?NELPERA. ^0Q>U 0A@,_ PDA ?KHKN KB = 2013
$KN@ $K?QO, EO =J AT=ILHA KB MQ=HEP=PERA @=P=. A JQI>AN ?=J >A MQ=HEP=PERA PKK: EB ' PAHH UKQ IU B=RKNEPA JQI>AN EO 5, PD=P
EO MQ=HEP=PERA @=P= >A?=QOA EP EO @AO?NELPERA, JKP PDA NAOQHP KB = IA=OQNAIAJP KN I=PDAI=PE?=H ?=H?QH=PEKJ.
39

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
U EPOAHB, @=P= EO JKP PD=P QOABQH. 2K >A QOABQH, EP JAA@O PK >A CERAJ
?KJPATP. 0APQNJEJC PK PDA AT=ILHA =>KRA, EB ' PKH@ UKQ PD=P ^15, 23, 14, =J@ 85c
=NA PDA JQI>ANO KB OPQ@AJPO PD=P D=@ NACEOPANA@ BKN QL?KIEJC ?H=OOAO, PD=P SKQH@ >A
8=5>A<0C8>=. U =@@EJC PDA ?KJPATP \ PD=P PDA JQI>ANO NALNAOAJP PDA ?KQJP KB OPQ@AJPO
NACEOPANEJC BKN OLA?EBE? ?H=OOAO \ ' D=RA ?KJRANPA@ @=P= EJPK EJBKNI=PEKJ.
-J?A SA D=RA LQP KQN @=P= EJPK ?KJPATP, =CCNAC=PA@ =J@ =J=HUVA@ EP, SA
?=J QOA EP PK I=GA @A?EOEKJO BKN KQN KNC=JEV=PEKJ. 5A ?=J O=U PD=P PDEO
?KJOQILPEKJ KB EJBKNI=PEKJ LNK@Q?AO :=>F;4364. 2DEO GJKSHA@CA ?=J >A
QOA@ PK I=GA @A?EOEKJO, OAP LKHE?EAO, =J@ ARAJ OL=NG EJJKR=PEKJ.
2DA BEJ=H OPAL QL PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ H=@@AN EO PDA OPAL BNKI GJKSHA@CA
(GJKSEJC = HKP =>KQP = PKLE?) PK F8B3><. 5A ?=J O=U PD=P OKIAKJA D=O
SEO@KI SDAJ PDAU ?=J ?KI>EJA PDAEN GJKSHA@CA =J@ ATLANEAJ?A PK LNK@Q?A
= @AALAN QJ@ANOP=J@EJC KB = PKLE?. 'P KBPAJ P=GAO I=JU UA=NO PK @ARAHKL
SEO@KI KJ = L=NPE?QH=N PKLE?, =J@ NAMQENAO L=PEAJ?A.
Examples of Data
AHIKOP =HH OKBPS=NA LNKCN=IO NAMQENA @=P= PK @K =JUPDEJC QOABQH. $KN AT=ILHA, EB UKQ =NA A@EPEJC = @K?QIAJP
EJ = SKN@ LNK?AOOKN OQ?D =O +E?NKOKBP 5KN@, PDA @K?QIAJP UKQ =NA SKNGEJC KJ EO PDA @=P=. 2DA SKN@-
LNK?AOOEJC OKBPS=NA ?=J I=JELQH=PA PDA @=P=: ?NA=PA = JAS @K?QIAJP, @QLHE?=PA = @K?QIAJP, KN IK@EBU =
@K?QIAJP. 1KIA KPDAN AT=ILHAO KB @=P= =NA: =J +.3 IQOE? BEHA, = RE@AK BEHA, = OLNA=@ODAAP, = SA> L=CA,
=J@ =J A->KKG. 'J OKIA ?=OAO, OQ?D =O SEPD =J A->KKG, UKQ I=U KJHU D=RA PDA =>EHEPU PK NA=@ PDA @=P=.
Databases
2DA CK=H KB I=JU EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO EO PK PN=JOBKNI @=P= EJPK EJBKNI=PEKJ EJ KN@AN PK CAJAN=PA GJKSHA@CA
PD=P ?=J >A QOA@ BKN @A?EOEKJ I=GEJC. 'J KN@AN PK @K PDEO, PDA OUOPAI IQOP >A =>HA PK P=GA @=P=, LQP PDA @=P=
EJPK ?KJPATP, =J@ LNKRE@A PKKHO BKN =CCNAC=PEKJ =J@ =J=HUOEO. A @=P=>=OA EO @AOECJA@ BKN FQOP OQ?D = LQNLKOA.
A @=P=>=OA EO =J KNC=JEVA@ ?KHHA?PEKJ KB NAH=PA@ EJBKNI=PEKJ. 'P EO =J >A60=8I43 ?KHHA?PEKJ, >A?=QOA
EJ = @=P=>=OA, =HH @=P= EO @AO?NE>A@ =J@ =OOK?E=PA@ SEPD KPDAN @=P=. AHH EJBKNI=PEKJ EJ = @=P=>=OA ODKQH@
>A A4;0C43 =O SAHH; OAL=N=PA @=P=>=OAO ODKQH@ >A ?NA=PA@ PK I=J=CA QJNAH=PA@ EJBKNI=PEKJ. $KN AT=ILHA, =
@=P=>=OA PD=P ?KJP=EJO EJBKNI=PEKJ =>KQP OPQ@AJPO ODKQH@ JKP =HOK DKH@ EJBKNI=PEKJ =>KQP ?KIL=JU OPK?G
LNE?AO. "=P=>=OAO =NA JKP =HS=UO @ECEP=H \ = BEHEJC ?=>EJAP, BKN EJOP=J?A, IECDP >A ?KJOE@ANA@ = BKNI KB
@=P=>=OA. $KN PDA LQNLKOAO KB PDEO PATP, SA SEHH KJHU ?KJOE@AN @ECEP=H @=P=>=OAO.
Relational Databases
"=P=>=OAO ?=J >A KNC=JEVA@ EJ I=JU @EBBANAJP S=UO, =J@ PDQO P=GA I=JU BKNIO. 2DA IKOP LKLQH=N BKNI KB
@=P=>=OA PK@=U EO PDA NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA. .KLQH=N AT=ILHAO KB NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OAO =NA +E?NKOKBP A??AOO,
+U1/*, =J@ -N=?HA. A NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA EO KJA EJ SDE?D @=P= EO KNC=JEVA@ EJPK KJA KN IKNA P=>HAO. #=?D
P=>HA D=O = OAP KB BEAH@O, SDE?D @ABEJA PDA J=PQNA KB PDA @=P= OPKNA@ EJ PDA P=>HA. A NA?KN@ EO KJA EJOP=J?A
KB = OAP KB BEAH@O EJ = P=>HA. 2K REOQ=HEVA PDEO, PDEJG KB PDA NA?KN@O =O PDA NKSO KB PDA P=>HA =J@ PDA BEAH@O
=O PDA ?KHQIJO KB PDA P=>HA. 'J PDA AT=ILHA >AHKS, SA D=RA = P=>HA KB OPQ@AJP EJBKNI=PEKJ, SEPD A=?D NKS
NALNAOAJPEJC = OPQ@AJP =J@ A=?D ?KHQIJ NALNAOAJPEJC KJA LEA?A KB EJBKNI=PEKJ =>KQP PDA OPQ@AJP.
40 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
'>FB 0=3 2>;D<=B 8= 0 C01;4
'J = NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA, =HH PDA P=>HAO =NA NAH=PA@ >U KJA KN IKNA BEAH@O, OK PD=P EP EO LKOOE>HA PK ?KJJA?P
=HH PDA P=>HAO EJ PDA @=P=>=OA PDNKQCD PDA BEAH@(O) PDAU D=RA EJ ?KIIKJ. $KN A=?D P=>HA, KJA KB PDA BEAH@O
EO E@AJPEBEA@ =O = LNEI=NU GAU. 2DEO GAU EO PDA QJEMQA E@AJPEBEAN BKN A=?D NA?KN@ EJ PDA P=>HA. 2K DAHL UKQ
QJ@ANOP=J@ PDAOA PANIO BQNPDAN, HAPaO S=HG PDNKQCD PDA LNK?AOO KB @AOECJEJC = @=P=>=OA.
Designing a Database
1QLLKOA = QJERANOEPU S=JPO PK ?NA=PA =J EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAI PK PN=?G L=NPE?EL=PEKJ EJ OPQ@AJP ?HQ>O. ABPAN
EJPANREASEJC OARAN=H LAKLHA, PDA @AOECJ PA=I HA=NJO PD=P PDA CK=H KB EILHAIAJPEJC PDA OUOPAI EO PK CERA
>APPAN EJOECDP EJPK DKS PDA QJERANOEPU BQJ@O ?HQ>O. 2DEO SEHH >A =??KILHEODA@ >U PN=?GEJC DKS I=JU
IAI>ANO A=?D ?HQ> D=O =J@ DKS =?PERA PDA ?HQ>O =NA. $NKI PDEO, PDA PA=I @A?E@AO PD=P PDA OUOPAI IQOP GAAL
PN=?G KB PDA ?HQ>O, PDAEN IAI>ANO, =J@ PDAEN ARAJPO. 3OEJC PDEO EJBKNI=PEKJ, PDA @AOECJ PA=I @APANIEJAO PD=P
PDA BKHHKSEJC P=>HAO JAA@ PK >A ?NA=PA@:
Y !HQ>O: PDEO SEHH PN=?G PDA ?HQ> J=IA, PDA ?HQ> LNAOE@AJP, =J@ = ODKNP @AO?NELPEKJ KB PDA ?HQ>.
Y 1PQ@AJPO: OPQ@AJP J=IA, A-I=EH, =J@ UA=N KB >ENPD.
Y +AI>ANODELO: PDEO P=>HA SEHH ?KNNAH=PA OPQ@AJPO SEPD ?HQ>O, =HHKSEJC QO PK D=RA =JU CERAJ OPQ@AJP
FKEJ IQHPELHA ?HQ>O.
Y #RAJPO: PDEO P=>HA SEHH PN=?G SDAJ PDA ?HQ>O IAAP =J@ DKS I=JU OPQ@AJPO ODKSA@ QL.
,KSPD=P PDA @AOECJ PA=ID=O @APANIEJA@ SDE?D P=>HAO PK ?NA=PA, PDAU JAA@ PK @ABEJA PDA OLA?EBE? EJBKNI=PEKJ
PD=P A=?D P=>HA SEHH DKH@. 2DEO NAMQENAO E@AJPEBUEJC PDA BEAH@O PD=P SEHH >A EJ A=?D P=>HA. $KN AT=ILHA, !HQ>
,=IA SKQH@ >A KJA KB PDA BEAH@O EJ PDA !HQ>O P=>HA. $ENOP ,=IA =J@ *=OP ,=IA SKQH@ >A BEAH@O EJ PDA
1PQ@AJPO P=>HA. $EJ=HHU, OEJ?A PDEO SEHH >A = NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA, ARANU P=>HA ODKQH@ D=RA = BEAH@ EJ ?KIIKJ
SEPD =P HA=OP KJA KPDAN P=>HA (EJ KPDAN SKN@O: PDAU ODKQH@ D=RA = NAH=PEKJODEL SEPD A=?D KPDAN).
'J KN@AN PK LNKLANHU ?NA=PA PDEO NAH=PEKJODEL, = LNEI=NU GAU IQOP >A OAHA?PA@ BKN A=?D P=>HA. 2DEO GAU EO =
QJEMQA E@AJPEBEAN BKN A=?D NA?KN@ EJ PDA P=>HA. $KN AT=ILHA, EJ PDA 1PQ@AJPO P=>HA, EP IECDP >A LKOOE>HA PK QOA
OPQ@AJPOa H=OP J=IA =O = S=U PK QJEMQAHU E@AJPEBU PDAI. &KSARAN, EP EO IKNA PD=J HEGAHU PD=P OKIA OPQ@AJPO
SEHH OD=NA = H=OP J=IA (HEGA 0K@NECQAV, 1IEPD, KN *AA), OK = @EBBANAJP BEAH@ ODKQH@ >A OAHA?PA@. A OPQ@AJPaO
A-I=EH =@@NAOO IECDP >A = CKK@ ?DKE?A BKN = LNEI=NU GAU, OEJ?A A-I=EH =@@NAOOAO =NA QJEMQA. &KSARAN, =
LNEI=NU GAU ?=JJKP ?D=JCA, OK PDEO SKQH@ IA=J PD=P EB OPQ@AJPO ?D=JCA@ PDAEN A-I=EH =@@NAOO SA SKQH@ D=RA
PK NAIKRA PDAI BNKI PDA @=P=>=OA =J@ PDAJ NA-EJOANP PDAI \ JKP =J =PPN=?PERA LNKLKOEPEKJ. -QN OKHQPEKJ EO PK
?NA=PA = R=HQA BKN A=?D OPQ@AJP ]= QOAN '" ]PD=P SEHH =?P =O = LNEI=NU GAU. 5A SEHH =HOK @K PDEO BKN A=?D
KB PDA OPQ@AJP ?HQ>O. 2DEO OKHQPEKJ EO MQEPA ?KIIKJ =J@ EO PDA NA=OKJ UKQ D=RA OK I=JU QOAN '"O!
Ch.4: Data 41

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
7KQ ?=J OAA PDA BEJ=H @=P=>=OA @AOECJ EJ PDA BECQNA >AHKS:
(CD34=C C;D1B 30C010B4 3806A0<
5EPD PDEO @AOECJ, JKP KJHU @K SA D=RA = S=U PK KNC=JEVA =HH KB PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ SA JAA@ PK IAAP PDA
NAMQENAIAJPO, >QP SA D=RA =HOK OQ??AOOBQHHU NAH=PA@ =HH PDA P=>HAO PKCAPDAN. &ANAaO SD=P PDA @=P=>=OA P=>HAO
IECDP HKKG HEGA SEPD OKIA O=ILHA @=P=. ,KPA PD=P PDA +AI>ANODELO P=>HA D=O PDA OKHA LQNLKOA KB =HHKSEJC
QO PK NAH=PA IQHPELHA OPQ@AJPO PK IQHPELHA ?HQ>O.
42 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Normalization
5DAJ @AOECJEJC = @=P=>=OA, KJA EILKNP=JP ?KJ?ALP PK QJ@ANOP=J@ EO =>A<0;8I0C8>=. 'J OEILHA PANIO, PK
JKNI=HEVA = @=P=>=OA IA=JO PK @AOECJ EP EJ = S=U PD=P: 1) NA@Q?AO @QLHE?=PEKJ KB @=P= >APSAAJ P=>HAO =J@ 2)
CERAO PDA P=>HA =O IQ?D BHATE>EHEPU =O LKOOE>HA.
'J PDA 1PQ@AJP !HQ>O @=P=>=OA @AOECJ, PDA @AOECJ PA=I SKNGA@ PK =?DEARA PDAOA K>FA?PERAO. $KN
AT=ILHA, PK PN=?G IAI>ANODELO, = OEILHA OKHQPEKJ IECDP D=RA >AAJ PK ?NA=PA = +AI>ANO BEAH@ EJ PDA !HQ>O
P=>HA =J@ PDAJ FQOP HEOP PDA J=IAO KB =HH KB PDA IAI>ANO PDANA. &KSARAN, PDEO @AOECJ SKQH@ IA=J PD=P EB =
OPQ@AJP FKEJA@ PSK ?HQ>O, PDAJ DEO KN DAN EJBKNI=PEKJ SKQH@ D=RA PK >A AJPANA@ = OA?KJ@ PEIA. 'JOPA=@, PDA
@AOECJANO OKHRA@ PDEO LNK>HAI >U QOEJC PSK P=>HAO: 1PQ@AJPO =J@ +AI>ANODELO.
'J PDEO @AOECJ, SDAJ = OPQ@AJP FKEJO PDAEN BENOP ?HQ>, SA BENOP IQOP =@@ PDA OPQ@AJP PK PDA 1PQ@AJPO P=>HA,
SDANA PDAEN BENOP J=IA, H=OP J=IA, A-I=EH =@@NAOO, =J@ >ENPD UA=N =NA AJPANA@. 2DEO =@@EPEKJ PK PDA 1PQ@AJPO
P=>HA SEHH CAJAN=PA = OPQ@AJP '". ,KS SA SEHH =@@ = JAS AJPNU PK @AJKPA PD=P PDA OPQ@AJP EO = IAI>AN
KB = OLA?EBE? ?HQ>. 2DEO EO =??KILHEODA@ >U =@@EJC = NA?KN@ SEPD PDA OPQ@AJP '" =J@ PDA ?HQ> '" EJ PDA
+AI>ANODELO P=>HA. 'B PDEO OPQ@AJP FKEJO = OA?KJ@ ?HQ>, SA @K JKP D=RA PK @QLHE?=PA PDA AJPNU KB PDA OPQ@AJPaO
J=IA, A-I=EH, =J@ >ENPD UA=N; EJOPA=@, SA KJHU JAA@ PK I=GA =JKPDAN AJPNU EJ PDA +AI>ANODELO P=>HA KB PDA
OA?KJ@ ?HQ>aO '" =J@ PDA OPQ@AJPaO '".
2DA @AOECJ KB PDA 1PQ@AJP !HQ>O @=P=>=OA =HOK I=GAO EP OEILHA PK ?D=JCA PDA @AOECJ SEPDKQP I=FKN
IK@EBE?=PEKJO PK PDA ATEOPEJC OPNQ?PQNA. $KN AT=ILHA, EB PDA @AOECJ PA=I SANA =OGA@ PK =@@ BQJ?PEKJ=HEPU
PK PDA OUOPAI PK PN=?G B=?QHPU =@REOKNO PK PDA ?HQ>O, SA ?KQH@ A=OEHU =??KILHEOD PDEO >U =@@EJC = $=?QHPU
A@REOKNO P=>HA (OEIEH=N PK PDA 1PQ@AJPO P=>HA) =J@ PDAJ =@@EJC = JAS BEAH@ PK PDA !HQ>O P=>HA PK DKH@ PDA
$=?QHPU A@REOKN '".
Data Types
5DAJ @ABEJEJC PDA BEAH@O EJ = @=P=>=OA P=>HA, SA IQOP CERA A=?D BEAH@ = @=P= PULA. $KN AT=ILHA, PDA BEAH@
ENPD 7A=N EO = UA=N, OK EP SEHH >A = JQI>AN, SDEHA $ENOP ,=IA SEHH >A PATP. +KOP IK@ANJ @=P=>=OAO =HHKS BKN
OARAN=H @EBBANAJP @=P= PULAO PK >A OPKNA@. 1KIA KB PDA IKNA ?KIIKJ @=P= PULAO =NA HEOPA@ DANA:
Y 2ATP: BKN OPKNEJC JKJ-JQIANE? @=P= PD=P EO >NEAB, CAJAN=HHU QJ@AN 256 ?D=N=?PANO. 2DA @=P=>=OA
@AOECJAN ?=J E@AJPEBU PDA I=TEIQI HAJCPD KB PDA PATP.
Y ,QI>AN: BKN OPKNEJC JQI>ANO. 2DANA =NA QOQ=HHU = BAS @EBBANAJP JQI>AN PULAO PD=P ?=J >A OAHA?PA@,
@ALAJ@EJC KJ DKS H=NCA PDA H=NCAOP JQI>AN SEHH >A.
Y 7AO/,K: = OLA?E=H BKNI KB PDA JQI>AN @=P= PULA PD=P EO (QOQ=HHU) KJA >UPA HKJC, SEPD = 0 BKN ^,K_
KN ^$=HOA_ =J@ = 1 BKN ^7AO_ KN ^2NQA_.
Y "=PA/2EIA: = OLA?E=H BKNI KB PDA JQI>AN @=P= PULA PD=P ?=J >A EJPANLNAPA@ =O = JQI>AN KN = PEIA.
Y !QNNAJ?U: = OLA?E=H BKNI KB PDA JQI>AN @=P= PULA PD=P BKNI=PO =HH R=HQAO SEPD = ?QNNAJ?U EJ@E?=PKN
=J@ PSK @A?EI=H LH=?AO.
Ch.4: Data 43

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Y .=N=CN=LD 2ATP: PDEO @=P= PULA =HHKSO BKN PATP HKJCAN PD=J 256 ?D=N=?PANO.
Y ->FA?P: PDEO @=P= PULA =HHKSO BKN PDA OPKN=CA KB @=P= PD=P ?=JJKP >A AJPANA@ RE= GAU>K=N@, OQ?D =O
=J EI=CA KN = IQOE? BEHA.
2DANA =NA PSK EILKNP=JP NA=OKJO PD=P SA IQOP LNKLANHU @ABEJA PDA @=P= PULA KB = BEAH@. $ENOP, = @=P= PULA
PAHHO PDA @=P=>=OA SD=P BQJ?PEKJO ?=J >A LANBKNIA@ SEPD PDA @=P=. $KN AT=ILHA, EB SA SEOD PK LANBKNI
I=PDAI=PE?=H BQJ?PEKJO SEPD KJA KB PDA BEAH@O, SA IQOP >A OQNA PK PAHH PDA @=P=>=OA PD=P PDA BEAH@ EO = JQI>AN
@=P= PULA. 1K EB SA D=RA, O=U, = BEAH@ OPKNEJC >ENPD UA=N, SA ?=J OQ>PN=?P PDA JQI>AN OPKNA@ EJ PD=P BEAH@ BNKI
PDA ?QNNAJP UA=N PK CAP =CA.
2DA OA?KJ@ EILKNP=JP NA=OKJ PK @ABEJA @=P= PULA EO OK PD=P PDA LNKLAN =IKQJP KB OPKN=CA OL=?A EO
=HHK?=PA@ BKN KQN @=P=. $KN AT=ILHA, EB PDA $ENOP ,=IA BEAH@ EO @ABEJA@ =O = PATP(50) @=P= PULA, PDEO IA=JO
BEBPU ?D=N=?PANO =NA =HHK?=PA@ BKN A=?D BENOP J=IA SA S=JP PK OPKNA. &KSARAN, ARAJ EB PDA BENOP J=IA EO KJHU
BERA ?D=N=?PANO HKJC, BEBPU ?D=N=?PANO (>UPAO) SEHH >A =HHK?=PA@. 5DEHA PDEO I=U JKP OAAI HEGA = >EC @A=H, EB
KQN P=>HA AJ@O QL DKH@EJC 50,000 J=IAO, SA =NA =HHK?=PEJC 50 * 50,000 = 2,500,000 >UPAO BKN OPKN=CA KB
PDAOA R=HQAO. 'P I=U >A LNQ@AJP PK NA@Q?A PDA OEVA KB PDA BEAH@ OK SA @K JKP S=OPA OPKN=CA OL=?A.
Sidebar: The Difference between a Database and a Spreadsheet
+=JU PEIAO, SDAJ EJPNK@Q?EJC PDA ?KJ?ALP KB @=P=>=OAO PK OPQ@AJPO, PDAU MQE?GHU @A?E@A PD=P = @=P=>=OA EO
LNAPPU IQ?D PDA O=IA =O = OLNA=@ODAAP. ABPAN =HH, = OLNA=@ODAAP OPKNAO @=P= EJ =J KNC=JEVA@ B=ODEKJ, QOEJC
NKSO =J@ ?KHQIJO, =J@ HKKGO RANU OEIEH=N PK = @=P=>=OA P=>HA. 2DEO IEOQJ@ANOP=J@EJC ATPAJ@O >AUKJ@ PDA
?H=OONKKI: OLNA=@ODAAPO =NA QOA@ =O = OQ>OPEPQPA BKN @=P=>=OAO EJ =HH PULAO KB OEPQ=PEKJO ARANU @=U, =HH KRAN
PDA SKNH@.
2K >A B=EN, BKN OEILHA QOAO, = OLNA=@ODAAP ?=J OQ>OPEPQPA BKN = @=P=>=OA MQEPA SAHH. 'B = OEILHA HEOPEJC
KB NKSO =J@ ?KHQIJO (= OEJCHA P=>HA) EO =HH PD=P EO JAA@A@, PDAJ ?NA=PEJC = @=P=>=OA EO LNK>=>HU KRANGEHH. 'J
KQN 1PQ@AJP !HQ>O AT=ILHA, EB SA KJHU JAA@A@ PK PN=?G = HEOPEJC KB ?HQ>O, PDA JQI>AN KB IAI>ANO, =J@ PDA
?KJP=?P EJBKNI=PEKJ BKN PDA LNAOE@AJP, SA ?KQH@ CAP =S=U SEPD = OEJCHA OLNA=@ODAAP. &KSARAN, PDA JAA@ PK
EJ?HQ@A = HEOPEJC KB ARAJPO =J@ PDA J=IAO KB IAI>ANO SKQH@ >A LNK>HAI=PE? EB PN=?GA@ SEPD = OLNA=@ODAAP.
5DAJ OARAN=H PULAO KB @=P= IQOP >A IETA@ PKCAPDAN, KN SDAJ PDA NAH=PEKJODELO >APSAAJ PDAOA PULAO KB
@=P= =NA ?KILHAT, PDAJ = OLNA=@ODAAP EO JKP PDA >AOP OKHQPEKJ. A @=P=>=OA =HHKSO @=P= BNKI OARAN=H AJPEPEAO
(OQ?D =O OPQ@AJPO, ?HQ>O, IAI>ANODELO, =J@ ARAJPO) PK =HH >A NAH=PA@ PKCAPDAN EJPK KJA SDKHA. 5DEHA =
OLNA=@ODAAP @KAO =HHKS UKQ PK @ABEJA SD=P GEJ@O KB R=HQAO ?=J >A AJPANA@ EJPK EPO ?AHHO, = @=P=>=OA LNKRE@AO
IKNA EJPQEPERA =J@ LKSANBQH S=UO PK @ABEJA PDA PULAO KB @=P= PD=P CK EJPK A=?D BEAH@, NA@Q?EJC LKOOE>HA ANNKNO
=J@ =HHKSEJC BKN A=OEAN =J=HUOEO.
2DKQCD JKP CKK@ BKN NALH=?EJC @=P=>=OAO, OLNA=@ODAAPO ?=J >A E@A=H PKKHO BKN =J=HUVEJC PDA @=P= OPKNA@
EJ = @=P=>=OA. A OLNA=@ODAAP L=?G=CA ?=J >A ?KJJA?PA@ PK = OLA?EBE? P=>HA KN MQANU EJ = @=P=>=OA =J@ QOA@
PK ?NA=PA ?D=NPO KN LANBKNI =J=HUOEO KJ PD=P @=P=.
Structured Query Language
-J?A UKQ D=RA = @=P=>=OA @AOECJA@ =J@ HK=@A@ SEPD @=P=, DKS SEHH UKQ @K OKIAPDEJC QOABQH SEPD EP? 2DA
LNEI=NU S=U PK SKNG SEPD = NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA EO PK QOA 1PNQ?PQNA@ /QANU *=JCQ=CA, 1/* (LNKJKQJ?A@
^OAMQAH,_ KN OEILHU OP=PA@ =O 1-/-*). AHIKOP =HH =LLHE?=PEKJO PD=P SKNG SEPD @=P=>=OAO (OQ?D =O @=P=>=OA
I=J=CAIAJP OUOPAIO, @EO?QOOA@ >AHKS) I=GA QOA KB 1/* =O = S=U PK =J=HUVA =J@ I=JELQH=PA NAH=PEKJ=H
@=P=. AO EPO J=IA EILHEAO, 1/* EO = H=JCQ=CA PD=P ?=J >A QOA@ PK SKNG SEPD = NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA. $NKI =
44 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
OEILHA NAMQAOP BKN @=P= PK = ?KILHAT QL@=PA KLAN=PEKJ, 1/* EO = I=EJOP=U KB LNKCN=IIANO =J@ @=P=>=OA
=@IEJEOPN=PKNO. 2K CERA UKQ = P=OPA KB SD=P 1/* IECDP HKKG HEGA, DANA =NA = ?KQLHA KB AT=ILHAO QOEJC KQN
1PQ@AJP !HQ>O @=P=>=OA.
Y 2DA BKHHKSEJC MQANU SEHH NAPNEARA = HEOP KB PDA BENOP =J@ H=OP J=IAO KB PDA ?HQ> LNAOE@AJPO:
SELECT "First Name", "Last Name" FROM "Students" WHERE "Students.ID" = "Clubs.President"
Y 2DA BKHHKSEJC MQANU SEHH ?NA=PA = HEOP KB PDA JQI>AN KB OPQ@AJPO EJ A=?D ?HQ>, HEOPEJC PDA ?HQ> J=IA
=J@ PDAJ PDA JQI>AN KB IAI>ANO:
SELECT "Clubs.Club Name", COUNT("Memberships.Student ID") FROM "Clubs" LEFT JOIN "Memberships" ON "Clubs.Club ID" = "Memberships.Club ID"
AJ EJ-@ALPD @AO?NELPEKJ KB DKS1/* SKNGO EO >AUKJ@ PDA O?KLA KB PDEO EJPNK@Q?PKNU PATP, >QP PDAOA AT=ILHAO
ODKQH@ CERA UKQ =J E@A= KB PDA LKSAN KB QOEJC 1/* PK I=JELQH=PA NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=. +=JU @=P=>=OA L=?G=CAO,
OQ?D =O +E?NKOKBP A??AOO, =HHKS UKQ PK REOQ=HHU ?NA=PA PDA MQANU UKQ S=JP PK ?KJOPNQ?P =J@ PDAJ CAJAN=PA
PDA 1/* MQANU BKN UKQ.
Other Types of Databases
2DA NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA IK@AH EO PDA IKOP QOA@ @=P=>=OA IK@AH PK@=U. &KSARAN, I=JU KPDAN @=P=>=OA
IK@AHO ATEOP PD=P LNKRE@A @EBBANAJP OPNAJCPDO PD=J PDA NAH=PEKJ=H IK@AH. 2DA DEAN=N?DE?=H @=P=>=OA IK@AH,
LKLQH=N EJ PDA 1960O =J@ 1970O, ?KJJA?PA@ @=P= PKCAPDAN EJ = DEAN=N?DU, =HHKSEJC BKN = L=NAJP/?DEH@
NAH=PEKJODEL >APSAAJ @=P=. 2DA @K?QIAJP-?AJPNE? IK@AH =HHKSA@ BKN = IKNA QJOPNQ?PQNA@ @=P= OPKN=CA >U
LH=?EJC @=P= EJPK ^@K?QIAJPO_ PD=P ?KQH@ PDAJ >A I=JELQH=PA@.
.AND=LO PDA IKOP EJPANAOPEJC JAS @ARAHKLIAJP EO PDA ?KJ?ALP KB ,K1/* (BNKI PDA LDN=OA ^JKP KJHU
1/*_). ,K1/* =NKOA BNKI PDA JAA@ PK OKHRA PDA LNK>HAI KB H=NCA-O?=HA @=P=>=OAO OLNA=@ KRAN OARAN=H
OANRANO KN ARAJ =?NKOO PDA SKNH@. $KN = NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA PK SKNG LNKLANHU, EP EO EILKNP=JP PD=P KJHU KJA
LANOKJ >A =>HA PK I=JELQH=PA = LEA?A KB @=P= =P = PEIA, = ?KJ?ALP GJKSJ =O NA?KN@-HK?GEJC. QP SEPD PK@=UaO
H=NCA-O?=HA @=P=>=OAO (PDEJG %KKCHA =J@ AI=VKJ), PDEO EO FQOP JKP LKOOE>HA. A ,K1/* @=P=>=OA ?=J SKNG
SEPD @=P= EJ = HKKOAN S=U, =HHKSEJC BKN = IKNA QJOPNQ?PQNA@ AJRENKJIAJP, ?KIIQJE?=PEJC ?D=JCAO PK PDA
@=P= KRAN PEIA PK =HH PDA OANRANO PD=P =NA L=NP KB PDA @=P=>=OA.
Ch.4: Data 45

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
(2A44= B7>C >5 C74 $?4= $55824 30C010B4 <0=064<4=C BHBC4<
Database Management Systems
2K PDA ?KILQPAN, = @=P=>=OA HKKGO HEGA KJA KN IKNA
BEHAO. 'J KN@AN BKN PDA @=P= EJ PDA @=P=>=OA PK >A
NA=@, ?D=JCA@, =@@A@, KN NAIKRA@, = OKBPS=NA
LNKCN=I IQOP =??AOO EP. +=JU OKBPS=NA
=LLHE?=PEKJO D=RA PDEO =>EHEPU: E2QJAO ?=J NA=@ EPO
@=P=>=OA PK CERA UKQ = HEOPEJC KB EPO OKJCO (=J@ LH=U
PDA OKJCO); UKQN IK>EHA-LDKJA OKBPS=NA ?=J
EJPAN=?P SEPD UKQN HEOP KB ?KJP=?PO. QP SD=P =>KQP
=LLHE?=PEKJO PK ?NA=PA KN I=J=CA = @=P=>=OA? 5D=P
OKBPS=NA ?=J UKQ QOA PK ?NA=PA = @=P=>=OA, ?D=JCA =
@=P=>=OAaO OPNQ?PQNA, KN OEILHU @K =J=HUOEO? 2D=P EO
PDA LQNLKOA KB = ?=PACKNU KB OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJO
?=HHA@ @=P=>=OA I=J=CAIAJP OUOPAIO ("+1).
"+1 L=?G=CAO CAJAN=HHU LNKRE@A =J
EJPANB=?A PK REAS =J@ ?D=JCA PDA @AOECJ KB PDA
@=P=>=OA, ?NA=PA MQANEAO, =J@ @ARAHKL NALKNPO. +KOP
KB PDAOA L=?G=CAO =NA @AOECJA@ PK SKNG SEPD =
OLA?EBE? PULA KB @=P=>=OA, >QP CAJAN=HHU =NA ?KIL=PE>HA SEPD = SE@A N=JCA KB @=P=>=OAO.
$KN AT=ILHA, AL=?DA -LAJ-BBE?A.KNC =OA (OAA O?NAAJ ODKP) ?=J >A QOA@ PK ?NA=PA, IK@EBU, =J@
=J=HUVA @=P=>=OAO EJ KLAJ-@=P=>=OA (-") BKNI=P. +E?NKOKBPaO A??AOO "+1 EO QOA@ PK SKNG SEPD
@=P=>=OAO EJ EPO KSJ +E?NKOKBP A??AOO "=P=>=OA BKNI=P. KPD A??AOO =J@ =OA D=RA PDA =>EHEPU PK NA=@ =J@
SNEPA PK KPDAN @=P=>=OA BKNI=PO =O SAHH.
+E?NKOKBP A??AOO =J@ -LAJ -BBE?A =OA =NA AT=ILHAO KB LANOKJ=H @=P=>=OA-I=J=CAIAJP OUOPAIO.
2DAOA OUOPAIO =NA LNEI=NEHU QOA@ PK @ARAHKL =J@ =J=HUVA OEJCHA-QOAN @=P=>=OAO. 2DAOA @=P=>=OAO =NA JKP
IA=JP PK >A OD=NA@ =?NKOO = JAPSKNG KN PDA 'JPANJAP, >QP =NA EJOPA=@ EJOP=HHA@ KJ = L=NPE?QH=N @ARE?A =J@ SKNG
SEPD = OEJCHA QOAN =P = PEIA.
Enterprise Databases
A @=P=>=OA PD=P ?=J KJHU >A QOA@ >U = OEJCHA QOAN =P = PEIA EO JKP CKEJC PK IAAP PDA JAA@O KB IKOP
KNC=JEV=PEKJO. AO ?KILQPANO D=RA >A?KIA JAPSKNGA@ =J@ =NA JKS FKEJA@ SKNH@SE@A RE= PDA 'JPANJAP, = ?H=OO
KB @=P=>=OA D=O AIANCA@ PD=P ?=J >A =??AOOA@ >U PSK, PAJ, KN ARAJ = IEHHEKJ LAKLHA. 2DAOA @=P=>=OAO =NA
OKIAPEIAO EJOP=HHA@ KJ = OEJCHA ?KILQPAN PK >A =??AOOA@ >U = CNKQL KB LAKLHA =P = OEJCHA HK?=PEKJ. -PDAN
PEIAO, PDAU =NA EJOP=HHA@ KRAN OARAN=H OANRANO SKNH@SE@A, IA=JP PK >A =??AOOA@ >U IEHHEKJO. 2DAOA NAH=PEKJ=H
AJPANLNEOA @=P=>=OA L=?G=CAO =NA >QEHP =J@ OQLLKNPA@ >U ?KIL=JEAO OQ?D =O -N=?HA, +E?NKOKBP, =J@ '+.
2DA KLAJ-OKQN?A +U1/* EO =HOK =J AJPANLNEOA @=P=>=OA.
AO OP=PA@ A=NHEAN, PDA NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA IK@AH @KAO JKP O?=HA SAHH. 2DA PANI B20;4 DANA NABANO PK
= @=P=>=OA CAPPEJC H=NCAN =J@ H=NCAN, >AEJC @EOPNE>QPA@ KJ = H=NCAN JQI>AN KB ?KILQPANO ?KJJA?PA@ RE= =
JAPSKNG. 1KIA ?KIL=JEAO =NA HKKGEJC PK LNKRE@A H=NCA-O?=HA @=P=>=OA OKHQPEKJO >U IKREJC =S=U BNKI
PDA NAH=PEKJ=H IK@AH PK KPDAN, IKNA BHATE>HA IK@AHO. $KN AT=ILHA, %KKCHA JKS KBBANO PDA ALL #JCEJA
"=P=OPKNA, SDE?D EO >=OA@ KJ ,K1/*. "ARAHKLANO ?=J QOA PDA ALL #JCEJA "=P=OPKNA PK @ARAHKL =LLHE?=PEKJO
PD=P =??AOO @=P= BNKI =JUSDANA EJ PDA SKNH@. AI=VKJ.?KI KBBANO OARAN=H @=P=>=OA OANRE?AO BKN AJPANLNEOA
QOA, EJ?HQ@EJC AI=VKJ 0"1, SDE?D EO = NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA OANRE?A, =J@ AI=VKJ "UJ=IK", = ,K1/*
AJPANLNEOA OKHQPEKJ.
46 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Big Data
A JAS >QVVSKN@ PD=P D=O >AAJ ?=LPQNEJC PDA =PPAJPEKJ KB >QOEJAOOAO H=PAHU EO 186 30C0. 2DA PANI NABANO PK
OQ?D I=OOERAHU H=NCA @=P= OAPO PD=P ?KJRAJPEKJ=H @=P=>=OA PKKHO @K JKP D=RA PDA LNK?AOOEJC LKSAN PK =J=HUVA
PDAI. $KN AT=ILHA, 5=HI=NP IQOP LNK?AOO KRAN KJA IEHHEKJ ?QOPKIAN PN=JO=?PEKJO ARANU DKQN. 1PKNEJC =J@
=J=HUVEJC PD=P IQ?D @=P= EO >AUKJ@ PDA LKSAN KB PN=@EPEKJ=H @=P=>=OA-I=J=CAIAJP PKKHO. 3J@ANOP=J@EJC PDA
>AOP PKKHO =J@ PA?DJEMQAO PK I=J=CA =J@ =J=HUVA PDAOA H=NCA @=P= OAPO EO = LNK>HAI PD=P CKRANJIAJPO =J@
>QOEJAOOAO =HEGA =NA PNUEJC PK OKHRA.
Sidebar: What Is Metadata?
2DA PANI <4C030C0 ?=J >A QJ@ANOPKK@ =O ^@=P= =>KQP @=P=._ $KN AT=ILHA, SDAJ HKKGEJC =P KJA KB PDA R=HQAO
KB 7A=N KB ENPD EJ PDA 1PQ@AJPO P=>HA, PDA @=P= EPOAHB I=U >A ^1992c. 2DA IAP=@=P= =>KQP PD=P R=HQA SKQH@
>A PDA BEAH@ J=IA 7A=N KB ENPD, PDA PEIA EP S=O H=OP QL@=PA@, =J@ PDA @=P= PULA (EJPACAN). AJKPDAN AT=ILHA
KB IAP=@=P= ?KQH@ >A BKN =J +.3 IQOE? BEHA, HEGA PDA KJA ODKSJ EJ PDA EI=CA >AHKS; EJBKNI=PEKJ OQ?D =O
PDA HAJCPD KB PDA OKJC, PDA =NPEOP, PDA =H>QI, PDA BEHA OEVA, =J@ ARAJ PDA =H>QI ?KRAN =NP, =NA ?H=OOEBEA@ =O
IAP=@=P=. 5DAJ = @=P=>=OA EO >AEJC @AOECJA@, = ^@=P= @E?PEKJ=NU_ EO ?NA=PA@ PK DKH@ PDA IAP=@=P=, @ABEJEJC
PDA BEAH@O =J@ OPNQ?PQNA KB PDA @=P=>=OA.
Data Warehouse
AO KNC=JEV=PEKJO D=RA >ACQJ PK QPEHEVA @=P=>=OAO =O PDA ?AJPANLEA?A KB PDAEN KLAN=PEKJO, PDA JAA@ PK BQHHU
QJ@ANOP=J@ =J@ HARAN=CA PDA @=P= PDAU =NA ?KHHA?PEJC D=O >A?KIA IKNA =J@ IKNA =LL=NAJP. &KSARAN,
@ENA?PHU =J=HUVEJC PDA @=P= PD=P EO JAA@A@ BKN @=U-PK-@=U KLAN=PEKJO EO JKP = CKK@ E@A=; SA @K JKP S=JP PK P=T
PDA KLAN=PEKJO KB PDA ?KIL=JU IKNA PD=J SA JAA@ PK. $QNPDAN, KNC=JEV=PEKJO =HOK S=JP PK =J=HUVA @=P= EJ =
DEOPKNE?=H OAJOA: &KS @KAO PDA @=P= SA D=RA PK@=U ?KIL=NA SEPD PDA O=IA OAP KB @=P= PDEO PEIA H=OP IKJPD,
KN H=OP UA=N? $NKI PDAOA JAA@O =NKOA PDA ?KJ?ALP KB PDA @=P= S=NADKQOA.
2DA ?KJ?ALP KB PDA @=P= S=NADKQOA EO OEILHA: ATPN=?P @=P= BNKI KJA KN IKNA KB PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJaO
@=P=>=OAO =J@ HK=@ EP EJPK PDA @=P= S=NADKQOA (SDE?D EO EPOAHB =JKPDAN @=P=>=OA) BKN OPKN=CA =J@ =J=HUOEO.
&KSARAN, PDA ATA?QPEKJ KB PDEO ?KJ?ALP EO JKP PD=P OEILHA. A @=P= S=NADKQOA ODKQH@ >A @AOECJA@ OK PD=P EP
IAAPO PDA BKHHKSEJC ?NEPANE=:
Y 'P QOAO JKJ-KLAN=PEKJ=H @=P=. 2DEO IA=JO PD=P PDA @=P= S=NADKQOA EO QOEJC = ?KLU KB @=P= BNKI PDA
=?PERA @=P=>=OAO PD=P PDA ?KIL=JU QOAO EJ EPO @=U-PK-@=U KLAN=PEKJO, OK PDA @=P= S=NADKQOA IQOP
LQHH @=P= BNKI PDA ATEOPEJC @=P=>=OAO KJ = NACQH=N, O?DA@QHA@ >=OEO.
Y 2DA @=P= EO PEIA-R=NE=JP. 2DEO IA=JO PD=P SDAJARAN @=P= EO HK=@A@ EJPK PDA @=P= S=NADKQOA, EP
NA?AERAO = PEIA OP=IL, SDE?D =HHKSO BKN ?KIL=NEOKJO >APSAAJ @EBBANAJP PEIA LANEK@O.
Y 2DA @=P= EO OP=J@=N@EVA@. A?=QOA PDA @=P= EJ = @=P= S=NADKQOA QOQ=HHU ?KIAO BNKI OARAN=H
@EBBANAJP OKQN?AO, EP EO LKOOE>HA PD=P PDA @=P= @KAO JKP QOA PDA O=IA @ABEJEPEKJO KN QJEPO. $KN
AT=ILHA, KQN #RAJPO P=>HA EJ KQN 1PQ@AJP !HQ>O @=P=>=OA HEOPO PDA ARAJP @=PAO QOEJC PDA II/@@/
Ch.4: Data 47

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
UUUU BKNI=P (A.C., 01/10/2013). A P=>HA EJ =JKPDAN @=P=>=OA IECDP QOA PDA BKNI=P UU/II/@@ (A.C.,
13/01/10) BKN @=PAO. 'J KN@AN BKN PDA @=P= S=NADKQOA PK I=P?D QL @=PAO, = OP=J@=N@ @=PA BKNI=P
SKQH@ D=RA PK >A =CNAA@ QLKJ =J@ =HH @=P= HK=@A@ EJPK PDA @=P= S=NADKQOA SKQH@ D=RA PK >A
?KJRANPA@ PK QOA PDEO OP=J@=N@ BKNI=P. 2DEO LNK?AOO EO ?=HHA@ ATPN=?PEKJ-PN=JOBKNI=PEKJ-HK=@
(#2*).
2DANA =NA PSK LNEI=NU O?DKKHO KB PDKQCDP SDAJ @AOECJEJC = @=P= S=NADKQOA: >KPPKI-QL =J@ PKL-@KSJ. 2DA
>KPPKI-QL =LLNK=?D OP=NPO >U ?NA=PEJC OI=HH @=P= S=NADKQOAO, ?=HHA@ @=P= I=NPO, PK OKHRA OLA?EBE? >QOEJAOO
LNK>HAIO. AO PDAOA @=P= I=NPO =NA ?NA=PA@, PDAU ?=J >A ?KI>EJA@ EJPK = H=NCAN @=P= S=NADKQOA. 2DA PKL-
@KSJ =LLNK=?D OQCCAOPO PD=P SA ODKQH@ OP=NP >U ?NA=PEJC =J AJPANLNEOA-SE@A @=P= S=NADKQOA =J@ PDAJ, =O
OLA?EBE? >QOEJAOO JAA@O =NA E@AJPEBEA@, ?NA=PA OI=HHAN @=P= I=NPO BNKI PDA @=P= S=NADKQOA.
D0C0 F0A47>DB4 ?A>24BB (C>?-3>F=)
Benefits of Data Warehouses
-NC=JEV=PEKJO BEJ@ @=P= S=NADKQOAO MQEPA >AJABE?E=H BKN = JQI>AN KB NA=OKJO:
Y 2DA LNK?AOO KB @ARAHKLEJC = @=P= S=NADKQOA BKN?AO =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ PK >APPAN QJ@ANOP=J@ PDA @=P=
PD=P EP EO ?QNNAJPHU ?KHHA?PEJC =J@, AMQ=HHU EILKNP=JP, SD=P @=P= EO JKP >AEJC ?KHHA?PA@.
Y A @=P= S=NADKQOA LNKRE@AO = ?AJPN=HEVA@ REAS KB =HH @=P= >AEJC ?KHHA?PA@ =?NKOO PDA AJPANLNEOA =J@
LNKRE@AO = IA=JO BKN @APANIEJEJC @=P= PD=P EO EJ?KJOEOPAJP.
Y -J?A =HH @=P= EO E@AJPEBEA@ =O ?KJOEOPAJP, =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ ?=J CAJAN=PA KJA RANOEKJ KB PDA PNQPD.
2DEO EO EILKNP=JP SDAJ PDA ?KIL=JU S=JPO PK NALKNP ?KJOEOPAJP OP=PEOPE?O =>KQP EPOAHB, OQ?D =O
NARAJQA KN JQI>AN KB AILHKUAAO.
Y U D=REJC = @=P= S=NADKQOA, OJ=LODKPO KB @=P= ?=J >A P=GAJ KRAN PEIA. 2DEO ?NA=PAO = DEOPKNE?=H
NA?KN@ KB @=P=, SDE?D =HHKSO BKN =J =J=HUOEO KB PNAJ@O.
48 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Y A @=P= S=NADKQOA LNKRE@AO PKKHO PK ?KI>EJA @=P=, SDE?D ?=J LNKRE@A JAS EJBKNI=PEKJ =J@
=J=HUOEO.
Data Mining
"=P= IEJEJC EO PDA LNK?AOO KB =J=HUVEJC @=P= PK BEJ@ LNAREKQOHU QJGJKSJ PNAJ@O, L=PPANJO, =J@ =OOK?E=PEKJO
EJ KN@AN PK I=GA @A?EOEKJO. %AJAN=HHU, @=P= IEJEJC EO =??KILHEODA@ PDNKQCD =QPKI=PA@ IA=JO =C=EJOP
ATPNAIAHU H=NCA @=P= OAPO, OQ?D =O = @=P= S=NADKQOA. 1KIA AT=ILHAO KB @=P= IEJEJC EJ?HQ@A:
Y AJ =J=HUOEO KB O=HAO BNKI = H=NCA CNK?ANU ?D=EJ IECDP @APANIEJA PD=P IEHG EO LQN?D=OA@ IKNA
BNAMQAJPHU PDA @=U =BPAN EP N=EJO EJ ?EPEAO SEPD = LKLQH=PEKJ KB HAOO PD=J 50,000.
Y A >=JG I=U BEJ@ PD=P HK=J =LLHE?=JPO SDKOA >=JG =??KQJPO ODKS L=NPE?QH=N @ALKOEP =J@
SEPD@N=S=H L=PPANJO =NA JKP CKK@ ?NA@EP NEOGO.
Y A >=OA>=HH PA=I I=U BEJ@ PD=P ?KHHACE=PA >=OA>=HH LH=UANO SEPD OLA?EBE? OP=PEOPE?O EJ DEPPEJC,
LEP?DEJC, =J@ BEAH@EJC I=GA BKN IKNA OQ??AOOBQH I=FKN HA=CQA LH=UANO.
'J OKIA ?=OAO, = @=P=-IEJEJC LNKFA?P EO >ACQJ SEPD = DULKPDAPE?=H NAOQHP EJ IEJ@. $KN AT=ILHA, = CNK?ANU
?D=EJ I=U =HNA=@U D=RA OKIA E@A= PD=P >QUEJC L=PPANJO ?D=JCA =BPAN EP N=EJO =J@ S=JP PK CAP = @AALAN
QJ@ANOP=J@EJC KB AT=?PHU SD=P EO D=LLAJEJC. 'J KPDAN ?=OAO, PDANA =NA JK LNAOQLLKOEPEKJO =J@ = @=P=-IEJEJC
LNKCN=I EO NQJ =C=EJOP H=NCA @=P= OAPO EJ KN@AN PK BEJ@ L=PPANJO =J@ =OOK?E=PEKJO.
Privacy Concerns
2DA EJ?NA=OEJC LKSAN KB @=P= IEJEJC D=O ?=QOA@ ?KJ?ANJO BKN I=JU, AOLA?E=HHU EJ PDA =NA= KB LNER=?U. 'J
PK@=UaO @ECEP=H SKNH@, EP EO >A?KIEJC A=OEAN PD=J ARAN PK P=GA @=P= BNKI @EOL=N=PA OKQN?AO =J@ ?KI>EJA PDAI
PK @K JAS BKNIO KB =J=HUOEO. 'J B=?P, = SDKHA EJ@QOPNU D=O OLNQJC QL =NKQJ@ PDEO PA?DJKHKCU: @=P= >NKGANO.
2DAOA BENIO ?KI>EJA LQ>HE?HU =??AOOE>HA @=P= SEPD EJBKNI=PEKJ K>P=EJA@ BNKI PDA CKRANJIAJP =J@ KPDAN
OKQN?AO PK ?NA=PA R=OP S=NADKQOAO KB @=P= =>KQP LAKLHA =J@ ?KIL=JEAO PD=P PDAU ?=J PDAJ OAHH. 2DEO OQ>FA?P
SEHH >A ?KRANA@ EJ IQ?D IKNA @AP=EH EJ ?D=LPAN 12 \ PDA ?D=LPAN KJ PDA APDE?=H ?KJ?ANJO KB EJBKNI=PEKJ
OUOPAIO.
Business Intelligence and Business Analytics
5EPD PKKHO OQ?D =O @=P= S=NADKQOEJC =J@ @=P= IEJEJC =P PDAEN @EOLKO=H, >QOEJAOOAO =NA HA=NJEJC DKS PK
QOA EJBKNI=PEKJ PK PDAEN =@R=JP=CA. 2DA PANI 1DB8=4BB 8=C4;;864=24 EO QOA@ PK @AO?NE>A PDA LNK?AOO PD=P
KNC=JEV=PEKJO QOA PK P=GA @=P= PDAU =NA ?KHHA?PEJC =J@ =J=HUVA EP EJ PDA DKLAO KB K>P=EJEJC = ?KILAPEPERA
=@R=JP=CA. AOE@AO QOEJC @=P= BNKI PDAEN EJPANJ=H @=P=>=OAO, BENIO KBPAJ LQN?D=OA EJBKNI=PEKJ BNKI @=P=
>NKGANO PK CAP = >EC-LE?PQNA QJ@ANOP=J@EJC KB PDAEN EJ@QOPNEAO. BDB8=4BB 0=0;HC82B EO PDA PANIQOA@ PK @AO?NE>A
PDA QOA KB EJPANJ=H ?KIL=JU @=P= PK EILNKRA >QOEJAOO LNK?AOOAO =J@ LN=?PE?AO.
Knowledge Management
5A AJ@ PDA ?D=LPAN SEPD = @EO?QOOEKJ KJ PDA ?KJ?ALP KB GJKSHA@CA I=J=CAIAJP ()+). AHH ?KIL=JEAO
=??QIQH=PA GJKSHA@CA KRAN PDA ?KQNOA KB PDAEN ATEOPAJ?A. 1KIA KB PDEO GJKSHA@CA EO SNEPPAJ @KSJ KN O=RA@,
Ch.4: Data 49

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
>QP JKP EJ =J KNC=JEVA@ B=ODEKJ. +Q?D KB PDEO GJKSHA@CA EO JKP SNEPPAJ @KSJ; EJOPA=@, EP EO OPKNA@ EJOE@A PDA
DA=@O KB EPO AILHKUAAO. )JKSHA@CA I=J=CAIAJP EO PDA LNK?AOO KB BKNI=HEVEJC PDA ?=LPQNA, EJ@ATEJC, =J@
OPKNEJC KB PDA ?KIL=JUaO GJKSHA@CA EJ KN@AN PK >AJABEP BNKI PDA ATLANEAJ?AO =J@ EJOECDPO PD=P PDA ?KIL=JU
D=O ?=LPQNA@ @QNEJC EPO ATEOPAJ?A.
Summary
'J PDEO ?D=LPAN, SA HA=NJA@ =>KQP PDA NKHA PD=P @=P= =J@ @=P=>=OAO LH=U EJ PDA ?KJPATP KB EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO.
"=P= EO I=@A QL KB OI=HH B=?PO =J@ EJBKNI=PEKJ SEPDKQP ?KJPATP. 'B UKQ CERA @=P= ?KJPATP, PDAJ UKQ D=RA
EJBKNI=PEKJ. )JKSHA@CA EO C=EJA@ SDAJ EJBKNI=PEKJ EO ?KJOQIA@ =J@ QOA@ BKN @A?EOEKJ I=GEJC. A@=P=>=OA
EO =J KNC=JEVA@ ?KHHA?PEKJ KB NAH=PA@ EJBKNI=PEKJ. 0AH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OAO =NA PDA IKOP SE@AHU QOA@ PULA KB
@=P=>=OA, SDANA @=P= EO OPNQ?PQNA@ EJPK P=>HAO =J@ =HH P=>HAO IQOP >A NAH=PA@ PK A=?D KPDAN PDNKQCD QJEMQA
E@AJPEBEANO. A @=P=>=OA I=J=CAIAJP OUOPAI ("+1) EO = OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ PD=P EO QOA@ PK ?NA=PA =J@
I=J=CA @=P=>=OAO, =J@ ?=J P=GA PDA BKNI KB = LANOKJ=H "+1, QOA@ >U KJA LANOKJ, KN =J AJPANLNEOA "+1
PD=P ?=J >A QOA@ >U IQHPELHA QOANO. A @=P= S=NADKQOA EO = OLA?E=H BKNI KB @=P=>=OA PD=P P=GAO @=P= BNKI
KPDAN @=P=>=OAO EJ =J AJPANLNEOA =J@ KNC=JEVAO EP BKN =J=HUOEO. "=P= IEJEJC EO PDA LNK?AOO KB HKKGEJC BKN
L=PPANJO =J@ NAH=PEKJODELO EJ H=NCA @=P= OAPO. +=JU >QOEJAOOAO QOA @=P=>=OAO, @=P= S=NADKQOAO, =J@ @=P=-
IEJEJC PA?DJEMQAO EJ KN@AN PK LNK@Q?A >QOEJAOO EJPAHHECAJ?A =J@ C=EJ = ?KILAPEPERA =@R=JP=CA.
Study Questions
1. 5D=P EO PDA @EBBANAJ?A >APSAAJ @=P=, EJBKNI=PEKJ, =J@ GJKSHA@CA?
2. #TLH=EJ EJ UKQN KSJ SKN@O DKS PDA @=P= ?KILKJAJP NAH=PAO PK PDA D=N@S=NA =J@ OKBPS=NA
?KILKJAJPO KB EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO.
3. 5D=P EO PDA @EBBANAJ?A >APSAAJ MQ=JPEP=PERA @=P= =J@ MQ=HEP=PERA @=P=? 'J SD=P OEPQ=PEKJO ?KQH@
PDA JQI>AN 42 >A ?KJOE@ANA@ MQ=HEP=PERA @=P=?
4. 5D=P =NA PDA ?D=N=?PANEOPE?O KB = NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA?
5. 5DAJ SKQH@ QOEJC = LANOKJ=H "+1 I=GA OAJOA?
6. 5D=P EO PDA @EBBANAJ?A >APSAAJ = OLNA=@ODAAP =J@ = @=P=>=OA? *EOP PDNAA @EBBANAJ?AO >APSAAJ
PDAI.
7. "AO?NE>A SD=P PDA PANI =>A<0;8I0C8>= IA=JO.
8. 5DU EO EP EILKNP=JP PK @ABEJA PDA @=P= PULA KB = BEAH@ SDAJ @AOECJEJC = NAH=PEKJ=H @=P=>=OA?
9. ,=IA = @=P=>=OA UKQ EJPAN=?P SEPD BNAMQAJPHU. 5D=P SKQH@ OKIA KB PDA BEAH@ J=IAO >A?
10. 5D=P EO IAP=@=P=?
11. ,=IA PDNAA =@R=JP=CAO KB QOEJC = @=P= S=NADKQOA.
12. 5D=P EO @=P= IEJEJC?
50 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Exercises
1. 0AREAS PDA @AOECJ KB PDA 1PQ@AJP !HQ>O @=P=>=OA A=NHEAN EJ PDEO ?D=LPAN. 0AREASEJC PDA HEOPO KB
@=P= PULAO CERAJ, SD=P @=P= PULAO SKQH@ UKQ =OOECJ PK A=?D KB PDA BEAH@O EJ A=?D KB PDA P=>HAO.
5D=P HAJCPDO SKQH@ UKQ =OOECJ PK PDA PATP BEAH@O?
2. "KSJHK=@ AL=?DA -LAJ-BBE?A.KNC =J@ QOA PDA @=P=>=OA PKKH PK KLAJ PDA ^1PQ@AJP !HQ>O.K@>_
BEHA =R=EH=>HA DANA. 2=GA OKIA PEIA PK HA=NJ DKS PK IK@EBU PDA @=P=>=OA OPNQ?PQNA =J@ PDAJ OAA EB
UKQ ?=J =@@ PDA NAMQENA@ EPAIO PK OQLLKNP PDA PN=?GEJC KB B=?QHPU =@REOKNO, =O @AO?NE>A@ =P PDA AJ@
KB PDA ,KNI=HEV=PEKJ OA?PEKJ EJ PDA ?D=LPAN. &ANA EO = HEJG PK PDA %APPEJC 1P=NPA@ @K?QIAJP=PEKJ.
3. 3OEJC +E?NKOKBP A??AOO, @KSJHK=@ PDA @=P=>=OA BEHA KB ?KILNADAJOERA >=OA>=HH OP=PEOPE?O BNKI
PDA SA>OEPA 1A=J*=DI=J.?KI. ('B UKQ @KJaP D=RA +E?NKOKBP A??AOO, UKQ ?=J @KSJHK=@ =J
=>NE@CA@ RANOEKJ KB PDA BEHA DANA PD=P EO ?KIL=PE>HA SEPD AL=?DA -LAJ -BBE?A). 0AREAS PDA
OPNQ?PQNA KB PDA P=>HAO EJ?HQ@A@ EJ PDA @=P=>=OA. !KIA QL SEPD PDNAA @EBBANAJP @=P=-IEJEJC
ATLANEIAJPO UKQ SKQH@ HEGA PK PNU, =J@ ATLH=EJ SDE?D BEAH@O EJ SDE?D P=>HAO SKQH@ D=RA PK >A
=J=HUVA@.
4. "K OKIA KNECEJ=H NAOA=N?D =J@ BEJ@ PSK AT=ILHAO KB @=P= IEJEJC. 1QII=NEVA A=?D AT=ILHA
=J@ PDAJ SNEPA =>KQP SD=P PDA PSK AT=ILHAO D=RA EJ ?KIIKJ.
5. !KJ@Q?P OKIA EJ@ALAJ@AJP NAOA=N?D KJ PDA LNK?AOO KB >QOEJAOO EJPAHHECAJ?A. 3OEJC =P HA=OP PSK
O?DKH=NHU KN LN=?PEPEKJAN OKQN?AO, SNEPA = PSK-L=CA L=LAN CEREJC AT=ILHAO KB DKS >QOEJAOO
EJPAHHECAJ?A EO >AEJC QOA@.
6. !KJ@Q?P OKIA EJ@ALAJ@AJP NAOA=N?D KJ PDA H=PAOP PA?DJKHKCEAO >AEJC QOA@ BKN GJKSHA@CA
I=J=CAIAJP. 3OEJC =P HA=OP PSK O?DKH=NHU KN LN=?PEPEKJAN OKQN?AO, SNEPA = PSK-L=CA L=LAN CEREJC
AT=ILHAO KB OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJO KN JAS PA?DJKHKCEAO >AEJC QOA@ EJ PDEO BEAH@.
Ch.4: Data 51

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Chapter 5: Networking and Communication
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
3LKJ OQ??AOOBQH ?KILHAPEKJ KB PDEO ?D=LPAN, UKQ SEHH >A =>HA PK:
Y QJ@ANOP=J@ PDA DEOPKNU =J@ @ARAHKLIAJP KB JAPSKNGEJC PA?DJKHKCEAO;
Y @ABEJA PDA GAU PANIO =OOK?E=PA@ SEPD JAPSKNGEJC PA?DJKHKCEAO;
Y QJ@ANOP=J@ PDA EILKNP=J?A KB >NK=@>=J@ PA?DJKHKCEAO; =J@
Y @AO?NE>A KNC=JEV=PEKJ=H JAPSKNGEJC.
Introduction
'J PDA A=NHU @=UO KB ?KILQPEJC, ?KILQPANO SANA OAAJ =O @ARE?AO BKN I=GEJC ?=H?QH=PEKJO, OPKNEJC @=P=,
=J@ =QPKI=PEJC >QOEJAOO LNK?AOOAO. &KSARAN, =O PDA @ARE?AO ARKHRA@, EP >A?=IA =LL=NAJP PD=P I=JU KB
PDA BQJ?PEKJO KB PAHA?KIIQJE?=PEKJO ?KQH@ >A EJPACN=PA@ EJPK PDA ?KILQPAN. "QNEJC PDA 1980O, I=JU
KNC=JEV=PEKJO >AC=J ?KI>EJEJC PDAEN KJ?A-OAL=N=PA PAHA?KIIQJE?=PEKJO =J@ EJBKNI=PEKJ-OUOPAIO
@AL=NPIAJPO EJPK =J EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU, KN '2, @AL=NPIAJP. 2DEO =>EHEPU BKN ?KILQPANO PK ?KIIQJE?=PA
SEPD KJA =JKPDAN =J@, I=U>A IKNA EILKNP=JPHU, PK B=?EHEP=PA ?KIIQJE?=PEKJ >APSAAJ EJ@ERE@Q=HO =J@
CNKQLO, D=O >AAJ =J EILKNP=JP B=?PKN EJ PDA CNKSPD KB ?KILQPEJC KRAN PDA L=OP OARAN=H @A?=@AO.
!KILQPAN JAPSKNGEJC NA=HHU >AC=J EJ PDA 1960O SEPD PDA >ENPD KB PDA 'JPANJAP, =O SAaHH OAA >AHKS.
&KSARAN, SDEHA PDA 'JPANJAP =J@ SA> SANA ARKHREJC, ?KNLKN=PA JAPSKNGEJC S=O =HOK P=GEJC OD=LA EJ
PDA BKNI KB HK?=H =NA= JAPSKNGO =J@ ?HEAJP-OANRAN ?KILQPEJC. 'J PDA 1990O, SDAJ PDA 'JPANJAP ?=IA
KB =CA, 'JPANJAP PA?DJKHKCEAO >AC=J PK LANR=@A =HH =NA=O KB PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ. ,KS, SEPD PDA 'JPANJAP =
CHK>=H LDAJKIAJKJ, EP SKQH@ >A QJPDEJG=>HA PK D=RA = ?KILQPAN PD=P @E@ JKP EJ?HQ@A ?KIIQJE?=PEKJO
?=L=>EHEPEAO. 2DEO ?D=LPAN SEHH NAREAS PDA @EBBANAJP PA?DJKHKCEAO PD=P D=RA >AAJ LQP EJ LH=?A PK AJ=>HA PDEO
?KIIQJE?=PEKJO NARKHQPEKJ.
A Brief History of the Internet
In the Beginning: ARPANET
2DA OPKNU KB PDA 'JPANJAP, =J@ JAPSKNGEJC EJ CAJAN=H, ?=J >A PN=?A@ >=?G PK PDA H=PA 1950O. 2DA 31 S=O EJ
PDA @ALPDO KB PDA !KH@ 5=N SEPD PDA 3110, =J@ A=?D J=PEKJ ?HKOAHU S=P?DA@ PDA KPDAN PK @APANIEJA SDE?D
SKQH@ C=EJ = IEHEP=NU KN EJPAHHECAJ?A =@R=JP=CA. 'J 1957, PDA 1KREAPO OQNLNEOA@ PDA 31 SEPD PDA H=QJ?D KB
1LQPJEG, LNKLAHHEJC QO EJPK PDA OL=?A =CA. 'J NAOLKJOA PK 1LQPJEG, PDA 31 %KRANJIAJP ?NA=PA@ PDA A@R=J?A@
0AOA=N?D .NKFA?PO ACAJ?U (A0.A), SDKOA EJEPE=H NKHA S=O PK AJOQNA PD=P PDA 31 S=O JKP OQNLNEOA@ =C=EJ.
'P S=O BNKI A0.A, JKS ?=HHA@ "A0.A ("ABAJOA A@R=J?A@ 0AOA=N?D .NKFA?PO ACAJ?U), PD=P PDA 'JPANJAP
BENOP OLN=JC.
52

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
A0.A S=O PDA ?AJPAN KB ?KILQPEJC NAOA=N?D EJ PDA 1960O, >QP PDANA S=O FQOP KJA LNK>HAI: I=JU KB PDA
?KILQPANO ?KQH@ JKP P=HG PK A=?D KPDAN. 'J 1968, A0.AOAJP KQP = NAMQAOP BKN LNKLKO=HO BKN = ?KIIQJE?=PEKJ
PA?DJKHKCU PD=P SKQH@ =HHKS @EBBANAJP ?KILQPANO HK?=PA@ =NKQJ@ PDA ?KQJPNU PK >A EJPACN=PA@ PKCAPDAN
EJPK KJA JAPSKNG. 2SAHRA ?KIL=JEAO NAOLKJ@A@ PK PDA NAMQAOP, =J@ = ?KIL=JU J=IA@ KHP, AN=JAG, =J@
,ASI=J (,) SKJ PDA ?KJPN=?P. 2DAU >AC=J SKNG NECDP =S=U =J@ SANA =>HA PK ?KILHAPA PDA FK> FQOP KJA
UA=N H=PAN: EJ 1ALPAI>AN, 1969, PDA A0.A,#2 S=O PQNJA@ KJ. 2DA BENOP BKQN JK@AO SANA =P 3!*A, 1P=JBKN@,
+'2, =J@ PDA 3JERANOEPU KB 3P=D.
The Internet and the World Wide Web
-RAN PDA JATP @A?=@A, PDA A0.A,#2 CNAS =J@ C=EJA@ LKLQH=NEPU. "QNEJC PDEO PEIA, KPDAN JAPSKNGO =HOK
?=IA EJPK ATEOPAJ?A. "EBBANAJP KNC=JEV=PEKJO SANA ?KJJA?PA@ PK @EBBANAJP JAPSKNGO. 2DEO HA@ PK = LNK>HAI:
PDA JAPSKNGO ?KQH@ JKP P=HG PK A=?D KPDAN. #=?D JAPSKNG QOA@ EPO KSJ LNKLNEAP=NU H=JCQ=CA, KN LNKPK?KH (OAA
OE@A>=N BKN PDA @ABEJEPEKJ KB ?A>C>2>;), PK OAJ@ EJBKNI=PEKJ >=?G =J@ BKNPD. 2DEO LNK>HAI S=O OKHRA@
>U PDA EJRAJPEKJ KB PN=JOIEOOEKJ ?KJPNKH LNKPK?KH/'JPANJAP LNKPK?KH (2!./'.). 2!./'. S=O @AOECJA@ PK
=HHKS JAPSKNGO NQJJEJC KJ @EBBANAJP LNKPK?KHO PK D=RA =J EJPANIA@E=NU LNKPK?KH PD=P SKQH@ =HHKS PDAI
PK ?KIIQJE?=PA. 1K =O HKJC =O UKQN JAPSKNG OQLLKNPA@ 2!./'., UKQ ?KQH@ ?KIIQJE?=PA SEPD =HH KB PDA
KPDAN JAPSKNGO NQJJEJC 2!./'.. 2!./'. MQE?GHU >A?=IA PDA OP=J@=N@ LNKPK?KH =J@ =HHKSA@ JAPSKNGO PK
?KIIQJE?=PA SEPD A=?D KPDAN. 'P EO BNKI PDEO >NA=GPDNKQCD PD=P SA BENOP CKP PDA PANI I=C4A=4C, SDE?D OEILHU
IA=JO ^=J EJPAN?KJJA?PA@ JAPSKNG KB JAPSKNGO._
Sidebar: An Internet Vocabulary Lesson
,APSKNGEJC ?KIIQJE?=PEKJ EO BQHH KB OKIA RANU PA?DJE?=H ?KJ?ALPO >=OA@ KJ OKIA OEILHA LNEJ?ELHAO. *A=NJ
PDA PANIO >AHKS =J@ UKQaHH >A =>HA PK DKH@ UKQN KSJ EJ = ?KJRANO=PEKJ =>KQP PDA 'JPANJAP.
Y %02:4C: 2DA BQJ@=IAJP=H QJEP KB @=P= PN=JOIEPPA@ KRAN PDA 'JPANJAP. 5DAJ = @ARE?A EJPAJ@O PK OAJ@
= IAOO=CA PK =JKPDAN @ARE?A (BKN AT=ILHA, UKQN .! OAJ@O = NAMQAOP PK 7KQ2Q>A PK KLAJ = RE@AK),
EP >NA=GO PDA IAOO=CA @KSJ EJPK OI=HHAN LEA?AO, ?=HHA@ L=?GAPO. #=?D L=?GAP D=O PDA OAJ@ANaO
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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OLA?EBE?=PEKJ EJ 2003 =J@ 802.11J EJ 2009. #=?D JAS OLA?EBE?=PEKJ EILNKRA@ PDA OLAA@ =J@ N=JCA KB 5E-
$E, =HHKSEJC BKN IKNA QOAO. -JA KB PDA LNEI=NU LH=?AO SDANA 5E-$E EO >AEJC QOA@ EO EJ PDA DKIA. &KIA
QOANO =NA LQN?D=OEJC 5E-$E NKQPANO, ?KJJA?PEJC PDAI PK PDAEN >NK=@>=J@ ?KJJA?PEKJO, =J@ PDAJ ?KJJA?PEJC
IQHPELHA @ARE?AO RE= 5E-$E.
Mobile Network
AO PDA ?AHHLDKJA D=O ARKHRA@ EJPK PDA OI=NPLDKJA, PDA @AOENA BKN 'JPANJAP =??AOO KJ PDAOA @ARE?AO D=O HA@
PK @=P= JAPSKNGO >AEJC EJ?HQ@A@ =O L=NP KB PDA IK>EHA LDKJA JAPSKNG. 5DEHA 'JPANJAP ?KJJA?PEKJO SANA
PA?DJE?=HHU =R=EH=>HA A=NHEAN, EP S=O NA=HHU SEPD PDA NAHA=OA KB PDA 3% JAPSKNGO EJ 2001 (2002 EJ PDA 31) PD=P
OI=NPLDKJAO =J@ KPDAN ?AHHQH=N @ARE?AO ?KQH@ =??AOO @=P= BNKI PDA 'JPANJAP. 2DEO JAS ?=L=>EHEPU @NKRA PDA
I=NGAP BKN JAS =J@ IKNA LKSANBQH OI=NPLDKJAO, OQ?D =O PDA E.DKJA, EJPNK@Q?A@ EJ 2007. 'J 2011, SENAHAOO
?=NNEANO >AC=J KBBANEJC 4% @=P= OLAA@O, CEREJC PDA ?AHHQH=N JAPSKNGO PDA O=IA OLAA@O PD=P ?QOPKIANO SANA
QOA@ PK CAPPEJC RE= PDAEN DKIA ?KJJA?PEKJ.
Sidebar: Why Doesnt My Cellphone Work When I Travel Abroad?
AO IK>EHA LDKJA PA?DJKHKCEAO D=RA ARKHRA@, LNKRE@ANO EJ @EBBANAJP ?KQJPNEAO D=RA ?DKOAJ @EBBANAJP
?KIIQJE?=PEKJ OP=J@=N@O BKN PDAEN IK>EHA LDKJA JAPSKNGO. 'J PDA 31, >KPD KB PDA PSK ?KILAPEJC OP=J@=N@O
ATEOP: %1+ (QOA@ >U A2&2 =J@ 2-+K>EHA) =J@ !"+A (QOA@ >U PDA KPDAN I=FKN ?=NNEANO). #=?D OP=J@=N@
D=O EPO LNKO =J@ ?KJO, >QP PDA >KPPKIHEJA EO PD=P LDKJAO QOEJC KJA OP=J@=N@ ?=JJKP A=OEHU OSEP?D PK PDA KPDAN.
'J PDA 31, PDEO EO JKP = >EC @A=H >A?=QOA IK>EHA JAPSKNGO ATEOP PK OQLLKNP >KPD OP=J@=N@O. QP SDAJ UKQ
PN=RAH PK KPDAN ?KQJPNEAO, UKQ SEHH BEJ@ PD=P IKOP KB PDAI QOA %1+ JAPSKNGO, SEPD PDA KJA >EC AT?ALPEKJ
>AEJC (=L=J, SDE?D D=O OP=J@=N@EVA@ KJ !"+A. 'P EO LKOOE>HA BKN = IK>EHA LDKJA QOEJC KJA PULA KB JAPSKNG
PK OSEP?D PK PDA KPDAN PULA KB JAPSKNG >U OSEP?DEJC KQP PDA 1'+ ?=N@, SDE?D ?KJPNKHO UKQN =??AOO PK PDA
IK>EHA JAPSKNG. &KSARAN, PDEO SEHH JKP SKNG EJ =HH ?=OAO. 'B UKQ =NA PN=RAHEJC =>NK=@, EP EO =HS=UO >AOP PK
?KJOQHP SEPD UKQN IK>EHA LNKRE@AN PK @APANIEJA PDA >AOP S=U PK =??AOO = IK>EHA JAPSKNG.
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Bluetooth
5DEHA HQAPKKPD EO JKP CAJAN=HHU QOA@ PK ?KJJA?P = @ARE?A PK PDA 'JPANJAP, EP
EO =J EILKNP=JP SENAHAOO PA?DJKHKCU PD=P D=O AJ=>HA@ I=JU BQJ?PEKJ=HEPEAO PD=P
=NA QOA@ ARANU @=U. 5DAJ ?NA=PA@ EJ 1994 >U #NE?OOKJ, EP S=O EJPAJ@A@ PK
NALH=?A SENA@ ?KJJA?PEKJO >APSAAJ @ARE?AO. 2K@=U, EP EO PDA OP=J@=N@ IAPDK@ BKN
?KJJA?PEJC JA=N>U @ARE?AO SENAHAOOHU. HQAPKKPD D=O = N=JCA KB =LLNKTEI=PAHU
300 BAAP =J@ ?KJOQIAO RANU HEPPHA LKSAN, I=GEJC EP =J AT?AHHAJP ?DKE?A BKN =
R=NEAPU KB LQNLKOAO. 1KIA =LLHE?=PEKJO KB HQAPKKPD EJ?HQ@A: ?KJJA?PEJC =
LNEJPAN PK = LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN, ?KJJA?PEJC = IK>EHA LDKJA =J@ DA=@OAP,
?KJJA?PEJC = SENAHAOO GAU>K=N@ =J@ IKQOA PK = ?KILQPAN, =J@ ?KJJA?PEJC =
NAIKPA BKN = LNAOAJP=PEKJ I=@A KJ = LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN.
VoIP
A CH?820; +>I% 2><<D=820C8>=. I<064 2>DAC4BH >5
BA>03+>824.
A CNKSEJC ?H=OO KB @=P= >AEJC PN=JOBANNA@ KRAN PDA 'JPANJAP EO RKE?A @=P=. A LNKPK?KH ?=HHA@ RKE?A KRAN '.,
KN 4K'., AJ=>HAO OKQJ@O PK >A ?KJRANPA@ PK = @ECEP=H BKNI=P BKN PN=JOIEOOEKJ KRAN PDA 'JPANJAP =J@ PDAJ NA-
?NA=PA@ =P PDA KPDAN AJ@. U QOEJC I=JU ATEOPEJC PA?DJKHKCEAO =J@ OKBPS=NA, RKE?A ?KIIQJE?=PEKJ KRAN PDA
'JPANJAP EO JKS =R=EH=>HA PK =JUKJA SEPD = >NKSOAN (PDEJG 1GULA, %KKCHA &=JCKQPO). AUKJ@ PDEO, I=JU
?KIL=JEAO =NA JKS KBBANEJC 4K'.->=OA@ PAHALDKJA OANRE?A BKN >QOEJAOO =J@ DKIA QOA.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
(2>?4 >5 1DB8=4BB =4CF>A:B
Organizational Networking
LAN and WAN
5DEHA PDA 'JPANJAP S=O ARKHREJC =J@ ?NA=PEJC = S=U BKN
KNC=JEV=PEKJO PK ?KJJA?P PK A=?D KPDAN =J@ PDA SKNH@,
=JKPDAN NARKHQPEKJ S=O P=GEJC LH=?A EJOE@A KNC=JEV=PEKJO.
2DA LNKHEBAN=PEKJ KB LANOKJ=H ?KILQPANO EJOE@A
KNC=JEV=PEKJO HA@ PK PDA JAA@ PK OD=NA NAOKQN?AO OQ?D =O
LNEJPANO, O?=JJANO, =J@ @=P=. -NC=JEV=PEKJO OKHRA@ PDEO
LNK>HAI PDNKQCD PDA ?NA=PEKJ KB HK?=H =NA= JAPSKNGO
(*A,O), SDE?D =HHKSA@ ?KILQPANO PK ?KJJA?P PK A=?D KPDAN
=J@ PK LANELDAN=HO. 2DAOA O=IA JAPSKNGO =HOK =HHKSA@
LANOKJ=H ?KILQPANO PK DKKG QL PK HAC=?U I=EJBN=IA
?KILQPANO.
AJ *A, EO (>U @ABEJEPEKJ) = HK?=H JAPSKNG, QOQ=HHU
KLAN=PEJC EJ PDA O=IA >QEH@EJC KN KJ PDA O=IA ?=ILQO.
5DAJ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ JAA@A@ PK LNKRE@A = JAPSKNG KRAN =
SE@AN =NA= (SEPD HK?=PEKJO EJ @EBBANAJP ?EPEAO KN OP=PAO, BKN
AT=ILHA), PDAU SKQH@ >QEH@ = SE@A =NA= JAPSKNG (5A,).
Client-Server
2DA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN KNECEJ=HHU S=O QOA@ =O = OP=J@-=HKJA ?KILQPEJC @ARE?A. A LNKCN=I S=O EJOP=HHA@
KJ PDA ?KILQPAN =J@ PDAJ QOA@ PK @K SKN@ LNK?AOOEJC KN JQI>AN ?NQJ?DEJC. &KSARAN, SEPD PDA =@RAJP
KB JAPSKNGEJC =J@ HK?=H =NA= JAPSKNGO, ?KILQPANO ?KQH@ SKNG PKCAPDAN PK OKHRA LNK>HAIO. &ECDAN-AJ@
?KILQPANO SANA EJOP=HHA@ =O OANRANO, =J@ QOANO KJ PDA HK?=H JAPSKNG ?KQH@ NQJ =LLHE?=PEKJO =J@ OD=NA
EJBKNI=PEKJ =IKJC @AL=NPIAJPO =J@ KNC=JEV=PEKJO. 2DEO EO ?=HHA@ ?HEAJP-OANRAN ?KILQPEJC.
Intranet
(QOP =O KNC=JEV=PEKJO OAP QL SA> OEPAO PK LNKRE@A CHK>=H =??AOO PK EJBKNI=PEKJ =>KQP PDAEN >QOEJAOO, PDAU =HOK
OAP QL EJPANJ=H SA> L=CAO PK LNKRE@A EJBKNI=PEKJ =>KQP PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ PK PDA AILHKUAAO. 2DEO EJPANJ=H
OAP KB SA> L=CAO EO ?=HHA@ =J EJPN=JAP. 5A> L=CAO KJ PDA EJPN=JAP =NA JKP =??AOOE>HA PK PDKOA KQPOE@A PDA
?KIL=JU; EJ B=?P, PDKOA L=CAO SKQH@ ?KIA QL =O ^JKP BKQJ@_ EB =J AILHKUAA PNEA@ PK =??AOO PDAI BNKI
KQPOE@A PDA ?KIL=JUaO JAPSKNG.
Extranet
1KIAPEIAO =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ S=JPO PK >A =>HA PK ?KHH=>KN=PA SEPD EPO ?QOPKIANO KN OQLLHEANO SDEHA =P PDA O=IA
PEIA I=EJP=EJEJC PDA OA?QNEPU KB >AEJC EJOE@A EPO KSJ JAPSKNG. 'J ?=OAO HEGA PDEO = ?KIL=JU I=U S=JP PK
?NA=PA =J 4GCA0=4C, SDE?D EO = L=NP KB PDA ?KIL=JUaO JAPSKNG PD=P ?=J >A I=@A =R=EH=>HA OA?QNAHU PK PDKOA
KQPOE@A KB PDA ?KIL=JU. #TPN=JAPO ?=J >A QOA@ PK =HHKS ?QOPKIANO PK HKC EJ =J@ ?DA?G PDA OP=PQO KB PDAEN
KN@ANO, KN BKN OQLLHEANO PK ?DA?G PDAEN ?QOPKIANOa EJRAJPKNU HARAHO.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
1KIAPEIAO, =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ SEHH JAA@ PK =HHKS OKIAKJA SDK EO JKP HK?=PA@ LDUOE?=HHU SEPDEJ EPO
EJPANJ=H JAPSKNG PK C=EJ =??AOO. 2DEO =??AOO ?=J >A LNKRE@A@ >U = RENPQ=H LNER=PA JAPSKNG (4.,). 4.,O SEHH
>A @EO?QOOA@ BQNPDAN EJ PDA ?D=LPAN 6 (KJ EJBKNI=PEKJ OA?QNEPU).
Sidebar: Microsofts SharePoint Powers the Intranet
AO KNC=JEV=PEKJO >ACEJ PK OAA PDA LKSAN KB ?KHH=>KN=PEKJ >APSAAJ PDAEN AILHKUAAO, PDAU KBPAJ HKKG BKN
OKHQPEKJO PD=P SEHH =HHKS PDAIPK HARAN=CA PDAEN EJPN=JAP PK AJ=>HA IKNA ?KHH=>KN=PEKJ. 1EJ?A IKOP ?KIL=JEAO
QOA +E?NKOKBP LNK@Q?PO BKN IQ?D KB PDAEN ?KILQPEJC, EP EO KJHU J=PQN=H PD=P PDAU D=RA HKKGA@ PK +E?NKOKBP PK
LNKRE@A = OKHQPEKJ. 2DEO OKHQPEKJ EO +E?NKOKBPaO 1D=NA.KEJP.
1D=NA.KEJP LNKRE@AO = ?KIIQJE?=PEKJ =J@ ?KHH=>KN=PEKJ LH=PBKNI PD=P EJPACN=PAO OA=IHAOOHU SEPD
+E?NKOKBPaO -BBE?A OQEPA KB =LLHE?=PEKJO. 3OEJC 1D=NA.KEJP, AILHKUAAO ?=J OD=NA = @K?QIAJP =J@ A@EP EP
PKCAPDAN \ JK IKNA A-I=EHEJC PD=P 5KN@ @K?QIAJP PK ARANUKJA BKN NAREAS. .NKFA?PO =J@ @K?QIAJPO ?=J >A
I=J=CA@ ?KHH=>KN=PERAHU =?NKOO PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ. !KNLKN=PA @K?QIAJPO =NA EJ@ATA@ =J@ I=@A =R=EH=>HA BKN
OA=N?D. ,K IKNA =OGEJC =NKQJ@ BKN PD=P LNK?A@QNAO @K?QIAJP \ JKS UKQ FQOP OA=N?D BKN EP EJ 1D=NA.KEJP. $KN
KNC=JEV=PEKJO HKKGEJC PK =@@ = OK?E=H JAPSKNGEJC ?KILKJAJP PK PDAEN EJPN=JAP, +E?NKOKBP KBBANO 7=IIAN,
SDE?D ?=J >A QOA@ >U EPOAHB KN EJPACN=PA@ EJPK 1D=NA.KEJP.
Cloud Computing
5A ?KRANA@ ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC EJ ?D=LPAN 3, >QP EP ODKQH@ =HOK >A IAJPEKJA@ DANA. 2DA QJERANO=H =R=EH=>EHEPU
KB PDA 'JPANJAP ?KI>EJA@ SEPD EJ?NA=OAO EJ LNK?AOOEJC LKSAN =J@ @=P=-OPKN=CA ?=L=?EPU D=RA I=@A ?HKQ@
?KILQPEJC = RE=>HA KLPEKJ BKN I=JU ?KIL=JEAO. 3OEJC ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC, ?KIL=JEAO KN EJ@ERE@Q=HO ?=J
?KJPN=?P PK OPKNA @=P= KJ OPKN=CA @ARE?AO OKIASDANA KJ PDA 'JPANJAP. ALLHE?=PEKJO ?=J >A ^NAJPA@_ =O JAA@A@,
CEREJC = ?KIL=JU PDA =>EHEPU PK MQE?GHU @ALHKU JAS =LLHE?=PEKJO. 7KQ ?=J NA=@ =>KQP ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC EJ
IKNA @AP=EH EJ ?D=LPAN 3.
Sidebar: Metcalfes Law
(QOP =O +KKNAaO *=S @AO?NE>AO DKS ?KILQPEJC LKSAN EO EJ?NA=OEJC KRAN PEIA, +AP?=HBAaO *=S @AO?NE>AO PDA
LKSAN KB JAPSKNGEJC. 1LA?EBE?=HHU, +AP?=HBAaO *=S OP=PAO PD=P PDA R=HQA KB = PAHA?KIIQJE?=PEKJO JAPSKNG EO
LNKLKNPEKJ=H PK PDA OMQ=NA KB PDA JQI>AN KB ?KJJA?PA@ QOANO KB PDA OUOPAI. 2DEJG =>KQP EP PDEO S=U: 'B JKJA
KB UKQN BNEAJ@O SANA KJ $=?A>KKG, SKQH@ UKQ OLAJ@ IQ?D PEIA PDANA? 'B JK KJA AHOA =P UKQN O?DKKH KN LH=?A
KB SKNG D=@ A-I=EH, SKQH@ EP >A RANU QOABQH PK UKQ? +AP?=HBAaO *=S PNEAO PK MQ=JPEBU PDEO R=HQA.
Summary
2DA JAPSKNGEJC NARKHQPEKJ D=O ?KILHAPAHU ?D=JCA@ DKS PDA ?KILQPAN EO QOA@. 2K@=U, JK KJA SKQH@
EI=CEJA QOEJC = ?KILQPAN PD=P S=O JKP ?KJJA?PA@ PK KJA KN IKNA JAPSKNGO. 2DA @ARAHKLIAJP KB PDA
'JPANJAP =J@ 5KNH@ 5E@A 5A>, ?KI>EJA@ SEPD SENAHAOO =??AOO, D=O I=@A EJBKNI=PEKJ =R=EH=>HA =P KQN
BEJCANPELO. 2DA 5A> 2.0 NARKHQPEKJ D=O I=@A QO =HH =QPDKNO KB SA> ?KJPAJP. AO JAPSKNGEJC PA?DJKHKCU
D=O I=PQNA@, PDA QOA KB 'JPANJAP PA?DJKHKCEAO D=O >A?KIA = OP=J@=N@ BKN ARANU PULA KB KNC=JEV=PEKJ. 2DA
QOA KB EJPN=JAPO =J@ ATPN=JAPO D=O =HHKSA@ KNC=JEV=PEKJO PK @ALHKU BQJ?PEKJ=HEPU PK AILHKUAAO =J@ >QOEJAOO
62 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
L=NPJANO =HEGA, EJ?NA=OEJC ABBE?EAJ?EAO =J@ EILNKREJC ?KIIQJE?=PEKJO. !HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC D=O PNQHU I=@A
EJBKNI=PEKJ =R=EH=>HA ARANUSDANA =J@ D=O OANEKQO EILHE?=PEKJO BKN PDA NKHA KB PDA '2 @AL=NPIAJP.
Study Questions
1. 5D=P SANA PDA BENOP BKQN HK?=PEKJO DKKGA@ QL PK PDA 'JPANJAP (A0.A,#2)?
2. 5D=P @KAO PDA PANI ?02:4C IA=J?
3. 5DE?D ?=IA BENOP, PDA 'JPANJAP KN PDA 5KNH@ 5E@A 5A>?
4. 5D=P S=O NARKHQPEKJ=NU =>KQP 5A> 2.0?
5. 5D=P S=O PDA OK-?=HHA@ GEHHAN =LL BKN PDA 'JPANJAP?
6. 5D=P I=GAO = ?KJJA?PEKJ = 1A>0310=3 ?KJJA?PEKJ?
7. 5D=P @KAO PDA PANI 4K'. IA=J?
8. 5D=P EO =J *A,?
9. 5D=P EO PDA @EBBANAJ?A >APSAAJ =J EJPN=JAP =J@ =J ATPN=JAP?
10. 5D=P EO +AP?=HBAaO *=S?
Exercises
1. 5D=P EO PDA '. =@@NAOO KB UKQN ?KILQPAN? &KS @E@ UKQ BEJ@ KQP? 5D=P EO PDA '. =@@NAOO KB
CKKCHA.?KI? &KS @E@ UKQ BEJ@ KQP? "E@ UKQ CAP '.R4 KN '.R6 =@@NAOOAO?
2. 5D=P EO PDA @EBBANAJ?A >APSAAJ PDA 'JPANJAP =J@ PDA 5KNH@ 5E@A 5A>? !NA=PA =P HA=OP PDNAA
OP=PAIAJPO PD=P E@AJPEBU PDA @EBBANAJ?AO >APSAAJ PDA PSK.
3. 5DK =NA PDA >NK=@>=J@ LNKRE@ANO EJ UKQN =NA=? 5D=P =NA PDA LNE?AO =J@ OLAA@O KBBANA@?
4. .NAPAJ@ UKQ =NA LH=JJEJC = PNEL PK PDNAA BKNAECJ ?KQJPNEAO EJ PDA JATP IKJPD. !KJOQHP UKQN
SENAHAOO ?=NNEAN PK @APANIEJA EB UKQN IK>EHA LDKJA SKQH@ SKNG LNKLANHU EJ PDKOA ?KQJPNEAO. 5D=P
SKQH@ PDA ?KOPO >A? 5D=P =HPANJ=PERAO @K UKQ D=RA EB EP SKQH@ JKP SKNG?
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
)74 B42DA8CH CA803
Chapter 6: Information Systems Security
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
3LKJ OQ??AOOBQH ?KILHAPEKJ KB PDEO ?D=LPAN, UKQ SEHH >A =>HA PK:
Y E@AJPEBU PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ OA?QNEPU PNE=@;
Y E@AJPEBU =J@ QJ@ANOP=J@ PDA DECD-HARAH ?KJ?ALPO OQNNKQJ@EJC EJBKNI=PEKJ OA?QNEPU PKKHO; =J@
Y OA?QNA UKQNOAHB @ECEP=HHU.
Introduction
AO ?KILQPANO =J@ KPDAN @ECEP=H @ARE?AO D=RA >A?KIA AOOAJPE=H PK >QOEJAOO =J@ ?KIIAN?A, PDAU D=RA =HOK
EJ?NA=OEJCHU >A?KIA = P=NCAP BKN =PP=?GO. 'J KN@AN BKN = ?KIL=JU KN =J EJ@ERE@Q=H PK QOA = ?KILQPEJC @ARE?A
SEPD ?KJBE@AJ?A, PDAU IQOP BENOP >A =OOQNA@ PD=P PDA @ARE?A EO JKP ?KILNKIEOA@ EJ =JU S=U =J@ PD=P =HH
?KIIQJE?=PEKJO SEHH >A OA?QNA. 'J PDEO ?D=LPAN, SA SEHH NAREAS PDA BQJ@=IAJP=H ?KJ?ALPO KB EJBKNI=PEKJ
OUOPAIO OA?QNEPU =J@ @EO?QOO OKIA KB PDA IA=OQNAO PD=P ?=J >A P=GAJ PK IEPEC=PA OA?QNEPU PDNA=PO. 5A SEHH
>ACEJ SEPD =J KRANREAS BK?QOEJC KJ DKS KNC=JEV=PEKJO ?=J OP=U OA?QNA. 1ARAN=H @EBBANAJP IA=OQNAO PD=P =
?KIL=JU ?=J P=GA PK EILNKRA OA?QNEPU SEHH >A @EO?QOOA@. 5A SEHH PDAJ BKHHKS QL >U NAREASEJC OA?QNEPU
LNA?=QPEKJO PD=P EJ@ERE@Q=HO ?=J P=GA EJ KN@AN PK OA?QNA PDAEN LANOKJ=H ?KILQPEJC AJRENKJIAJP.
The Information Security Triad:
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability (CIA)
Confidentiality
5DAJ LNKPA?PEJC EJBKNI=PEKJ, SA S=JP PK >A =>HA PK NAOPNE?P
=??AOO PK PDKOA SDK =NA =HHKSA@ PK OAA EP; ARANUKJA AHOA
ODKQH@ >A @EO=HHKSA@ BNKI HA=NJEJC =JUPDEJC =>KQP EPO
?KJPAJPO. 2DEO EO PDA AOOAJ?A KB ?KJBE@AJPE=HEPU. $KN
AT=ILHA, BA@AN=H H=S NAMQENAO PD=P QJERANOEPEAO NAOPNE?P
=??AOO PK LNER=PA OPQ@AJP EJBKNI=PEKJ. 2DA QJERANOEPU IQOP
>A OQNA PD=P KJHU PDKOA SDK =NA =QPDKNEVA@ D=RA =??AOO PK
REAS PDA CN=@A NA?KN@O.
Integrity
'JPACNEPU EO PDA =OOQN=J?A PD=P PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ >AEJC =??AOOA@ D=O JKP >AAJ =HPANA@ =J@ PNQHU NALNAOAJPO
SD=P EO EJPAJ@A@. (QOP =O = LANOKJ SEPD EJPACNEPU IA=JO SD=P DA KN ODA O=UO =J@ ?=J >A PNQOPA@ PK
?KJOEOPAJPHU NALNAOAJP PDA PNQPD, EJBKNI=PEKJ EJPACNEPU IA=JO EJBKNI=PEKJ PNQHU NALNAOAJPO EPO EJPAJ@A@
64

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
IA=JEJC. 'JBKNI=PEKJ ?=J HKOA EPO EJPACNEPU PDNKQCD I=HE?EKQO EJPAJP, OQ?D =O SDAJ OKIAKJA SDK EO JKP
=QPDKNEVA@ I=GAO = ?D=JCA PK EJPAJPEKJ=HHU IEONALNAOAJP OKIAPDEJC. AJ AT=ILHA KB PDEO SKQH@ >A SDAJ =
D=?GAN EO DENA@ PK CK EJPK PDA QJERANOEPUaO OUOPAI =J@ ?D=JCA = CN=@A.
'JPACNEPU ?=J =HOK >A HKOP QJEJPAJPEKJ=HHU, OQ?D =O SDAJ = ?KILQPAN LKSAN OQNCA ?KNNQLPO = BEHA KN
OKIAKJA =QPDKNEVA@ PK I=GA = ?D=JCA =??E@AJP=HHU @AHAPAO = BEHA KN AJPANO EJ?KNNA?P EJBKNI=PEKJ.
Availability
'JBKNI=PEKJ =R=EH=>EHEPU EO PDA PDEN@ L=NP KB PDA !'A PNE=@. AE08;018;8CH IA=JO PD=P EJBKNI=PEKJ ?=J >A
=??AOOA@ =J@ IK@EBEA@ >U =JUKJA =QPDKNEVA@ PK @K OK EJ =J =LLNKLNE=PA PEIABN=IA. "ALAJ@EJC KJ PDA
PULA KB EJBKNI=PEKJ, 0??A>?A80C4 C8<45A0<4 ?=J IA=J @EBBANAJP PDEJCO. $KN AT=ILHA, = OPK?G PN=@AN JAA@O
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PSAJPU-BKQN DKQNO = @=U, OARAJ @=UO = SAAG. -PDAN ?KIL=JEAO I=U JKP OQBBAN EB PDAEN SA> OANRANO =NA @KSJ
BKN = BAS IEJQPAO KJ?A EJ = SDEHA.
Tools for Information Security
'J KN@AN PK AJOQNA PDA ?KJBE@AJPE=HEPU, EJPACNEPU, =J@ =R=EH=>EHEPU KB EJBKNI=PEKJ, KNC=JEV=PEKJO ?=J ?DKKOA
BNKI = R=NEAPU KB PKKHO. #=?D KB PDAOA PKKHO ?=J >A QPEHEVA@ =O L=NP KB =J KRAN=HH EJBKNI=PEKJ-OA?QNEPU LKHE?U,
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Authentication
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PDA LANOKJ =??AOOEJC PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ EO, EJ@AA@, SDK PDAU LNAOAJP PDAIOAHRAO PK >A.
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EO HKOP KN OPKHAJ, PDA E@AJPEPU ?=J >A A=OEHU OPKHAJ. 2DA BEJ=H B=?PKN, OKIAPDEJC UKQ =NA, EO IQ?D D=N@AN PK
?KILNKIEOA. 2DEO B=?PKN E@AJPEBEAO = QOAN PDNKQCD PDA QOA KB = LDUOE?=H ?D=N=?PANEOPE?, OQ?D =O =J AUA-O?=J
KN BEJCANLNEJP. '@AJPEBUEJC OKIAKJA PDNKQCD PDAEN LDUOE?=H ?D=N=?PANEOPE?O EO ?=HHA@ >EKIAPNE?O.
A IKNA OA?QNA S=U PK =QPDAJPE?=PA = QOAN EO PK @K IQHPE-B=?PKN =QPDAJPE?=PEKJ. U ?KI>EJEJC PSK KN
IKNA KB PDA B=?PKNO HEOPA@ =>KRA, EP >A?KIAO IQ?D IKNA @EBBE?QHP BKN OKIAKJA PK IEONALNAOAJP PDAIOAHRAO.
AJ AT=ILHA KB PDEO SKQH@ >A PDA QOA KB =J 01A 1A?QN'" PKGAJ. 2DA 01A @ARE?A EO OKIAPDEJC UKQ D=RA,
=J@ SEHH CAJAN=PA = JAS =??AOO ?K@A ARANU OETPU OA?KJ@O. 2K HKC EJ PK =J EJBKNI=PEKJ NAOKQN?A QOEJC PDA
01A @ARE?A, UKQ ?KI>EJA OKIAPDEJC UKQ GJKS, = BKQN-@ECEP .',, SEPD PDA ?K@A CAJAN=PA@ >U PDA @ARE?A.
2DA KJHU S=U PK LNKLANHU =QPDAJPE?=PA EO >U >KPD GJKSEJC PDA ?K@A 0=3 D=REJC PDA 01A @ARE?A.
IS Security 65

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Access Control
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IK@AHO ATEOP. &ANA SA SEHH @EO?QOO PSK: PDA =??AOO ?KJPNKH HEOP (A!*) =J@ NKHA->=OA@ =??AOO ?KJPNKH
(0A!).
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PK LANBKNIPDKOA BQJ?PEKJO. 'B = QOAN EO JKP KJ PDA HEOP, PDAU D=RA JK =>EHEPU PK ARAJ GJKS PD=P PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ
NAOKQN?A ATEOPO.
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@N=S>=?G EO PD=P A=?D EJBKNI=PEKJ NAOKQN?A EO I=J=CA@ OAL=N=PAHU, OK EB = OA?QNEPU =@IEJEOPN=PKN S=JPA@ PK
=@@ KN NAIKRA = QOAN PK = H=NCA OAP KB EJBKNI=PEKJ NAOKQN?AO, EP SKQH@ >A MQEPA @EBBE?QHP. AJ@ =O PDA JQI>AN
KB QOANO =J@ NAOKQN?AO EJ?NA=OA, A!*O >A?KIA D=N@AN PK I=EJP=EJ. 2DEO D=O HA@ PK =J EILNKRA@ IAPDK@ KB
=??AOO ?KJPNKH, ?=HHA@ NKHA->=OA@ =??AOO ?KJPNKH, KN 0A!. 5EPD 0A!, EJOPA=@ KB CEREJC OLA?EBE? QOANO
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>U ATPAJOEKJ, EILNKREJC OA?QNEPU.
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Encryption
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= ?KILQPAN LNKCN=I, SDE?D AJ?K@AO PDA LH=EJ PATP PD=P JAA@O PK >A PN=JOIEPPA@; PDAJ PDA NA?ELEAJP NA?AERAO
PDA ?ELDAN PATP =J@ @A?K@AO EP (@A?NULPEKJ). 'J KN@AN BKN PDEO PK SKNG, PDA OAJ@AN =J@ NA?AERAN JAA@ PK =CNAA
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AJ?K@A PDA IAOO=CA, =J@ OAJ@ EP. 2DA NA?ELEAJP PDAJ QOAO PDA LNER=PA GAU PK @A?K@A EP. 2DA LQ>HE? GAU ?=J >A
CERAJ PK =JUKJA SDK SEODAO PK OAJ@ PDA NA?ELEAJP = IAOO=CA. #=?D QOAN OEILHU JAA@O KJA LNER=PA GAU =J@
66 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
KJA LQ>HE? GAU EJ KN@AN PK OA?QNA IAOO=CAO. 2DA LNER=PA GAU EO JA?AOO=NU EJ KN@AN PK @A?NULP OKIAPDEJC OAJP
SEPD PDA LQ>HE? GAU.
%D1;82 :4H 4=2AH?C8>= (2;82: 5>A ;0A64A 3806A0<)
Sidebar: Password Security
1K SDU EO QOEJC FQOP = OEILHA QOAN '"/L=OOSKN@ JKP ?KJOE@ANA@ = OA?QNA IAPDK@ KB =QPDAJPE?=PEKJ? 'P PQNJO
KQP PD=P PDEO OEJCHA-B=?PKN =QPDAJPE?=PEKJ EO ATPNAIAHU A=OU PK ?KILNKIEOA. %KK@ L=OOSKN@ LKHE?EAO IQOP
>A LQP EJ LH=?A EJ KN@AN PK AJOQNA PD=P L=OOSKN@O ?=JJKP >A ?KILNKIEOA@. AHKS =NA OKIA KB PDA IKNA
?KIIKJ LKHE?EAO PD=P KNC=JEV=PEKJO ODKQH@ LQP EJ LH=?A.
Y 0AMQENA ?KILHAT L=OOSKN@O. -JA NA=OKJ L=OOSKN@O =NA ?KILNKIEOA@ EO PD=P PDAU ?=J >A A=OEHU CQAOOA@. A NA?AJP OPQ@U
BKQJ@ PD=P PDA PKL PDNAA L=OOSKN@O LAKLHA QOA@ EJ 2012 SANA ?0BBF>A3, 123456 =J@ 12345678.
1
A L=OOSKN@ ODKQH@ JKP
>A OEILHA, KN = SKN@ PD=P ?=J >A BKQJ@ EJ = @E?PEKJ=NU. -JA KB PDA BENOP PDEJCO = D=?GAN SEHH @K EO PNU PK ?N=?G = L=OOSKN@
1. "KNJ PK >A >NA=?DA@" >U 1A=J %=HH=CDAN KJ ,KR 3 2012. AABC427=820. 0APNEARA@ BNKI DPPL://=NOPA?DJE?=.?KI/EJBKNI=PEKJ-PA?DJKHKCU/2012/11/>KNJ-PK->A->NA=?DA@-PDA-
SKNOP-L=OOSKN@O-=NA-OPEHH-PDA-IKOP-?KIIKJ/ KJ +=U 15, 2013.
IS Security 67

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
>U PAOPEJC ARANU PANI EJ PDA @E?PEKJ=NU! 'JOPA=@, = CKK@ L=OOSKN@ LKHE?U EO KJA PD=P NAMQENAO PDA QOA KB = IEJEIQI KB
AECDP ?D=N=?PANO, =J@ =P HA=OP KJA QLLAN-?=OA HAPPAN, KJA OLA?E=H ?D=N=?PAN, =J@ KJA JQI>AN.
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PDAEN L=OOSKN@O ARANU OETPU PK JEJAPU @=UO, AJOQNEJC PD=P =JU L=OOSKN@O PD=P IECDP D=RA >AAJ OPKHAJ KN CQAOOA@ SEHH JKP
>A =>HA PK >A QOA@ =C=EJOP PDA ?KIL=JU.
Y 2N=EJ AILHKUAAO JKP PK CERA =S=U L=OOSKN@O. -JA KB PDA LNEI=NU IAPDK@O PD=P EO QOA@ PK OPA=H L=OOSKN@O EO PK OEILHU
BECQNA PDAI KQP >U =OGEJC PDA QOANO KN =@IEJEOPN=PKNO. %A4C4GC8=6 K??QNO SDAJ =J =PP=?GAN ?=HHO = DAHL@AOG KN OA?QNEPU
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LANOKJ=H EJBKNI=PEKJ =>KQP PDA =QPDKNEVA@ QOAN, PDA =PP=?GAN ?KJREJ?AO PDA OA?QNEPU LANOKJ PK NAOAP PDA L=OOSKN@ =J@ PAHH
DEI SD=P EP EO. AJKPDAN S=U PD=P AILHKUAAO I=U >A PNE?GA@ EJPK CEREJC =S=U L=OOSKN@O EO PDNKQCD A-I=EH LDEODEJC.
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AJPAN PDAEN '" =J@ L=OOSKN@, SDE?D =NA PDAJ ?=LPQNA@ >U PDA =PP=?GAN.
Backups
AJKPDAN AOOAJPE=H PKKH BKN EJBKNI=PEKJ OA?QNEPU EO = ?KILNADAJOERA >=?GQL LH=J BKN PDA AJPENA KNC=JEV=PEKJ.
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PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ ODKQH@ =HOK >A >=?GA@ QL. A CKK@ >=?GQL LH=J ODKQH@ ?KJOEOP KB OARAN=H ?KILKJAJPO.
Y A BQHH QJ@ANOP=J@EJC KB PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ=H EJBKNI=PEKJ NAOKQN?AO. 5D=P EJBKNI=PEKJ @KAO PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ =?PQ=HHU D=RA?
5DANA EO EP OPKNA@? 1KIA @=P= I=U >A OPKNA@ KJ PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJaO OANRANO, KPDAN @=P= KJ QOANOa D=N@ @NERAO, OKIA EJ PDA
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>A >=?GA@ QL =J@ @APANIEJA PDA >AOP S=U >=?G EP QL.
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?KI>EJA@ SEPD PDA =>EHEPU KB PDA ?KIL=JU PK NALH=?A =JU @=P= PD=P EO HKOP. !NEPE?=H @=P= ODKQH@ >A >=?GA@ QL @=EHU, SDEHA
HAOO ?NEPE?=H @=P= ?KQH@ >A >=?GA@ QL SAAGHU.
Y -BBOEPA OPKN=CA KB >=?GQL @=P= OAPO. 'B =HH KB PDA >=?GQL @=P= EO >AEJC OPKNA@ EJ PDA O=IA B=?EHEPU =O PDA KNECEJ=H ?KLEAO KB
PDA @=P=, PDAJ = OEJCHA ARAJP, OQ?D =O =J A=NPDMQ=GA, BENA, KN PKNJ=@K, SKQH@ P=GA KQP >KPD PDA KNECEJ=H @=P= =J@ PDA
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?KJBE@AJ?A EJ PDA >=?GQL LH=J.
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@KSJPEIA SKQH@ D=RA KJ PDAEN >QOEJAOO. 'B PDAEN EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU SANA PK >A QJ=R=EH=>HA BKN =JU
OQOP=EJA@ LANEK@ KB PEIA, DKS SKQH@ EP EIL=?P PDA >QOEJAOO?
A@@EPEKJ=H ?KJ?ALPO NAH=PA@ PK >=?GQL EJ?HQ@A PDA BKHHKSEJC:
68 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
#4CF>A: 2>=586DA0C8>= F8C7 58A4F0;;B, ID(, 0=3 0
D"/. C;82: C> 4=;0A64.
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=HHKSEJC PDAI PK OP=U KJHEJA HKJCAN =J@/KN =HHKSEJC PDA '2 OP=BB PK ODQP PDAI @KSJ QOEJC LNKLAN LNK?A@QNAO EJ KN@AN PK
LNARAJP PDA @=P= HKOO PD=P IECDP K??QN BNKI = LKSAN B=EHQNA.
Y AHPANJ=PA, KN ^DKP_ OEPAO. 1KIA KNC=JEV=PEKJO ?DKKOA PK D=RA =J =HPANJ=PA OEPA SDANA =J AT=?P NALHE?= KB PDAEN ?NEPE?=H @=P=
EO =HS=UO GALP QL PK @=PA. 5DAJ PDA LNEI=NU OEPA CKAO @KSJ, PDA =HPANJ=PA OEPA EO EIIA@E=PAHU >NKQCDP KJHEJA OK PD=P HEPPHA
KN JK @KSJPEIA EO ATLANEAJ?A@.
AO EJBKNI=PEKJ D=O >A?KIA = OPN=PACE? =OOAP, = SDKHA EJ@QOPNU D=O OLNQJC QL =NKQJ@ PDA PA?DJKHKCEAO
JA?AOO=NU BKN EILHAIAJPEJC = LNKLAN >=?GQL OPN=PACU. A ?KIL=JU ?=J ?KJPN=?P SEPD = OANRE?A LNKRE@AN PK
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2A?DJKHKCEAO OQ?D =O OPKN=CA =NA= JAPSKNGO =J@ =N?DER=H OUOPAIO =NA JKS QOA@ >U IKOP H=NCA >QOEJAOOAO.
Firewalls
AJKPDAN IAPDK@ PD=P =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ ODKQH@ QOA PK
EJ?NA=OA OA?QNEPU KJ EPO JAPSKNG EO = BENAS=HH. A BENAS=HH
?=J ATEOP =O D=N@S=NA KN OKBPS=NA (KN >KPD). A D=N@S=NA
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?KILQPAN.
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JAPSKNG PD=P =NA L=NPE=HHU OA?QNA@. 2DEO OACIAJP KB PDA
JAPSKNG EO NABANNA@ PK =O = "+8, >KNNKSEJC PDA PANI 34<8;8C0A8I43 I>=4 BNKI PDA IEHEP=NU, =J@ EP EO SDANA =J
KNC=JEV=PEKJ I=U LH=?A NAOKQN?AO PD=P JAA@ >NK=@AN =??AOO >QP OPEHH JAA@ PK >A OA?QNA@.
Intrusion Detection Systems
AJKPDAN @ARE?A PD=P ?=J >A LH=?A@ KJ PDA JAPSKNG BKN OA?QNEPU LQNLKOAO EO =J EJPNQOEKJ @APA?PEKJ OUOPAI, KN
'"1. AJ '"1 @KAO JKP =@@ =JU =@@EPEKJ=H OA?QNEPU; EJOPA=@, EP LNKRE@AO PDA BQJ?PEKJ=HEPU PK E@AJPEBU EB PDA
JAPSKNG EO >AEJC =PP=?GA@. AJ '"1 ?=J >A ?KJBECQNA@ PK S=P?D BKN OLA?EBE? PULAO KB =?PEREPEAO =J@ PDAJ =HANP
OA?QNEPU LANOKJJAH EB PD=P =?PEREPU K??QNO. AJ '"1 =HOK ?=J HKC R=NEKQO PULAO KB PN=BBE? KJ PDA JAPSKNG BKN
=J=HUOEO H=PAN. AJ '"1 EO =J AOOAJPE=H L=NP KB =JU CKK@ OA?QNEPU OAPQL.
IS Security 69

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Sidebar: Virtual Private Networks
3OEJC BENAS=HHO =J@ KPDAN OA?QNEPU PA?DJKHKCEAO, KNC=JEV=PEKJO ?=J ABBA?PERAHU LNKPA?P I=JU KB PDAEN
EJBKNI=PEKJ NAOKQN?AO >U I=GEJC PDAI EJREOE>HA PK PDA KQPOE@A SKNH@. QP SD=P EB =J AILHKUAA SKNGEJC
BNKI DKIA NAMQENAO =??AOO PK OKIA KB PDAOA NAOKQN?AO? 5D=P EB = ?KJOQHP=JP EO DENA@ SDK JAA@O PK @K SKNG
KJ PDA EJPANJ=H ?KNLKN=PA JAPSKNG BNKI = NAIKPA HK?=PEKJ? 'J PDAOA ?=OAO, = RENPQ=H LNER=PA JAPSKNG (4.,)
EO ?=HHA@ BKN.
A 4., =HHKSO = QOAN SDK EO KQPOE@A KB = ?KNLKN=PA JAPSKNG PK P=GA = @APKQN =NKQJ@ PDA BENAS=HH =J@
=??AOO PDA EJPANJ=H JAPSKNG BNKIPDA KQPOE@A. 2DNKQCD = ?KI>EJ=PEKJ KB OKBPS=NA =J@ OA?QNEPU IA=OQNAO, PDEO
HAPO =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ =HHKS HEIEPA@ =??AOO PK EPO JAPSKNGO SDEHA =P PDA O=IA PEIA AJOQNEJC KRAN=HH OA?QNEPU.
Physical Security
AJ KNC=JEV=PEKJ ?=J EILHAIAJP PDA >AOP =QPDAJPE?=PEKJ O?DAIA EJ PDA SKNH@, @ARAHKL PDA >AOP =??AOO ?KJPNKH,
=J@ EJOP=HH BENAS=HHO =J@ EJPNQOEKJ LNARAJPEKJ, >QP EPO OA?QNEPU ?=JJKP >A ?KILHAPA SEPDKQP EILHAIAJP=PEKJ KB
LDUOE?=H OA?QNEPU. .DUOE?=H OA?QNEPU EO PDA LNKPA?PEKJ KB PDA =?PQ=H D=N@S=NA =J@ JAPSKNGEJC ?KILKJAJPO PD=P
OPKNA =J@ PN=JOIEP EJBKNI=PEKJ NAOKQN?AO. 2K EILHAIAJP LDUOE?=H OA?QNEPU, =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ IQOP E@AJPEBU =HH
KB PDA RQHJAN=>HA NAOKQN?AO =J@ P=GA IA=OQNAO PK AJOQNA PD=P PDAOA NAOKQN?AO ?=JJKP >A LDUOE?=HHU P=ILANA@
SEPD KN OPKHAJ. 2DAOA IA=OQNAO EJ?HQ@A PDA BKHHKSEJC.
Y *K?GA@ @KKNO: 'P I=U OAAI K>REKQO, >QP =HH PDA OA?QNEPU EJ PDA SKNH@ EO QOAHAOO EB =J EJPNQ@AN ?=J OEILHU S=HG EJ =J@
LDUOE?=HHU NAIKRA = ?KILQPEJC @ARE?A. &ECD-R=HQA EJBKNI=PEKJ =OOAPO ODKQH@ >A OA?QNA@ EJ = HK?=PEKJ SEPD HEIEPA@
=??AOO.
Y .DUOE?=H EJPNQOEKJ @APA?PEKJ: &ECD-R=HQA EJBKNI=PEKJ =OOAPO ODKQH@ >A IKJEPKNA@ PDNKQCD PDA QOA KB OA?QNEPU ?=IAN=O =J@
KPDAN IA=JO PK @APA?P QJ=QPDKNEVA@ =??AOO PK PDA LDUOE?=H HK?=PEKJO SDANA PDAU ATEOP.
Y 1A?QNA@ AMQELIAJP: "ARE?AO ODKQH@ >A HK?GA@ @KSJ PK LNARAJP PDAI BNKI >AEJC OPKHAJ. -JA AILHKUAAaO D=N@ @NERA
?KQH@ ?KJP=EJ =HH KB UKQN ?QOPKIAN EJBKNI=PEKJ, OK EP EO AOOAJPE=H PD=P EP >A OA?QNA@.
Y #JRENKJIAJP=H IKJEPKNEJC: AJ KNC=JEV=PEKJaO OANRANO =J@ KPDAN DECD-R=HQA AMQELIAJP ODKQH@ =HS=UO >A GALP EJ = NKKI
PD=P EO IKJEPKNA@ BKN PAILAN=PQNA, DQIE@EPU, =J@ =ENBHKS. 2DA NEOG KB = OANRAN B=EHQNA NEOAO SDAJ PDAOA B=?PKNO CK KQP KB =
OLA?EBEA@ N=JCA.
Y #ILHKUAA PN=EJEJC: -JA KB PDA IKOP ?KIIKJ S=UO PDEARAO OPA=H ?KNLKN=PA EJBKNI=PEKJ EO PK OPA=H
AILHKUAA H=LPKLO SDEHA AILHKUAAO =NA PN=RAHEJC. #ILHKUAAO ODKQH@ >A PN=EJA@ PK OA?QNA PDAEN
AMQELIAJP SDAJARAN PDAU =NA =S=U BNKI PDA KBBE?A.
Security Policies
AOE@AO PDA PA?DJE?=H ?KJPNKHO HEOPA@ =>KRA, KNC=JEV=PEKJO =HOK JAA@ PK EILHAIAJP OA?QNEPU LKHE?EAO =O =
BKNI KB =@IEJEOPN=PERA ?KJPNKH. 'J B=?P, PDAOA LKHE?EAO ODKQH@ NA=HHU >A = OP=NPEJC LKEJP EJ @ARAHKLEJC =J
KRAN=HH OA?QNEPU LH=J. A CKK@ EJBKNI=PEKJ-OA?QNEPU LKHE?U H=UO KQP PDA CQE@AHEJAO BKN AILHKUAA QOA KB PDA
EJBKNI=PEKJ NAOKQN?AO KB PDA ?KIL=JU =J@ LNKRE@AO PDA ?KIL=JU NA?KQNOA EJ PDA ?=OA PD=P =J AILHKUAA
REKH=PAO = LKHE?U.
70 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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PD=P AI>N=?AO =J KNC=JEV=PEKJaO CAJAN=H >AHEABO, CK=HO, K>FA?PERAO, =J@ =??ALP=>HA LNK?A@QNAO BKN = OLA?EBEA@
OQ>FA?P =NA=._ .KHE?EAO NAMQENA ?KILHE=J?A; B=EHQNA PK ?KILHU SEPD = LKHE?U SEHH NAOQHP EJ @EO?ELHEJ=NU =?PEKJ.
A LKHE?U @KAO JKP H=U KQP PDA OLA?EBE? PA?DJE?=H @AP=EHO, EJOPA=@ EP BK?QOAO KJ PDA @AOENA@ NAOQHPO. A OA?QNEPU
LKHE?U ODKQH@ >A >=OA@ KJ PDA CQE@EJC LNEJ?ELHAO KB ?KJBE@AJPE=HEPU, EJPACNEPU, =J@ =R=EH=>EHEPU.
2
A CKK@ AT=ILHA KB = OA?QNEPU LKHE?U PD=P I=JU SEHH >A B=IEHE=N SEPD EO = SA> QOA LKHE?U. A SA> QOA
LKHE?U H=UO KQP PDA NAOLKJOE>EHEPEAO KB ?KIL=JU AILHKUAAO =O PDAU QOA ?KIL=JU NAOKQN?AO PK =??AOO PDA
'JPANJAP. A CKK@ AT=ILHA KB = SA> QOA LKHE?U EO EJ?HQ@A@ EJ &=NR=N@ 3JERANOEPUaO ^!KILQPAN 0QHAO =J@
0AOLKJOE>EHEPEAO_ LKHE?U, SDE?D ?=J >A BKQJ@ DANA.
A OA?QNEPU LKHE?U ODKQH@ =HOK =@@NAOO =JU CKRANJIAJP=H KN EJ@QOPNU NACQH=PEKJO PD=P =LLHU PK PDA
KNC=JEV=PEKJ. $KN AT=ILHA, EB PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ EO = QJERANOEPU, EP IQOP >A =S=NA KB PDA $=IEHU #@Q?=PEKJ=H
0ECDPO =J@ .NER=?U A?P ($#0.A), SDE?D NAOPNE?PO SDK D=O =??AOO PK OPQ@AJP EJBKNI=PEKJ. &A=HPD ?=NA
KNC=JEV=PEKJO =NA K>HEC=PA@ PK BKHHKS OARAN=H NACQH=PEKJO, OQ?D =O PDA &A=HPD 'JOQN=J?A .KNP=>EHEPU =J@
A??KQJP=>EHEPU A?P (&'.AA).
A CKK@ NAOKQN?A BKN HA=NJEJC IKNA =>KQP OA?QNEPU LKHE?EAO EO PDA 1A,1 'JOPEPQPAaO 'JBKNI=PEKJ 1A?QNEPU
.KHE?U .=CA.
Sidebar: Mobile Security
AO PDA QOA KB IK>EHA @ARE?AO OQ?D =O OI=NPLDKJAO =J@ P=>HAPO LNKHEBAN=PAO, KNC=JEV=PEKJO IQOP >A NA=@U
PK =@@NAOO PDA QJEMQA OA?QNEPU ?KJ?ANJO PD=P PDA QOA KB PDAOA @ARE?AO >NEJC. -JA KB PDA BENOP MQAOPEKJO =J
KNC=JEV=PEKJ IQOP ?KJOE@AN EO SDAPDAN PK =HHKS IK>EHA @ARE?AO EJ PDA SKNGLH=?A =P =HH. +=JU AILHKUAAO
=HNA=@U D=RA PDAOA @ARE?AO, OK PDA MQAOPEKJ >A?KIAO: 1DKQH@ SA =HHKSAILHKUAAO PK >NEJC PDAEN KSJ @ARE?AO
=J@ QOA PDAI =O L=NP KB PDAEN AILHKUIAJP =?PEREPEAO? -N ODKQH@ SA LNKRE@A PDA @ARE?AO PK KQN AILHKUAAO?
!NA=PEJC = 7-" (^NEJC 7KQN -SJ "ARE?A_) LKHE?U =HHKSO AILHKUAAO PK EJPACN=PA PDAIOAHRAO IKNA
BQHHU EJPK PDAEN FK> =J@ ?=J >NEJC DECDAN AILHKUAA O=PEOB=?PEKJ =J@ LNK@Q?PEREPU. 'J I=JU ?=OAO, EP I=U >A
RENPQ=HHU EILKOOE>HA PK LNARAJP AILHKUAAO BNKI D=REJC PDAEN KSJ OI=NPLDKJAO KN E.=@O EJ PDA SKNGLH=?A. 'B
PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ LNKRE@AO PDA @ARE?AO PK EPO AILHKUAAO, EP C=EJO IKNA ?KJPNKH KRAN QOA KB PDA @ARE?AO, >QP EP
=HOK ATLKOAO EPOAHB PK PDA LKOOE>EHEPU KB =J =@IEJEOPN=PERA (=J@ ?KOPHU) IAOO.
+K>EHA @ARE?AO ?=J LKOA I=JU QJEMQA OA?QNEPU ?D=HHAJCAO PK =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ. .NK>=>HU KJA KB PDA
>ECCAOP ?KJ?ANJO EO PDABP KB EJPAHHA?PQ=H LNKLANPU. $KN =J AILHKUAA SEPD I=HE?EKQO EJPAJP, EP SKQH@ >A =
RANU OEILHA LNK?AOO PK ?KJJA?P = IK>EHA @ARE?A AEPDAN PK = ?KILQPAN RE= PDA 31 LKNP, KN SENAHAOOHU PK PDA
?KNLKN=PA JAPSKNG, =J@ @KSJHK=@ ?KJBE@AJPE=H @=P=. 'P SKQH@ =HOK >A A=OU PK OA?NAPHU P=GA = DECD-MQ=HEPU
LE?PQNA QOEJC = >QEHP-EJ ?=IAN=.
5DAJ =J AILHKUAA @KAO D=RA LANIEOOEKJ PK =??AOO =J@ O=RA ?KIL=JU @=P= KJ DEO KN DAN @ARE?A, =
@EBBANAJP OA?QNEPU PDNA=P AIANCAO: PD=P @ARE?A JKS >A?KIAO = P=NCAP BKN PDEARAO. 2DABP KB IK>EHA @ARE?AO (EJ
PDEO ?=OA, EJ?HQ@EJC H=LPKLO) EO KJA KB PDA LNEI=NU IAPDK@O PD=P @=P= PDEARAO QOA.
1K SD=P ?=J >A @KJA PK OA?QNA IK>EHA @ARE?AO? 'P SEHH OP=NP SEPD = CKK@ LKHE?U NAC=N@EJC PDAEN QOA.
A??KN@EJC PK = 2013 1A,1 OPQ@U, KNC=JEV=PEKJO ODKQH@ ?KJOE@AN @ARAHKLEJC = IK>EHA @ARE?A LKHE?U PD=P
=@@NAOOAO PDA BKHHKSEJC EOOQAO: QOA KB PDA ?=IAN=, QOA KB RKE?A NA?KN@EJC, =LLHE?=PEKJ LQN?D=OAO, AJ?NULPEKJ
=P NAOP, 5E-$E =QPK?KJJA?P OAPPEJCO, >HQAPKKPD OAPPEJCO, 4., QOA, L=OOSKN@ OAPPEJCO, HKOP KN OPKHAJ @ARE?A
NALKNPEJC, =J@ >=?GQL.
3
2. 1A,1 'JOPEPQPA. "A 1DKNP .NEIAN BKN "ARAHKLEJC 1A?QNEPU .KHE?EAO." A??AOOA@ BNKI DPPL://SSS.O=JO.KNC/OA?QNEPU-NAOKQN?AO/LKHE?EAO/
.KHE?U<.NEIAN.L@B KJ +=U 31, 2013.
IS Security 71

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
%>BC4A 5A>< (C>?. )78=:. C>==42C. C;82: C>
4=;0A64. (C>?HA867C: (C>?. )78=:. C>==42C.
7CC?://BC>?C78=:2>==42C.>A6/A4B>DA24B)
AOE@AO LKHE?EAO, PDANA =NA OARAN=H @EBBANAJP PKKHO PD=P =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ ?=J QOA PK IEPEC=PA OKIA KB PDAOA
NEOGO. $KN AT=ILHA, EB = @ARE?A EO OPKHAJ KN HKOP, CAKHK?=PEKJ OKBPS=NA ?=J DAHL PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ BEJ@ EP. 'J
OKIA ?=OAO, EP I=U ARAJ I=GA OAJOA PK EJOP=HH NAIKPA @=P=-NAIKR=H OKBPS=NA, SDE?D SEHH NAIKRA @=P= BNKI
= @ARE?A EB EP >A?KIAO = OA?QNEPU NEOG.
Usability
5DAJ HKKGEJC PK OA?QNA EJBKNI=PEKJ NAOKQN?AO, KNC=JEV=PEKJO IQOP >=H=J?A PDA JAA@ BKN OA?QNEPU SEPD QOANOa
JAA@ PK ABBA?PERAHU =??AOO =J@ QOA PDAOA NAOKQN?AO. 'B = OUOPAIaO OA?QNEPU IA=OQNAO I=GA EP @EBBE?QHP PK QOA,
PDAJ QOANO SEHH BEJ@ S=UO =NKQJ@ PDA OA?QNEPU, SDE?D I=U I=GA PDA OUOPAI IKNA RQHJAN=>HA PD=J EP SKQH@
D=RA >AAJ SEPDKQP PDA OA?QNEPU IA=OQNAO! 2=GA, BKN AT=ILHA, L=OOSKN@ LKHE?EAO. 'B PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ NAMQENAO
=J ATPNAIAHU HKJC L=OOSKN@ SEPD OARAN=H OLA?E=H ?D=N=?PANO, =J AILHKUAA I=U NAOKNP PK SNEPEJC EP @KSJ =J@
LQPPEJC EP EJ = @N=SAN OEJ?A EP SEHH >A EILKOOE>HA PK IAIKNEVA.
Personal Information Security
5A SEHH AJ@ PDEO ?D=LPAN SEPD = @EO?QOOEKJ KB SD=P IA=OQNAO A=?D KB
QO, =O EJ@ERE@Q=H QOANO, ?=J P=GA PK OA?QNA KQN ?KILQPEJC
PA?DJKHKCEAO. 2DANA EO JK S=U PK D=RA 100% OA?QNEPU, >QP PDANA =NA
OARAN=H OEILHA OPALO SA, =O EJ@ERE@Q=HO, ?=J P=GA PK I=GA KQNOAHRAO
IKNA OA?QNA.
Y )AAL UKQN OKBPS=NA QL PK @=PA. 5DAJARAN = OKBPS=NA RAJ@KN @APANIEJAO
PD=P = OA?QNEPU BH=S D=O >AAJ BKQJ@ EJ PDAEN OKBPS=NA, PDAU SEHH NAHA=OA =J
QL@=PA PK PDA OKBPS=NA PD=P UKQ ?=J @KSJHK=@ PK BET PDA LNK>HAI. 2QNJ KJ
=QPKI=PE? QL@=PEJC KJ UKQN ?KILQPAN PK =QPKI=PA PDEO LNK?AOO.
Y 'JOP=HH =JPERENQO OKBPS=NA =J@ GAAL EP QL PK @=PA. 2DANA =NA I=JU CKK@
=JPERENQO OKBPS=NA L=?G=CAO KJ PDA I=NGAP PK@=U, EJ?HQ@EJC BNAA KJAO.
Y A OI=NP =>KQP UKQN ?KJJA?PEKJO. 7KQ ODKQH@ >A =S=NA KB UKQN
OQNNKQJ@EJCO. 5DAJ ?KJJA?PEJC PK = 5E-$E JAPSKNG EJ = LQ>HE? LH=?A, >A
=S=NA PD=P UKQ ?KQH@ >A =P NEOG KB >AEJC OLEA@ KJ >U KPDANO OD=NEJC PD=P
JAPSKNG. 'P EO =@REO=>HA JKP PK =??AOO UKQN BEJ=J?E=H KN LANOKJ=H @=P= SDEHA
=PP=?DA@ PK = 5E-$E DKPOLKP. 7KQ ODKQH@ =HOK >A =S=NA PD=P ?KJJA?PEJC
31 BH=OD @NERAO PK UKQN @ARE?A ?KQH@ =HOK LQP UKQ =P NEOG. "K JKP =PP=?D
=J QJB=IEHE=N BH=OD @NERA PK UKQN @ARE?A QJHAOO UKQ ?=J O?=J EP BENOP SEPD UKQN OA?QNEPU OKBPS=NA.
Y =?G QL UKQN @=P=. (QOP =O KNC=JEV=PEKJO JAA@ PK >=?G QL PDAEN @=P=, EJ@ERE@Q=HO JAA@ PK =O SAHH. AJ@ PDA O=IA NQHAO
=LLHU: @K EP NACQH=NHU =J@ GAAL = ?KLU KB EP EJ =JKPDAN HK?=PEKJ. -JA OEILHA OKHQPEKJ BKN PDEO EO PK OAP QL =J =??KQJP SEPD
=J KJHEJA >=?GQL OANRE?A, OQ?D =O +KVU KN !=N>KJEPA, PK =QPKI=PA UKQN >=?GQLO.
3. 2=GAJ BNKI 1A,1 'JOPEPQPA'O +K>EHA "ARE?A !DA?GHEOP. 7KQ ?=J NAREAS PDA BQHH ?DA?GHEOP =P SSS.O=JO.KNC/O?KNA/?DA?GHEOPO/IK>EHA-@ARE?A-
?DA?GHEOP.THO.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Y 1A?QNA UKQN =??KQJPO SEPD PSK-B=?PKN =QPDAJPE?=PEKJ. +KOP A-I=EH =J@ OK?E=H IA@E= LNKRE@ANO JKS D=RA = PSK-B=?PKN
=QPDAJPE?=PEKJ KLPEKJ. 2DA S=U PDEO SKNGO EO OEILHA: SDAJ UKQ HKC EJ PK UKQN =??KQJP BNKI =J QJB=IEHE=N ?KILQPAN BKN
PDA BENOP PEIA, EP OAJ@O UKQ = PATP IAOO=CA SEPD = ?K@A PD=P UKQ IQOP AJPAN PK ?KJBENI PD=P UKQ =NA NA=HHU UKQ. 2DEO IA=JO
PD=P JK KJA AHOA ?=J HKC EJ PK UKQN =??KQJPO SEPDKQP GJKSEJC UKQN L=OOSKN@ 0=3 D=REJC UKQN IK>EHA LDKJA SEPD PDAI.
Y +=GA UKQN L=OOSKN@O HKJC, OPNKJC, =J@ QJEMQA. $KN UKQN LANOKJ=H L=OOSKN@O, UKQ ODKQH@ BKHHKS PDA O=IA NQHAO PD=P =NA
NA?KIIAJ@A@ BKN KNC=JEV=PEKJO. 7KQN L=OOSKN@O ODKQH@ >A HKJC (AECDP KN IKNA ?D=N=?PANO) =J@ ?KJP=EJ =P HA=OP PSK KB
PDA BKHHKSEJC: QLLAN-?=OA HAPPANO, JQI>ANO, =J@ OLA?E=H ?D=N=?PANO. 7KQ =HOK ODKQH@ QOA @EBBANAJP L=OOSKN@O BKN @EBBANAJP
=??KQJPO, OK PD=P EB OKIAKJA OPA=HO UKQN L=OOSKN@ BKN KJA =??KQJP, PDAU OPEHH =NA HK?GA@ KQP KB UKQN KPDAN =??KQJPO.
Y A OQOLE?EKQO KB OPN=JCA HEJGO =J@ =PP=?DIAJPO. 5DAJ UKQ NA?AERA =J A-I=EH, PSAAP, KN $=?A>KKG LKOP, >A OQOLE?EKQO KB
=JU HEJGO KN =PP=?DIAJPO EJ?HQ@A@ PDANA. "K JKP ?HE?G KJ PDA HEJG @ENA?PHU EB UKQ =NA =P =HH OQOLE?EKQO. 'JOPA=@, EB UKQ S=JP
PK =??AOO PDA SA>OEPA, BEJ@ EP UKQNOAHB =J@ J=REC=PA PK EP @ENA?PHU.
7KQ ?=J BEJ@ IKNA =>KQP PDAOA OPALO =J@ I=JU KPDAN S=UO PK >A OA?QNA SEPD UKQN ?KILQPEJC >U CKEJC
PK 1PKL. 2DEJG. !KJJA?P. 2DEO SA>OEPA EO L=NP KB = ?=IL=ECJ PD=P S=O H=QJ?DA@ EJ -?PK>AN KB 2010 >U PDA
12-.. 2&',). !-,,#!2. +AOO=CEJC !KJRAJPEKJ EJ L=NPJANODEL SEPD PDA 3.1. CKRANJIAJP, EJ?HQ@EJC PDA
5DEPA &KQOA.
Summary
AO ?KILQPEJC =J@ JAPSKNGEJC NAOKQN?AO D=RA >A?KIA IKNA =J@ IKNA =J EJPACN=H L=NP KB >QOEJAOO, PDAU D=RA
=HOK >A?KIA = P=NCAP KB ?NEIEJ=HO. -NC=JEV=PEKJO IQOP >A RECEH=JP SEPD PDA S=U PDAU LNKPA?P PDAEN NAOKQN?AO.
2DA O=IA DKH@O PNQA BKN QO LANOKJ=HHU: =O @ECEP=H @ARE?AO >A?KIA IKNA =J@ IKNA EJPANPSEJA@ SEPD KQN HERAO,
EP >A?KIAO ?NQ?E=H BKN QO PK QJ@ANOP=J@ DKS PK LNKPA?P KQNOAHRAO.
Study Questions
1. NEABHU @ABEJA A=?D KB PDA PDNAA IAI>ANO KB PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ OA?QNEPU PNE=@.
2. 5D=P @KAO PDA PANI 0DC74=C820C8>= IA=J?
3. 5D=P EO IQHPE-B=?PKN =QPDAJPE?=PEKJ?
4. 5D=P EO NKHA->=OA@ =??AOO ?KJPNKH?
5. 5D=P EO PDA LQNLKOA KB AJ?NULPEKJ?
6. 5D=P =NA PSK CKK@ AT=ILHAO KB = ?KILHAT L=OOSKN@?
7. 5D=P EO LNAPATPEJC?
8. 5D=P =NA PDA ?KILKJAJPO KB = CKK@ >=?GQL LH=J?
9. 5D=P EO = BENAS=HH?
10. 5D=P @KAO PDA PANI ?7HB820; B42DA8CH IA=J?
IS Security 73

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Exercises
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74 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Part 2: Information Systems for Strategic Advantage

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Chapter 7: Does IT Matter?
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
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+=J=CAIAJP 0AOA=N?D, (QJA, 1994 (EJ (=L=JAOA).
76

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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IS for Competitive Advantage 77

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
%>AC4AMB E0;D4 2708= (2;82: C> 4=;0A64)
The Value Chain
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78 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
%>AC4AMB 58E4 5>A24B (2;82: C> 4=;0A64)
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Y Bargaining power of customers: A ?KIL=JU PD=P EO PDA OKHA LNKRE@AN KB = QJEMQA LNK@Q?P D=O PDA =>EHEPU PK ?KJPNKH
LNE?EJC. QP PDA 'JPANJAP D=O CERAJ ?QOPKIANO I=JU IKNA KLPEKJO PK ?DKKOA BNKI.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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'JPANJAP D=O =J KRAN=HH ABBA?P KB I=GEJC EP A=OEAN PK AJPAN EJ@QOPNEAO. 'P EO =HOK RANU A=OU PK ?KLU PA?DJKHKCU, OK JAS
EJJKR=PEKJO SEHH JKP H=OP PD=P HKJC.
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Using Information Systems for Competitive Advantage
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Y AJ=>HA EJJKR=PEKJ.
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80 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Electronic Data Interchange
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EO FQOP = ODKNP HEOP KB OKIA ?KHH=>KN=PERA PKKHO =R=EH=>HA BKN >QOEJAOOAO PK@=U:
Y %KKCHA "NERA. %KKCHA "NERA KBBANO = OQEPA KB KBBE?A =LLHE?=PEKJO (OQ?D =O = SKN@ LNK?AOOKN,
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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?D=LPAN 5.
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OAOOEKJO, =HKJC SEPD I=JU KPDAN BA=PQNAO. +K>EHA A@EPEKJO KB 5A>#T =HHKS BKN BQHH L=NPE?EL=PEKJ
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Sidebar: Isabel A Health Care DSS
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5
Investing in IT for Competitive Advantage
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Y $EJ=HHU, PDA ?KILAPEPERA OD=GAQL >NKQCDP KJ >U '2 EO JKP JA=NHU ?KILHAPA, ARAJ EJ PDA '2-
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?KQJPNEAO, =O SAHH, =O PDAEN '2 EJRAOPIAJPO CNKS.
5. 2=GAJ BNKI DPPL://SSS.EO=>AHDA=HPD?=NA.?KI/DKIA/KQNIEOOEKJ. A??AOOA@ (QHU 15, 2013.
6. +?ABAA, AJ@NAS =J@ NUJFKHBOOKJ, #NEG "'JRAOPEJC EJ PDA '2 2D=P +=GAO = !KILAPEPERA "EBBANAJ?A" &=NR=N@ QOEJAOO 0AREAS, ((QHU-
AQCQOP, 2008)
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Summary
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=JU ?KJJA?PEKJO >APSAAJ '2 =J@ LNKBEP=>EHEPU, >QP H=PAN NAOA=N?D D=O ODKSJ PD=P PDA EIL=?P ?=J >A LKOEPERA.
'2 EO JKP = L=J=?A=; FQOP LQN?D=OEJC =J@ EJOP=HHEJC PDA H=PAOP PA?DJKHKCU SEHH JKP, >U EPOAHB, I=GA = ?KIL=JU
IKNA OQ??AOOBQH. 'JOPA=@, PDA ?KI>EJ=PEKJ KB PDA NECDP PA?DJKHKCEAO =J@ CKK@ I=J=CAIAJP, PKCAPDAN, SEHH
CERA = ?KIL=JU PDA >AOP ?D=J?A KB = LKOEPERA NAOQHP.
Study Questions
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Chapter 8: Business Processes
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
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85

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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=HH ?QOPKIANO NAPQNJEJC = LNK@Q?P SEPDKQP = NA?AELP ODKS = HAC=H '". 2DEO NAMQENAIAJP ?=J >A >QEHP EJPK PDA OUOPAI OK PD=P
PDA NAPQNJ SEHH JKP >A LNK?AOOA@ QJHAOO = R=HE@ '" JQI>AN EO AJPANA@.
Y #JBKN?EJC ?KJOEOPAJ?U. U ?NA=PEJC = LNK?AOO =J@ AJBKN?EJC EP SEPD EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU, EP EO LKOOE>HA PK ?NA=PA =
?KJOEOPAJ?U =?NKOO PDA AJPENA KNC=JEV=PEKJ. 'J KQN AT=ILHA, =HH OPKNAO EJ PDA NAP=EH ?D=EJ ?=J AJBKN?A PDA O=IA NAPQNJO
LKHE?U. AJ@ EB PDA NAPQNJO LKHE?U ?D=JCAO, PDA ?D=JCA ?=J >A EJOP=JPHU AJBKN?A@ =?NKOO PDA AJPENA ?D=EJ.
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AO KNC=JEV=PEKJO HKKG PK I=J=CA PDAEN LNK?AOOAO PK C=EJ = ?KILAPEPERA =@R=JP=CA, PDAU =HOK JAA@ PK
QJ@ANOP=J@ PD=P PDAEN ATEOPEJC S=UO KB @KEJC PDEJCO I=U JKP >A PDA IKOP ABBA?PERA KN ABBE?EAJP. A LNK?AOO
@ARAHKLA@ EJ PDA 1950O EO JKP CKEJC PK >A >APPAN FQOP >A?=QOA EP EO JKS OQLLKNPA@ >U PA?DJKHKCU.
'J 1990, +E?D=AH &=IIAN LQ>HEODA@ =J =NPE?HA EJ PDA H0AE0A3 BDB8=4BB '4E84F AJPEPHA@
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LNK?AOOAO =J@ @ARAHKL JAS LNK?AOOAO PD=P P=GA =@R=JP=CA KB PDA JAS PA?DJKHKCEAO =J@ ?KJ?ALPO. &A OP=PAO
EJ PDA EJPNK@Q?PEKJ PK PDA =NPE?HA:
1
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=CA EJ = @EBBANAJP ?KILAPEPERA AJRENKJIAJP =J@ >ABKNA PDA =@RAJP KB PDA ?KILQPAN. 2DAU =NA CA=NA@
PKS=N@O CNA=PAN ABBE?EAJ?U =J@ ?KJPNKH. 7AP PDA S=P?DSKN@O KB PDA JAS @A?=@A =NA EJJKR=PEKJ =J@
OLAA@, OANRE?A, =J@ MQ=HEPU.
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QOA PDA LKSAN KB IK@ANJ EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU PK N=@E?=HHU NA@AOECJ KQN >QOEJAOO LNK?AOOAO EJ
KN@AN PK =?DEARA @N=I=PE? EILNKRAIAJPO EJ PDAEN LANBKNI=J?A.
QOEJAOO LNK?AOO NAAJCEJAANEJC EO JKP FQOP P=GEJC =J ATEOPEJC LNK?AOO =J@ =QPKI=PEJC EP. .0 EO BQHHU
QJ@ANOP=J@EJC PDA CK=HO KB = LNK?AOO =J@ PDAJ @N=I=PE?=HHU NA@AOECJEJC EP BNKI PDA CNKQJ@ QL PK =?DEARA
1. &=IIAN, +E?D=AH. "0AAJCEJAANEJC SKNG: @KJ'P =QPKI=PA, K>HEPAN=PA." H0AE0A3 BDB8=4BB '4E84F 68.4 (1990): 104\112.
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PANIO KB DKS PK @K OI=HH, HK?=H EILNKRAIAJPO PK = LNK?AOO; ?KILHAPA NA@AOECJ NAMQENAO PDEJGEJC KJ = H=NCAN
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I=J=CAIAJP.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Sidebar: Reengineering the College Bookstore
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>KKGOPKNA BKN OPQ@AJPOa LQN?D=OAO, PDA ?KHHACA >KKGOPKNA EO QJ@AN LNAOOQNA PK FQOPEBU EPO ATEOPAJ?A.
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@=P=. 'J KPDAN SKN@O, KJ?A = OPQ@AJP D=O NACEOPANA@ BKN ?H=OOAO, PDA >KKGOPKNA GJKSO AT=?PHU SD=P >KKGO
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PA?DJKHKCEAO, PDA >KKGOPKNA S=JPO PK EILHAIAJP = JAS LNK?AOO PD=P SEHH I=GA LQN?D=OEJC >KKGO PDNKQCD PDA
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NA@AOECJ.
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C>;;464 1>>:BC>A4 ?A>24BB A434B86= (2;82: C> 4=;0A64)
Chapter 8: Business Processes 91

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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
ISO Certification
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Y 2AHH IA SD=P UKQ @K (34B2A814 C74 1DB8=4BB ?A>24BB).
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Summary
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=J@ OQLLKNP >QOEJAOO LNK?AOOAO. $NKI@K?QIAJP I=J=CAIAJP OUOPAIO PK #0. OUOPAIO, EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO
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AILHKUAAO =J@ HARAN=CA PDAEN LNK?AOOAO BKN ?KILAPEPERA =@R=JP=CA. 3OEJC >QOEJAOO LNK?AOO NAAJCEJAANEJC,
KNC=JEV=PEKJO ?=J R=OPHU EILNKRA PDAEN ABBA?PERAJAOO =J@ PDA MQ=HEPU KB PDAEN LNK@Q?PO =J@ OANRE?AO.
'JPACN=PEJC EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU SEPD >QOEJAOO LNK?AOOAO EO KJA S=U PD=P EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO ?=J >NEJC
=J KNC=JEV=PEKJ H=OPEJC ?KILAPEPERA =@R=JP=CA.
Study Questions
1. 5D=P @KAO PDA PANI 1DB8=4BB ?A>24BB IA=J?
2. 5D=P =NA PDNAA AT=ILHAO KB >QOEJAOO LNK?AOO BNKI = FK> UKQ D=RA D=@ KN =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ UKQ
D=RA K>OANRA@?
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4. 5D=P EO =J #0. OUOPAI? &KS @KAO =J #0. OUOPAI AJBKN?A >AOP LN=?PE?AO BKN =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ?
5. 5D=P EO KJA KB PDA ?NEPE?EOIO KB #0. OUOPAIO?
92 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
6. 5D=P EO >QOEJAOO LNK?AOO NAAJCEJAANEJC? &KS EO EP @EBBANAJP BNKI EJ?NAIAJP=HHU EILNKREJC =
LNK?AOO?
7. 5DU @E@ .0 CAP = >=@ J=IA?
8. *EOP PDA CQE@AHEJAO BKN NA@AOECJEJC = >QOEJAOO LNK?AOO.
9. 5D=P EO >QOEJAOO LNK?AOO I=J=CAIAJP? 5D=P NKHA @KAO EP LH=U EJ =HHKSEJC = ?KIL=JU PK
@EBBANAJPE=PA EPOAHB?
10. 5D=P @KAO '1- ?ANPEBE?=PEKJ OECJEBU?
Exercises
1. 2DEJG KB = >QOEJAOO LNK?AOO PD=P UKQ D=RA D=@ PK LANBKNI EJ PDA L=OP. &KS SKQH@ UKQ @K?QIAJP
PDEO LNK?AOO? 5KQH@ = @E=CN=I I=GA IKNA OAJOA PD=J = ?DA?GHEOP? "K?QIAJP PDA LNK?AOO >KPD =O =
?DA?GHEOP =J@ =O = @E=CN=I.
2. 0AREAS PDA NAPQNJ LKHE?EAO =P UKQN B=RKNEPA NAP=EHAN, PDAJ =JOSAN PDEO MQAOPEKJ: 5D=P EJBKNI=PEKJ
OUOPAIO @K UKQ PDEJG SKQH@ JAA@ PK >A EJ LH=?A PK OQLLKNP PDAEN NAPQNJ LKHE?U.
3. 'B UKQ SANA EILHAIAJPEJC =J #0. OUOPAI, EJ SDE?D ?=OAO SKQH@ UKQ >A IKNA EJ?HEJA@ PK
IK@EBU PDA #0. PK I=P?D UKQN >QOEJAOO LNK?AOOAO? 5D=P =NA PDA @N=S>=?GO KB @KEJC PDEO?
4. 5DE?D #0. EO PDA >AOP? "K OKIA KNECEJ=H NAOA=N?D =J@ ?KIL=NA PDNAA HA=@EJC #0. OUOPAIO PK
A=?D KPDAN. 5NEPA = PSK- PK PDNAA-L=CA L=LAN PD=P ?KIL=NAO PDAEN BA=PQNAO.
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Chapter 9: The People in Information Systems
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
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Y @AO?NE>A A=?D KB PDA @EBBANAJP NKHAO PD=P LAKLHA LH=U EJ PDA @AOECJ, @ARAHKLIAJP, =J@ QOA KB
EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO;
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Y ATLH=EJ PDA EILKNP=J?A KB SDANA PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ-OUOPAIO BQJ?PEKJ EO LH=?A@ EJ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ;
=J@
Y @AO?NE>A PDA @EBBANAJP PULAO KB QOANO KB EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO.
Introduction
'J PDA KLAJEJC ?D=LPANO KB PDEO PATP, SA BK?QOA@ KJ PDA PA?DJKHKCU >ADEJ@ EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO: D=N@S=NA,
OKBPS=NA, @=P=, =J@ JAPSKNGEJC. 'J PDA H=OP ?D=LPAN, SA @EO?QOOA@ >QOEJAOO LNK?AOOAO =J@ PDA GAU NKHA PDAU
?=J LH=U EJ PDA OQ??AOO KB = >QOEJAOO. 'J PDEO ?D=LPAN, SA SEHH >A @EO?QOOEJC PDA H=OP ?KILKJAJP KB =J
EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAI: LAKLHA.
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EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO, LAKLHA @ARAHKL EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO, LAKLHA OQLLKNP EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO, =J@,
LAND=LO IKOP EILKNP=JPHU, LAKLHA DB4 EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO.
The Creators of Information Systems
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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People 95

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Database Administrator
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Trainer
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Managing Information Systems
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ERP Management
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Project Managers
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98 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Career Paths in Information Systems
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Sidebar: Are Certifications Worth Pursuing?
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EO >A?KIEJC ?NEPE?=H. QP DKS ?=J =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ AJOQNA PD=P PDA LANOKJ PDAU =NA DENEJC D=O PDA JA?AOO=NU
OGEHHO? 2DAOA @=UO, I=JU KNC=JEV=PEKJO =NA EJ?HQ@EJC PA?DJE?=H ?ANPEBE?=PEKJO =O = LNANAMQEOEPA BKN CAPPEJC
DENA@.
!ANPEBE?=PEKJO =NA @AOECJ=PEKJO CERAJ >U = ?ANPEBUEJC >K@U PD=P OKIAKJA D=O = OLA?EBE? HARAH KB
GJKSHA@CA EJ = OLA?EBE? PA?DJKHKCU. 2DEO ?ANPEBUEJC >K@U EO KBPAJ PDA RAJ@KN KB PDA LNK@Q?P EPOAHB, PDKQCD
EJ@ALAJ@AJP ?ANPEBUEJC KNC=JEV=PEKJO, OQ?D =O !KIL2'A, =HOK ATEOP. +=JU KB PDAOA KNC=JEV=PEKJO KBBAN
?ANPEBE?=PEKJ PN=?GO, =HHKSEJC = >ACEJJEJC ?ANPEBE?=PA =O = LNANAMQEOEPA PK CAPPEJC IKNA =@R=J?A@ ?ANPEBE?=PAO.
2K CAP = ?ANPEBE?=PA, UKQ CAJAN=HHU =PPAJ@ KJA KN IKNA PN=EJEJC ?H=OOAO =J@ PDAJ P=GA KJA KN IKNA ?ANPEBE?=PEKJ
AT=IO. .=OOEJC PDA AT=IO SEPD = ?ANP=EJ O?KNA SEHH MQ=HEBU UKQ BKN = ?ANPEBE?=PA. 'J IKOP ?=OAO, PDAOA ?H=OOAO
=J@ ?ANPEBE?=PAO =NA JKP BNAA =J@, EJ B=?P, ?=J NQJ EJPK PDA PDKQO=J@O KB @KHH=NO. 1KIA AT=ILHAO KB PDA
?ANPEBE?=PEKJO EJ DECDAOP @AI=J@ EJ?HQ@A +E?NKOKBP (OKBPS=NA ?ANPEBE?=PEKJO), !EO?K (JAPSKNGEJC), =J@ 1A,1
(OA?QNEPU).
$KN I=JU SKNGEJC EJ '2 (KN PDEJGEJC =>KQP =J '2 ?=NAAN), @APANIEJEJC SDAPDAN PK LQNOQA KJA KN IKNA KB
PDAOA ?ANPEBE?=PEKJO EO =J EILKNP=JP MQAOPEKJ. $KN I=JU FK>O, OQ?D =O PDKOA EJRKHREJC JAPSKNGEJC KN OA?QNEPU,
= ?ANPEBE?=PA SEHH >A NAMQENA@ >U PDA AILHKUAN =O = S=U PK @APANIEJA SDE?D LKPAJPE=H AILHKUAAO D=RA =
>=OE? HARAH KB OGEHH. $KN PDKOA SDK =NA =HNA=@U EJ =J '2 ?=NAAN, = IKNA =@R=J?A@ ?ANPEBE?=PA I=U HA=@ PK =
LNKIKPEKJ. 2DANA =NA KPDAN ?=OAO, DKSARAN, SDAJ ATLANEAJ?A SEPD = ?ANP=EJ PA?DJKHKCU SEHH JAC=PA PDA JAA@
BKN ?ANPEBE?=PEKJ. $KN PDKOA SKJ@ANEJC =>KQP PDA EILKNP=J?A KB ?ANPEBE?=PEKJ, PDA >AOP OKHQPEKJ EO PK P=HG PK
LKPAJPE=H AILHKUANO =J@ PDKOA =HNA=@U SKNGEJC EJ PDA BEAH@ PK @APANIEJA PDA >AOP ?DKE?A.
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Organizing the Information-Systems Function
'J PDA A=NHU UA=NO KB ?KILQPEJC, PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ-OUOPAIO BQJ?PEKJ (CAJAN=HHU ?=HHA@ @=P= LNK?AOOEJC) S=O
LH=?A@ EJ PDA BEJ=J?A KN =??KQJPEJC @AL=NPIAJP KB PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ. AO ?KILQPEJC >A?=IA IKNA EILKNP=JP,
= OAL=N=PA EJBKNI=PEKJ-OUOPAIO BQJ?PEKJ S=O BKNIA@, >QP EP OPEHH S=O CAJAN=HHU LH=?A@ QJ@AN PDA !$- =J@
?KJOE@ANA@ PK >A =J =@IEJEOPN=PERA BQJ?PEKJ KB PDA ?KIL=JU. 'J PDA 1980O =J@ 1990O, SDAJ ?KIL=JEAO >AC=J
JAPSKNGEJC EJPANJ=HHU =J@ PDAJ HEJGEJC QL PK PDA 'JPANJAP, PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ-OUOPAIO BQJ?PEKJ S=O ?KI>EJA@
SEPD PDA PAHA?KIIQJE?=PEKJO BQJ?PEKJO =J@ @AOECJ=PA@ PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU ('2) @AL=NPIAJP. AO PDA
NKHA KB EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU ?KJPEJQA@ PK EJ?NA=OA, EPO LH=?A EJ PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ =HOK IKRA@ QL PDA H=@@AN.
'J I=JU KNC=JEV=PEKJO PK@=U, PDA DA=@ KB '2 (PDA !'-) NALKNPO @ENA?PHU PK PDA !#-.
Where in the Organization Should IS Be?
ABKNA PDA =@RAJP KB PDA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN, PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ-OUOPAIO BQJ?PEKJ S=O ?AJPN=HEVA@ SEPDEJ
KNC=JEV=PEKJO EJ KN@AN PK I=TEIEVA ?KJPNKH KRAN ?KILQPEJC NAOKQN?AO. 5DAJ PDA .! >AC=J LNKHEBAN=PEJC,
I=JU @AL=NPIAJPO SEPDEJ KNC=JEV=PEKJO O=S EP =O = ?D=J?A PK C=EJ OKIA ?KILQPEJC NAOKQN?AO BKN
PDAIOAHRAO. 1KIA @AL=NPIAJPO ?NA=PA@ =J EJPANJ=H EJBKNI=PEKJ-OUOPAIO CNKQL, ?KILHAPA SEPD OUOPAIO
=J=HUOPO, LNKCN=IIANO, =J@ ARAJ @=P=>=OA =@IEJEOPN=PKNO. 2DAOA @AL=NPIAJP=H-'1 CNKQLO SANA @A@E?=PA@
PK PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ JAA@O KB PDAEN KSJ @AL=NPIAJPO, LNKRE@EJC MQE?GAN PQNJ=NKQJ@ =J@ DECDAN HARAHO KB
OANRE?A PD=J = ?AJPN=HEVA@ '2 @AL=NPIAJP. &KSARAN, D=REJC OARAN=H '1 CNKQLO SEPDEJ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ HA@ PK
= HKP KB EJABBE?EAJ?EAO: PDANA SANA JKS OARAN=H LAKLHA LANBKNIEJC PDA O=IA FK>O EJ @EBBANAJP @AL=NPIAJPO.
2DEO @A?AJPN=HEV=PEKJ =HOK HA@ PK ?KIL=JU @=P= >AEJC OPKNA@ EJ OARAN=H LH=?AO =HH KRAN PDA ?KIL=JU. 'J
OKIA KNC=JEV=PEKJO, = ^I=PNET_ NALKNPEJC OPNQ?PQNA D=O @ARAHKLA@, EJ SDE?D '2 LANOKJJAH =NA LH=?A@ SEPDEJ
= @AL=NPIAJP =J@ NALKNP PK >KPD PDA @AL=NPIAJP I=J=CAIAJP =J@ PDA BQJ?PEKJ=H I=J=CAIAJP SEPDEJ '1. 2DA =@R=JP=CAO KB
@A@E?=PA@ '1 LANOKJJAH BKN A=?D @AL=NPIAJP =NA SAECDA@ =C=EJOP PDA JAA@ BKN IKNA ?KJPNKH KRAN PDA OPN=PACE? EJBKNI=PEKJ NAOKQN?AO
KB PDA ?KIL=JU.
$KN I=JU ?KIL=JEAO, PDAOA MQAOPEKJO =NA NAOKHRA@ >U PDA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ KB PDA #0. OUOPAI (OAA
@EO?QOOEKJ KB #0. EJ ?D=LPAN 8). A?=QOA =J #0. OUOPAI?KJOKHE@=PAO IKOP ?KNLKN=PA @=P= >=?G EJPK = OEJCHA
@=P=>=OA, PDA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ KB =J #0. OUOPAI NAMQENAO KNC=JEV=PEKJO PK BEJ@ ^EOH=J@O_ KB @=P= OK PD=P PDAU
?=J EJPACN=PA PDAI >=?G EJPK PDA ?KNLKN=PA OUOPAI. 2DA #0. =HHKSO KNC=JEV=PEKJO PK NAC=EJ ?KJPNKH KB PDAEN
EJBKNI=PEKJ =J@ EJBHQAJ?AO KNC=JEV=PEKJ=H @A?EOEKJO PDNKQCDKQP PDA ?KIL=JU.
Outsourcing
+=JU PEIAO, =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ JAA@O = OLA?EBE? OGEHH BKN = HEIEPA@ LANEK@ KB PEIA. 'JOPA=@ KB PN=EJEJC =J
ATEOPEJC AILHKUAA KN DENEJC OKIAKJA JAS, EP I=U I=GA IKNA OAJOA PK KQPOKQN?A PDA FK>. -QPOKQN?EJC ?=J >A
QOA@ EJ I=JU @EBBANAJP OEPQ=PEKJO SEPDEJ PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ-OUOPAIO BQJ?PEKJ, OQ?D =O PDA @AOECJ =J@ ?NA=PEKJ
KB = JAS SA>OEPA KN PDA QLCN=@A KB =J #0. OUOPAI. 1KIA KNC=JEV=PEKJO OAA KQPOKQN?EJC =O = ?KOP-?QPPEJC
IKRA, ?KJPN=?PEJC KQP = SDKHA CNKQL KN @AL=NPIAJP.
New Models of Organizations
2DA EJPACN=PEKJ KB EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU D=O EJBHQAJ?A@ PDA OPNQ?PQNA KB KNC=JEV=PEKJO. 2DA EJ?NA=OA@
=>EHEPU PK ?KIIQJE?=PA =J@ OD=NA EJBKNI=PEKJ D=O HA@ PK = ^BH=PPAJEJC_ KB PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ=H OPNQ?PQNA @QA PK
PDA NAIKR=H KB KJA KN IKNA H=UANO KB I=J=CAIAJP.
100 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
)427=>;>6H 03>?C8>= DB4A CH?4B (2;82: C> 4=;0A64).
(%D1;82 D><08=)
AJKPDAN KNC=JEV=PEKJ=H ?D=JCA AJ=>HA@ >U EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO EO PDA JAPSKNG->=OA@ KNC=JEV=PEKJ=H
OPNQ?PQNA. 'J = JAPSKNGA@->=OA@ KNC=JEV=PEKJ=H OPNQ?PQNA, CNKQLO KB AILHKUAAO ?=J SKNG OKIASD=P
EJ@ALAJ@AJPHU PK =??KILHEOD = LNKFA?P. 'J = JAPSKNGA@ KNC=JEV=PEKJ, LAKLHA SEPD PDA NECDP OGEHHO =NA >NKQCDP
PKCAPDAN BKN = LNKFA?P =J@ PDAJ NAHA=OA@ PK SKNG KJ KPDAN LNKFA?PO SDAJ PD=P LNKFA?P EO KRAN. 2DAOA CNKQLO
=NA OKIASD=P EJBKNI=H =J@ =HHKS BKN =HH IAI>ANO KB PDA CNKQL PK I=TEIEVA PDAEN ABBA?PERAJAOO.
Information-Systems Users Types of Users
AOE@AO PDA LAKLHA SDK SKNG PK ?NA=PA, =@IEJEOPAN, =J@ I=J=CA EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO, PDANA EO KJA IKNA
ATPNAIAHU EILKNP=JP CNKQL KB LAKLHA: PDA QOANO KB EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO. 2DEO CNKQL NALNAOAJPO = RANU H=NCA
LAN?AJP=CA KB PDA LAKLHA EJRKHRA@. 'B PDA QOAN EO JKP =>HA PK OQ??AOOBQHHU HA=NJ =J@ QOA =J EJBKNI=PEKJ
OUOPAI, PDA OUOPAI EO @KKIA@ PK B=EHQNA.
-JA PKKH PD=P ?=J >A QOA@ PK QJ@ANOP=J@ DKS QOANO SEHH
=@KLP = JAS PA?DJKHKCU ?KIAO BNKI = 1962 OPQ@U >U
#RANAPP 0KCANO. 'J DEO >KKG, D855DB8>= >5 I==>E0C8>=,
1
0KCANO
OPQ@EA@ DKS B=NIANO =@KLPA@ JAS PA?DJKHKCEAO, =J@ DA JKPE?A@ PD=P PDA
=@KLPEKJ N=PA OP=NPA@ OHKSHU =J@ PDAJ @N=I=PE?=HHU EJ?NA=OA@ KJ?A
=@KLPEKJ DEP = ?ANP=EJ LKEJP. &A E@AJPEBEA@ BERA OLA?EBE? PULAO KB
PA?DJKHKCU =@KLPANO:
Y 'JJKR=PKNO. 'JJKR=PKNO =NA PDA BENOP EJ@ERE@Q=HO PK
=@KLP = JAS PA?DJKHKCU. 'JJKR=PKNO =NA SEHHEJC PK
P=GA NEOGO, =NA PDA UKQJCAOP EJ =CA, D=RA PDA
DECDAOP OK?E=H ?H=OO, D=RA CNA=P BEJ=J?E=H HEMQE@EPU,
=NA RANU OK?E=H, =J@ D=RA PDA ?HKOAOP ?KJP=?P SEPD
O?EAJPEBE? OKQN?AO =J@ EJPAN=?PEKJ SEPD KPDAN
EJJKR=PKNO. 0EOG PKHAN=J?A D=O PDAI =@KLPEJC PA?DJKHKCEAO PD=P I=U QHPEI=PAHU B=EH. $EJ=J?E=H
NAOKQN?AO DAHL =>OKN> PDAOA B=EHQNAO (0KCANO 1962 5PD A@, L. 282).
Y #=NHU =@KLPANO. 2DA A=NHU =@KLPANO =NA PDKOA SDK =@KLP EJJKR=PEKJ =BPAN = PA?DJKHKCU D=O >AAJ
EJPNK@Q?A@ =J@ LNKRAJ. 2DAOA EJ@ERE@Q=HO D=RA PDA DECDAOP @ACNAA KB KLEJEKJ HA=@ANODEL =IKJC
PDA KPDAN =@KLPAN ?=PACKNEAO, SDE?D IA=JO PD=P PDAU ?=J EJBHQAJ?A PDA KLEJEKJO KB PDA H=NCAOP
I=FKNEPU. 2DAU =NA PULE?=HHU UKQJCAN EJ =CA, D=RA DECDAN OK?E=H OP=PQO, IKNA BEJ=J?E=H HEMQE@EPU,
IKNA =@R=J?A@ A@Q?=PEKJ, =J@ =NA IKNA OK?E=HHU =S=NA PD=J H=PAN =@KLPANO. 2DAOA LAKLHA =NA IKNA
@EO?NAPA EJ =@KLPEKJ ?DKE?AO PD=J EJJKR=PKNO, =J@ NA=HEVA FQ@E?EKQO ?DKE?A KB =@KLPEKJ SEHH DAHL
PDAI I=EJP=EJ = ?AJPN=H ?KIIQJE?=PEKJ LKOEPEKJ (0KCANO 1962 5PD A@, L. 283).
Y #=NHU I=FKNEPU. 'J@ERE@Q=HO EJ PDEO ?=PACKNU =@KLP =J EJJKR=PEKJ =BPAN = R=NUEJC @ACNAA KB PEIA.
2DEO PEIA KB =@KLPEKJ EO OECJEBE?=JPHU HKJCAN PD=J PDA EJJKR=PKNO =J@ A=NHU =@KLPANO. 2DEO CNKQL
PAJ@O PK >A OHKSAN EJ PDA =@KLPEKJ LNK?AOO, D=O =>KRA =RAN=CA OK?E=H OP=PQO, D=O ?KJP=?P SEPD A=NHU
1. 0KCANO, #. +. (1962). "EBBQOEKJ KB EJJKR=PEKJO. ,AS 7KNG: $NAA .NAOO
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
=@KLPANO, =J@ OAH@KI DKH@O LKOEPEKJO KB KLEJEKJ HA=@ANODEL EJ = OUOPAI (0KCANO 1962 5PD A@, L.
283).
Y *=PA I=FKNEPU. 2DA H=PA I=FKNEPU SEHH =@KLP =J EJJKR=PEKJ =BPAN PDA =RAN=CA IAI>AN KB PDA OK?EAPU.
2DAOA EJ@ERE@Q=HO =LLNK=?D =J EJJKR=PEKJ SEPD = DECD @ACNAA KB OGALPE?EOI, D=RA >AHKS =RAN=CA
OK?E=H OP=PQO, RANU HEPPHA BEJ=J?E=H HEMQE@EPU, =NA EJ ?KJP=?P SEPD KPDANO EJ PDA H=PA I=FKNEPU =J@ PDA
A=NHU I=FKNEPU, =J@ ODKS RANU HEPPHA KLEJEKJ HA=@ANODEL.
Y *=CC=N@O. 'J@ERE@Q=HO EJ PDEO ?=PACKNU =NA PDA H=OP PK =@KLP =J EJJKR=PEKJ. 3JHEGA PDKOA EJ PDA
LNAREKQO ?=PACKNEAO, EJ@ERE@Q=HO EJ PDEO ?=PACKNU ODKS JK KLEJEKJ HA=@ANODEL. 2DAOA EJ@ERE@Q=HO
PULE?=HHU D=RA =J =RANOEKJ PK ?D=JCA-=CAJPO =J@ PAJ@ PK >A =@R=J?A@ EJ =CA. *=CC=N@O PULE?=HHU
PAJ@ PK >A BK?QOA@ KJ ^PN=@EPEKJO,_ =NA HEGAHU PK D=RA PDA HKSAOP OK?E=H OP=PQO =J@ PDA HKSAOP
BEJ=J?E=H HEMQE@EPU, >A KH@AOP KB =HH KPDAN =@KLPANO, =J@ >A EJ ?KJP=?P SEPD KJHU B=IEHU =J@ ?HKOA
BNEAJ@O.
2DAOA BERA PULAO KB QOANO ?=J >A PN=JOH=PA@ EJPK EJBKNI=PEKJ-PA?DJKHKCU =@KLPANO =O SAHH, =J@ LNKRE@A
=@@EPEKJ=H EJOECDP EJPK DKS PK EILHAIAJP JAS EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO SEPDEJ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ. $KN AT=ILHA,
SDAJ NKHHEJC KQP = JAS OUOPAI, '2 I=U S=JP PK E@AJPEBU PDA EJJKR=PKNO =J@ A=NHU =@KLPANO SEPDEJ PDA
KNC=JEV=PEKJ =J@ SKNG SEPD PDAI BENOP, PDAJ HARAN=CA PDAEN =@KLPEKJ PK @NERA PDA NAOP KB PDA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ.
Summary
'J PDEO ?D=LPAN, SA D=RA NAREASA@ PDA I=JU @EBBANAJP ?=PACKNEAO KB EJ@ERE@Q=HO SDK I=GA QL PDA LAKLHA
?KILKJAJP KB EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO. 2DA SKNH@ KB EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU EO ?D=JCEJC OK B=OP PD=P JAS NKHAO
=NA >AEJC ?NA=PA@ =HH PDA PEIA, =J@ NKHAO PD=P ATEOPA@ BKN @A?=@AO =NA >AEJC LD=OA@ KQP. 2D=P O=E@, PDEO ?D=LPAN
ODKQH@ D=RA CERAJ UKQ = CKK@ E@A= KB PDA EILKNP=J?A KB PDA LAKLHA ?KILKJAJP KB EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO.
Study Questions
1. "AO?NE>A PDA NKHA KB = OUOPAIO =J=HUOP.
2. 5D=P =NA OKIA KB PDA @EBBANAJP NKHAO BKN = ?KILQPAN AJCEJAAN?
3. 5D=P =NA PDA @QPEAO KB = ?KILQPAN KLAN=PKN?
4. 5D=P @KAO PDA !'- @K?
5. "AO?NE>A PDA FK> KB = LNKFA?P I=J=CAN.
6. #TLH=EJ PDA LKEJP KB D=REJC PSK @EBBANAJP ?=NAAN L=PDO EJ EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO.
7. 5D=P =NA PDA =@R=JP=CAO =J@ @EO=@R=JP=CAO KB ?AJPN=HEVEJC PDA '2 BQJ?PEKJ?
8. 5D=P EIL=?P D=O EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU D=@ KJ PDA S=U ?KIL=JEAO =NA KNC=JEVA@?
9. 5D=P =NA PDA BERA PULAO KB EJBKNI=PEKJ-OUOPAIO QOANO?
10. 5DU SKQH@ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ KQPOKQN?A?
102 Information Systems for Business and Beyond
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Exercises
1. 5DE?D '2 FK> SKQH@ UKQ HEGA PK D=RA? "K OKIA KNECEJ=H NAOA=N?D =J@ SNEPA = PSK-L=CA L=LAN
@AO?NE>EJC PDA @QPEAO KB PDA FK> UKQ =NA EJPANAOPA@ EJ.
2. 1LAJ@ = BAS IEJQPAO KJ "E?A KN +KJOPAN PK BEJ@ '2 FK>O EJ UKQN =NA=. 5D=P '2 FK>O =NA
?QNNAJPHU =R=EH=>HA? 5NEPA QL = PSK-L=CA L=LAN @AO?NE>EJC PDNAA FK>O, PDAEN OP=NPEJC O=H=NU (EB
HEOPA@), =J@ PDA OGEHHO =J@ A@Q?=PEKJ JAA@A@ BKN PDA FK>.
3. &KS EO PDA '2 BQJ?PEKJ KNC=JEVA@ EJ UKQN O?DKKH KN LH=?A KB AILHKUIAJP? !NA=PA =J
KNC=JEV=PEKJ ?D=NP ODKSEJC DKS PDA '2 KNC=JEV=PEKJ BEPO EJPK UKQN KRAN=HH KNC=JEV=PEKJ. !KIIAJP
KJ DKS ?AJPN=HEVA@ KN @A?AJPN=HEVA@ PDA '2 BQJ?PEKJ EO.
4. 5D=P PULA KB '2 QOAN =NA UKQ? 2=GA = HKKG =P PDA BERA PULAO KB PA?DJKHKCU =@KLPANO =J@ PDAJ
SNEPA = KJA-L=CA OQII=NU KB SDANA UKQ PDEJG UKQ BEP EJ PDEO IK@AH.
People 103
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.

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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Chapter 10: Information Systems Development
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
3LKJ OQ??AOOBQH ?KILHAPEKJ KB PDEO ?D=LPAN, UKQ SEHH >A =>HA PK:
Y ATLH=EJ PDA KRAN=HH LNK?AOO KB @ARAHKLEJC = JAS OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ;
Y ATLH=EJ PDA @EBBANAJ?AO >APSAAJ OKBPS=NA @ARAHKLIAJP IAPDK@KHKCEAO;
Y QJ@ANOP=J@ PDA @EBBANAJP PULAO KB LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO QOA@ PK @ARAHKL OKBPS=NA;
Y QJ@ANOP=J@ OKIA KB PDA EOOQAO OQNNKQJ@EJC PDA @ARAHKLIAJP KB SA>OEPAO =J@ IK>EHA =LLHE?=PEKJO;
=J@
Y E@AJPEBU PDA BKQN LNEI=NU EILHAIAJP=PEKJ LKHE?EAO.
Introduction
5DAJ OKIAKJA D=O =J E@A= BKN = JAS BQJ?PEKJ PK >A LANBKNIA@ >U = ?KILQPAN, DKS @KAO PD=P E@A= >A?KIA
NA=HEPU? 'B = ?KIL=JU S=JPO PK EILHAIAJP = JAS >QOEJAOO LNK?AOO =J@ JAA@O JAS D=N@S=NA KN OKBPS=NA PK
OQLLKNP EP, DKS @K PDAU CK =>KQP I=GEJC EP D=LLAJ? 'J PDEO ?D=LPAN, SA SEHH @EO?QOO PDA @EBBANAJP IAPDK@O
KB P=GEJC PDKOA E@A=O =J@ >NEJCEJC PDAI PK NA=HEPU, = LNK?AOO GJKSJ =O EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO @ARAHKLIAJP.
Programming
AO SA HA=NJA@ EJ ?D=LPAN 2, OKBPS=NA EO ?NA=PA@ RE= LNKCN=IIEJC. .NKCN=IIEJC EO PDA LNK?AOO KB ?NA=PEJC
= OAP KB HKCE?=H EJOPNQ?PEKJO BKN = @ECEP=H @ARE?A PK BKHHKS QOEJC = LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA. 2DA LNK?AOO KB
LNKCN=IIEJC EO OKIAPEIAO ?=HHA@ ^?K@EJC_ >A?=QOA PDA OUJP=T KB = LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA EO JKP EJ = BKNI
PD=P ARANUKJA ?=J QJ@ANOP=J@ \ EP EO EJ ^?K@A._
2DA LNK?AOO KB @ARAHKLEJC CKK@ OKBPS=NA EO QOQ=HHU JKP =O OEILHA =O OEPPEJC @KSJ =J@ SNEPEJC OKIA
?K@A. 2NQA, OKIAPEIAO = LNKCN=IIAN ?=J MQE?GHU SNEPA = ODKNP LNKCN=I PK OKHRA = JAA@. QP IKOP KB PDA
PEIA, PDA ?NA=PEKJ KB OKBPS=NA EO = NAOKQN?A-EJPAJOERA LNK?AOO PD=P EJRKHRAO OARAN=H @EBBANAJP CNKQLO KB LAKLHA
EJ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ. 'J PDA BKHHKSEJC OA?PEKJO, SA =NA CKEJC PK NAREAS OARAN=H @EBBANAJP IAPDK@KHKCEAO BKN
OKBPS=NA @ARAHKLIAJP.
Systems-Development Life Cycle
2DA BENOP @ARAHKLIAJP IAPDK@KHKCU SA =NA CKEJC PK NAREAS EO PDA OUOPAIO-@ARAHKLIAJP HEBA ?U?HA (1"*!).
2DEO IAPDK@KHKCU S=O BENOP @ARAHKLA@ EJ PDA 1960O PK I=J=CA PDA H=NCA OKBPS=NA LNKFA?PO =OOK?E=PA@ SEPD
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I=J=CA H=NCA LNKFA?PO PD=P EJ?HQ@A@ IQHPELHA LNKCN=IIANO =J@ OUOPAIO PD=P SKQH@ D=RA = H=NCA EIL=?P KJ
PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ.
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(D!C F0C4A50;; (2;82: C> 4=;0A64)
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@KJA KB PDA NAMQAOP. 'O ?NA=PEJC = OKHQPEKJ
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PK ?NA=PA PDEO?), PDA A?KJKIE? BA=OE>EHEPU (?=J SA
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NAOQHP KB PDEO LD=OA EO = OUOPAI-NAMQENAIAJPO @K?QIAJP.
3. 1UOPAI "AOECJ. 'J PDEO LD=OA, = @AOECJAN P=GAO PDA OUOPAI-NAMQENAIAJPO @K?QIAJP ?NA=PA@ EJ PDA
LNAREKQO LD=OA =J@ @ARAHKLO PDA OLA?EBE? PA?DJE?=H @AP=EHO NAMQENA@ BKN PDA OUOPAI. 'P EO EJ PDEO
LD=OA PD=P PDA >QOEJAOO NAMQENAIAJPO =NA PN=JOH=PA@ EJPK OLA?EBE? PA?DJE?=H NAMQENAIAJPO. 2DA
@AOECJ BKN PDA QOAN EJPANB=?A, @=P=>=OA, @=P= EJLQPO =J@ KQPLQPO, =J@ NALKNPEJC =NA @ARAHKLA@ DANA.
2DA NAOQHP KB PDEO LD=OA EO = OUOPAI-@AOECJ @K?QIAJP. 2DEO @K?QIAJP SEHH D=RA ARANUPDEJC =
LNKCN=IIAN SEHH JAA@ PK =?PQ=HHU ?NA=PA PDA OUOPAI.
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@AOECJ @K?QIAJP =O = CQE@A, = LNKCN=IIAN (KN PA=I KB LNKCN=IIANO) @ARAHKL PDA LNKCN=I. 2DA
NAOQHP KB PDEO LD=OA EO =J EJEPE=H SKNGEJC LNKCN=I PD=P IAAPO PDA NAMQENAIAJPO H=E@ KQP EJ PDA
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5. 2AOPEJC. 'J PDA PAOPEJC LD=OA, PDA OKBPS=NA LNKCN=I @ARAHKLA@ EJ PDA LNAREKQO LD=OA EO LQP
PDNKQCD = OANEAO KB OPNQ?PQNA@ PAOPO. 2DA BENOP EO = QJEP PAOP, SDE?D PAOPO EJ@ERE@Q=H L=NPO KB PDA ?K@A
BKN ANNKNO KN >QCO. ,ATP EO = OUOPAI PAOP, SDANA PDA @EBBANAJP ?KILKJAJPO KB PDA OUOPAI =NA PAOPA@
PK AJOQNA PD=P PDAU SKNG PKCAPDAN LNKLANHU. $EJ=HHU, PDA QOAN-=??ALP=J?A PAOP =HHKSO PDKOA PD=P SEHH
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LNK>HAIO BKQJ@ @QNEJC PAOPEJC =NA =@@NAOOA@ =J@ PDAJ PAOPA@ =C=EJ.
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)74 'AD <4C7>3>;>6H (%D1;82 D><08=)
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LD=OA, PDA OUOPAI D=O = OPNQ?PQNA@ OQLLKNP LNK?AOO EJ LH=?A: NALKNPA@ >QCO =NA BETA@ =J@ NAMQAOPO
BKN JAS BA=PQNAO =NA AR=HQ=PA@ =J@ EILHAIAJPA@; OUOPAI QL@=PAO =J@ >=?GQLO =NA LANBKNIA@ KJ =
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=J KNC=JEV=PEKJ IQOP @A?E@A SDAPDAN PK IKRA PK PDA JATP OPAL KN JKP. 2DEO IAPDK@KHKCU D=O >AAJ ?NEPE?EVA@
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KB PDA 1"*!. 'J PDEO LD=OA, PDA KRAN=HH NAMQENAIAJPO BKN
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OPNQ?PQNA@ @EO?QOOEKJ =>KQP PDA @AOECJ KB PDA OUOPAI. ALLHE?=PEKJ @ARAHKLANO =HOK OEP EJ KJ PDEO
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Agile Methodologies
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0A", PDAU OD=NA OKIA KB PDA O=IA LNEJ?ELHAO: EPAN=PERA @ARAHKLIAJP, QOAN EJPAN=?PEKJ, =>EHEPU PK ?D=JCA.
2DA =CEHA IAPDK@KHKCEAO =NA >=OA@ KJ PDA ^ACEHA +=JEBAOPK,_ BENOP NAHA=OA@ EJ 2001.
2DA ?D=N=?PANEOPE?O KB =CEHA IAPDK@O EJ?HQ@A:
Y OI=HH ?NKOO-BQJ?PEKJ=H PA=IO PD=P EJ?HQ@A @ARAHKLIAJP-PA=I IAI>ANO =J@ QOANO;
Y @=EHU OP=PQO IAAPEJCO PK @EO?QOO PDA ?QNNAJP OP=PA KB PDA LNKFA?P;
Y ODKNP PEIA-BN=IA EJ?NAIAJPO (BNKI @=UO PK KJA KN PSK SAAGO) BKN A=?D ?D=JCA PK >A ?KILHAPA@;
=J@
Y =P PDA AJ@ KB A=?D EPAN=PEKJ, = SKNGEJC LNKFA?P EO ?KILHAPA@ PK @AIKJOPN=PA PK PDA OP=GADKH@ANO.
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MQ=HEPU LNK@Q?P.
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
)74 ;40= <4C7>3>;>6H (2;82: C> 4=;0A64)
)74 @D0;8CH CA80=6;4
Lean Methodology
-JA H=OP IAPDK@KHKCU SA SEHH @EO?QOO EO = NAH=PERAHU JAS
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PDA E@A= >ADEJ@ PDA LNKFA?P. -J?A PDA +4. EO @ARAHKLA@, EP
EO CERAJ PK LKPAJPE=H QOANO BKN NAREAS. $AA@>=?G KJ PDA
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?KJPEJQA EJ PDA O=IA @ENA?PEKJ KN NAPDEJG PDA ?KNA E@A=
>ADEJ@ PDA LNKFA?P, ?D=JCA PDA BQJ?PEKJO, =J@ ?NA=PA = JAS
+4.. 2DEO ?D=JCA EJ OPN=PACU EO ?=HHA@ = LERKP. 1ARAN=H
EPAN=PEKJO KB PDA +4. =NA @ARAHKLA@, SEPD JAS BQJ?PEKJO
=@@A@ A=?D PEIA >=OA@ KJ PDA BAA@>=?G, QJPEH = BEJ=H
LNK@Q?P EO ?KILHAPA@.
2DA >ECCAOP @EBBANAJ?A >APSAAJ PDA HA=J IAPDK@KHKCU
=J@ PDA KPDAN IAPDK@KHKCEAO EO PD=P PDA BQHH OAP KB NAMQENAIAJPO BKN PDA OUOPAI =NA JKP GJKSJ SDAJ PDA
LNKFA?P EO H=QJ?DA@. AO A=?D EPAN=PEKJ KB PDA LNKFA?P EO NAHA=OA@, PDA OP=PEOPE?O =J@ BAA@>=?G C=PDANA@ =NA QOA@
PK @APANIEJA PDA NAMQENAIAJPO. 2DA HA=J IAPDK@KHKCU SKNGO >AOP EJ =J AJPNALNAJAQNE=H AJRENKJIAJP SDANA =
?KIL=JU EO EJPANAOPA@ EJ @APANIEJEJC EB PDAEN E@A= BKN = OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ EO SKNPD @ARAHKLEJC.
Sidebar: The Quality Triangle
5DAJ @ARAHKLEJC OKBPS=NA, KN =JU OKNP KB LNK@Q?P KN
OANRE?A, PDANA ATEOPO = PAJOEKJ >APSAAJ PDA @ARAHKLANO =J@
PDA @EBBANAJP OP=GADKH@AN CNKQLO, OQ?D =O I=J=CAIAJP,
QOANO, =J@ EJRAOPKNO. 2DEO PAJOEKJ NAH=PAO PK DKS MQE?GHU
PDA OKBPS=NA ?=J >A @ARAHKLA@ (PEIA), DKS IQ?D IKJAU
SEHH >A OLAJP (?KOP), =J@ DKS SAHH EP SEHH >A >QEHP (MQ=HEPU).
2DA MQ=HEPU PNE=JCHA EO = OEILHA ?KJ?ALP. 'P OP=PAO PD=P BKN
=JU LNK@Q?P KN OANRE?A >AEJC @ARAHKLA@, UKQ ?=J KJHU
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PDA PDNAA? 'P IA=JO PD=P UKQ ?=JJKP ?KILHAPA = HKS-?KOP,
DECD-MQ=HEPU LNKFA?P EJ = OI=HH =IKQJP KB PEIA. &KSARAN, EB
UKQ =NA SEHHEJC KN =>HA PK OLAJ@ = HKP KB IKJAU, PDAJ =
LNKFA?P ?=J >A ?KILHAPA@ MQE?GHU SEPD DECD-MQ=HEPU NAOQHPO
(PDNKQCD DENEJC IKNA CKK@ LNKCN=IIANO). 'B = LNKFA?PaO
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?KQNOA, PDAOA =NA FQOP CAJAN=HEV=PEKJO, =J@ @EBBANAJP LNKFA?PO I=U JKP BEP PDEO IK@AH LANBA?PHU. QP KRAN=HH,
PDEO IK@AH DAHLO QO QJ@ANOP=J@ PDA PN=@AKBBO PD=P SA IQOP I=GA SDAJ SA =NA @ARAHKLEJC JAS LNK@Q?PO =J@
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Programming Languages
AO ' JKPA@ A=NHEAN, OKBPS=NA @ARAHKLANO ?NA=PA OKBPS=NA QOEJC KJA KB OARAN=H LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO. A
LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA EO =J =NPEBE?E=H H=JCQ=CA PD=P LNKRE@AO = S=U BKN = LNKCN=IIAN PK ?NA=PA OPNQ?PQNA@
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@A?=@AO, I=JU @EBBANAJP PULAO KB LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO D=RA ARKHRA@ PK IAAP I=JU @EBBANAJP JAA@O. -JA
S=U PK ?D=N=?PANEVA LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO EO >U PDAEN ^CAJAN=PEKJ._
Generations of Programming Languages
#=NHU H=JCQ=CAO SANA OLA?EBE? PK PDA PULA KB D=N@S=NA PD=P D=@ PK >A LNKCN=IIA@; A=?D PULA KB ?KILQPAN
D=N@S=NA D=@ = @EBBANAJP HKS-HARAH LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA (EJ B=?P, ARAJ PK@=U PDANA =NA @EBBANAJ?AO =P
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10111001 00000000
11010010 10100001
00000100 00000000
10001001 00000000
00001110 10001011
00000000 00011110
00000000 00011110
00000000 00000010
10111001 00000000
11100001 00000011
00010000 11000011
10001001 10100011
00001110 00000100
00000010 00000000
AOOAI>HU H=JCQ=CA EO PDA OA?KJ@-CAJAN=PEKJ H=JCQ=CA. AOOAI>HU H=JCQ=CA CERAO AJCHEOD-HEGA LDN=OAO PK
PDA I=?DEJA-?K@A EJOPNQ?PEKJO, I=GEJC EP A=OEAN PK LNKCN=I. AJ =OOAI>HU-H=JCQ=CA LNKCN=I IQOP >A NQJ
PDNKQCD =J =OOAI>HAN, SDE?D ?KJRANPO EP EJPK I=?DEJA ?K@A. &ANA EO =J AT=ILHA LNKCN=IPD=P =@@O 1234 =J@
4321 QOEJC =OOAI>HU H=JCQ=CA:
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
MOV CX,1234
MOV DS:[0],CX
MOV CX,4321
MOV AX,DS:[0]
MOV BX,DS:[2]
ADD AX,BX
MOV DS:[4],AX
2DEN@-CAJAN=PEKJ H=JCQ=CAO =NA JKP OLA?EBE? PK PDA PULA KB D=N@S=NA KJ SDE?D PDAU NQJ =J@ =NA IQ?D IKNA
HEGA OLKGAJ H=JCQ=CAO. +KOP PDEN@-CAJAN=PEKJ H=JCQ=CAO IQOP >A ?KILEHA@, = LNK?AOO PD=P ?KJRANPO PDAI
EJPK I=?DEJA ?K@A. 5AHH-GJKSJ PDEN@-CAJAN=PEKJ H=JCQ=CAO EJ?HQ@A A1'!, !, .=O?=H, =J@ (=R=. &ANA EO =J
AT=ILHA QOEJC A1'!:
A=1234
B=4321
C=A+B
END
$KQNPD-CAJAN=PEKJ H=JCQ=CAO =NA = ?H=OO KB LNKCN=IIEJC PKKHO PD=P AJ=>HA B=OP =LLHE?=PEKJ @ARAHKLIAJP
QOEJC EJPQEPERA EJPANB=?AO =J@ AJRENKJIAJPO. +=JU PEIAO, = BKQNPD-CAJAN=PEKJ H=JCQ=CA D=O = RANU OLA?EBE?
LQNLKOA, OQ?D =O @=P=>=OA EJPAN=?PEKJ KN NALKNP-SNEPEJC. 2DAOA PKKHO ?=J >A QOA@ >U PDKOA SEPD RANU HEPPHA
BKNI=H PN=EJEJC EJ LNKCN=IIEJC =J@ =HHKS BKN PDA MQE?G @ARAHKLIAJP KB =LLHE?=PEKJO =J@/KN BQJ?PEKJ=HEPU.
#T=ILHAO KB BKQNPD-CAJAN=PEKJ H=JCQ=CAO EJ?HQ@A: !HELLAN, $-!31, $KT.NK, 1/*, =J@ 1.11.
5DU SKQH@ =JUKJA S=JP PK LNKCN=IEJ = HKSAN-HARAH H=JCQ=CA SDAJ PDAU NAMQENA OK IQ?D IKNA SKNG?
2DA =JOSAN EO OEIEH=N PK SDU OKIA LNABAN PK @NERA OPE?G-ODEBP =QPKIK>EHAO EJOPA=@ KB =QPKI=PE? PN=JOIEOOEKJ:
?KJPNKH =J@ ABBE?EAJ?U. *KSAN-HARAH H=JCQ=CAO, OQ?D =O =OOAI>HU H=JCQ=CA, =NA IQ?D IKNA ABBE?EAJP =J@
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KB DECDAN- =J@ HKSAN-HARAH H=JCQ=CAO =NA IETA@ PKCAPDAN PK CAP PDA >AOP KB >KPD SKNH@O: PDA LNKCN=IIAN SEHH
?NA=PA PDA KRAN=HH OPNQ?PQNA =J@ EJPANB=?A QOEJC = DECDAN-HARAH H=JCQ=CA >QP SEHH QOA HKSAN-HARAH H=JCQ=CAO
BKN PDA L=NPO KB PDA LNKCN=I PD=P =NA QOA@ I=JU PEIAO KN NAMQENA IKNA LNA?EOEKJ.
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)74 ?A>6A0<<8=6 ;0=6D064 B?42CAD< (2;82: C> 4=;0A64)
Compiled vs. Interpreted
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?KILEHA@ KN EJPANLNAPA@. AO SA D=RA HA=NJA@, = ?KILQPAN H=JCQ=CA EO SNEPPAJ EJ = DQI=J-NA=@=>HA BKNI. 'J
= ?KILEHA@ H=JCQ=CA, PDA LNKCN=I ?K@A EO PN=JOH=PA@ EJPK = I=?DEJA-NA=@=>HA BKNI?=HHA@ =J ATA?QP=>HA PD=P
?=J >A NQJ KJ PDA D=N@S=NA. 1KIA SAHH-GJKSJ ?KILEHA@ H=JCQ=CAO EJ?HQ@A !, !++, =J@ !--*.
AJ EJPANLNAPA@ H=JCQ=CA EO KJA PD=P NAMQENAO = NQJPEIA LNKCN=I PK >A EJOP=HHA@ EJ KN@AN PK ATA?QPA.
2DEO NQJPEIA LNKCN=I PDAJ EJPANLNAPO PDA LNKCN=I ?K@A HEJA >U HEJA =J@ NQJO EP. 'JPANLNAPA@ H=JCQ=CAO
=NA CAJAN=HHU A=OEAN PK SKNG SEPD >QP =HOK =NA OHKSAN =J@ NAMQENA IKNA OUOPAI NAOKQN?AO. #T=ILHAO KB
LKLQH=N EJPANLNAPA@ H=JCQ=CAO EJ?HQ@A A1'!, .&., .#0*, =J@ .UPDKJ. 2DA SA> H=JCQ=CAO KB &2+* =J@
(=R=O?NELP SKQH@ =HOK >A ?KJOE@ANA@ EJPANLNAPA@ >A?=QOA PDAU NAMQENA = >NKSOAN EJ KN@AN PK NQJ.
2DA (=R= LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA EO =J EJPANAOPEJC AT?ALPEKJ PK PDEO ?H=OOEBE?=PEKJ, =O EP EO =?PQ=HHU
= DU>NE@ KB PDA PSK. A LNKCN=I SNEPPAJ EJ (=R= EO L=NPE=HHU ?KILEHA@ PK ?NA=PA = LNKCN=I PD=P ?=J >A
QJ@ANOPKK@ >U PDA (=R= 4ENPQ=H +=?DEJA ((4+). #=?D PULA KB KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI D=O EPO KSJ (4+ SDE?D
IQOP >A EJOP=HHA@, SDE?D EO SD=P =HHKSO (=R= LNKCN=IO PK NQJ KJ I=JU @EBBANAJP PULAO KB KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO.
Procedural vs. Object-Oriented
A LNK?A@QN=H LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA EO @AOECJA@ PK =HHKS = LNKCN=IIAN PK @ABEJA = OLA?EBE? OP=NPEJC LKEJP
BKN PDA LNKCN=I =J@ PDAJ ATA?QPA OAMQAJPE=HHU. AHH A=NHU LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO SKNGA@ PDEO S=U. AO QOAN
EJPANB=?AO >A?=IA IKNA EJPAN=?PERA =J@ CN=LDE?=H, EP I=@A OAJOA BKN LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO PK ARKHRA PK
=HHKSPDA QOAN PK @ABEJA PDA BHKSKB PDA LNKCN=I. 2DA K>FA?P-KNEAJPA@ LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA EO OAP QL OK PD=P
PDA LNKCN=IIAN @ABEJAO ^K>FA?PO_ PD=P ?=J P=GA ?ANP=EJ =?PEKJO >=OA@ KJ EJLQP BNKIPDA QOAN. 'J KPDAN SKN@O,
= LNK?A@QN=H LNKCN=I BK?QOAO KJ PDA OAMQAJ?A KB =?PEREPEAO PK >A LANBKNIA@; =J K>FA?P-KNEAJPA@ LNKCN=I
BK?QOAO KJ PDA @EBBANAJP EPAIO >AEJC I=JELQH=PA@.
$KN AT=ILHA, EJ = DQI=J-NAOKQN?AO OUOPAI, =J ^#+.*-7##_ K>FA?P SKQH@ >A JAA@A@. 'B PDA LNKCN=I
JAA@A@ PK NAPNEARA KN OAP @=P= NAC=N@EJC =J AILHKUAA, EP SKQH@ BENOP ?NA=PA =J AILHKUAA K>FA?P EJ PDA
LNKCN=I =J@ PDAJ OAP KN NAPNEARA PDA R=HQAO JAA@A@. #RANU K>FA?P D=O LNKLANPEAO, SDE?D =NA @AO?NELPERA
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
BEAH@O =OOK?E=PA@ SEPD PDA K>FA?P. 'J PDA AT=ILHA >AHKS, =J AILHKUAA K>FA?P D=O PDA LNKLANPEAO ^,=IA_,
^#ILHKUAA JQI>AN_, ^ENPD@=PA_ =J@ ^"=PA KB DENA_. AJ K>FA?P =HOK D=O ^IAPDK@O_, SDE?D ?=J P=GA =?PEKJO
NAH=PA@ PK PDA K>FA?P. 'J PDA AT=ILHA, PDANA =NA PSK IAPDK@O. 2DA BENOP EO ^!KILQPA.=U()_, SDE?D SEHH NAPQNJ
PDA ?QNNAJP =IKQJP KSA@ PDA AILHKUAA. 2DA OA?KJ@ EO ^*EOP#ILHKUAAO()_, SDE?D SEHH NAPNEARA = HEOP KB
AILHKUAAO SDK NALKNP PK PDEO AILHKUAA.
->FA?P: #+.*-7##
,=IA
#ILHKUAA JQI>AN
ENPD@=PA
"=PA KB DENA
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*EOP#ILHKUAAO()
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Sidebar: What is COBOL?
'B UKQ D=RA >AAJ =NKQJ@ >QOEJAOO LNKCN=IIEJC RANU HKJC, UKQ I=U D=RA DA=N@ =>KQP PDA !--*
LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA. !--* EO = LNK?A@QN=H, ?KILEHA@ H=JCQ=CA PD=P =P KJA PEIA S=O PDA LNEI=NU
LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA BKN >QOEJAOO =LLHE?=PEKJO. 'JRAJPA@ EJ 1959 BKN QOA KJ H=NCA I=EJBN=IA ?KILQPANO,
!--* EO =J =>>NARE=PEKJ KB ?KIIKJ >QOEJAOO-KNEAJPA@ H=JCQ=CA. 5EPD PDA =@RAJP KB IKNA ABBE?EAJP
LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO, !--* EO JKS N=NAHU OAAJ KQPOE@A KB KH@, HAC=?U =LLHE?=PEKJO.
Programming Tools
2K SNEPA = LNKCN=I, = LNKCN=IIAN JAA@O HEPPHA IKNA PD=J = PATP A@EPKN =J@ = CKK@ E@A=. &KSARAN, PK >A
LNK@Q?PERA, DA KN ODA IQOP >A =>HA PK ?DA?G PDA OUJP=T KB PDA ?K@A, =J@, EJ OKIA ?=OAO, ?KILEHA PDA ?K@A. 2K
>A IKNA ABBE?EAJP =P LNKCN=IIEJC, =@@EPEKJ=H PKKHO, OQ?D =O =J EJPACN=PA@ @ARAHKLIAJP AJRENKJIAJP ('"#)
KN ?KILQPAN-=E@A@ OKBPS=NA-AJCEJAANEJC (!A1#) PKKHO, ?=J >A QOA@.
Integrated Development Environment
$KN IKOP LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO, =J '"# ?=J >A QOA@. AJ '"# LNKRE@AO = R=NEAPU KB PKKHO BKN PDA
LNKCN=IIAN, =J@ QOQ=HHU EJ?HQ@AO:
Y =J A@EPKN BKN SNEPEJC PDA LNKCN=I PD=P SEHH ?KHKN-?K@A KN DECDHECDP GAUSKN@O BNKI PDA
LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA;
Y = DAHL OUOPAI PD=P CERAO @AP=EHA@ @K?QIAJP=PEKJ NAC=N@EJC PDA LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA;
Y = ?KILEHAN/EJPANLNAPAN, SDE?D SEHH =HHKS PDA LNKCN=IIAN PK NQJ PDA LNKCN=I;
Y = @A>QCCEJC PKKH, SDE?D SEHH LNKRE@A PDA LNKCN=IIAN @AP=EHO =>KQP PDA ATA?QPEKJ KB PDA LNKCN=I
EJ KN@AN PK NAOKHRA LNK>HAIO EJ PDA ?K@A; =J@
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Y = ?DA?G-EJ/?DA?G-KQP IA?D=JEOI, SDE?D =HHKSO BKN = PA=I KB LNKCN=IIANO PK SKNG PKCAPDAN KJ =
LNKFA?P =J@ JKP SNEPA KRAN A=?D KPDANaO ?K@A ?D=JCAO.
.NK>=>HU PDA IKOP LKLQH=N '"# OKBPS=NA L=?G=CA NECDP JKS EO +E?NKOKBPaO 4EOQ=H 1PQ@EK. 4EOQ=H 1PQ@EK EO
PDA '"# BKN =HH KB +E?NKOKBPaO LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO, EJ?HQ@EJC 4EOQ=H =OE?, 4EOQ=H !++, =J@ 4EOQ=H !#.
CASE Tools
5DEHA =J '"# LNKRE@AO OARAN=H PKKHO PK =OOEOP PDA LNKCN=IIAN EJ SNEPEJC PDA LNKCN=I, PDA ?K@A OPEHH IQOP
>A SNEPPAJ. !KILQPAN-=E@A@ OKBPS=NA-AJCEJAANEJC (!A1#) PKKHO =HHKS = @AOECJAN PK @ARAHKL OKBPS=NA SEPD
HEPPHA KN JK LNKCN=IIEJC. 'JOPA=@, PDA !A1# PKKH SNEPAO PDA ?K@A BKN PDA @AOECJAN. !A1# PKKHO ?KIA EJ
I=JU R=NEAPEAO, >QP PDAEN CK=H EO PK CAJAN=PA MQ=HEPU ?K@A >=OA@ KJ EJLQP ?NA=PA@ >U PDA @AOECJAN.
Sidebar: Building a Website
'J PDA A=NHU @=UO KB PDA 5KNH@ 5E@A 5A>, PDA ?NA=PEKJ KB = SA>OEPA NAMQENA@ GJKSEJC DKS PK QOA DULANPATP
I=NGQL H=JCQ=CA (&2+*). 2K@=U, IKOP SA>OEPAO =NA >QEHP SEPD = R=NEAPU KB PKKHO, >QP PDA BEJ=H LNK@Q?P
PD=P EO PN=JOIEPPA@ PK = >NKSOAN EO OPEHH &2+*. &2+*, =P EPO OEILHAOP, EO = PATP H=JCQ=CA PD=P =HHKSO UKQ
PK @ABEJA PDA @EBBANAJP ?KILKJAJPO KB = SA> L=CA. 2DAOA @ABEJEPEKJO =NA D=J@HA@ PDNKQCD PDA QOA KB &2+*
P=CO, SDE?D ?KJOEOP KB PATP >APSAAJ >N=?GAPO. $KN AT=ILHA, =J &2+* P=C ?=J PAHH PDA >NKSOAN PK ODKS =
SKN@ EJ EP=HE?O, PK HEJG PK =JKPDAN SA> L=CA, KN PK EJOANP =J EI=CA. 'J PDA AT=ILHA >AHKS, OKIA PATP EO >AEJC
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(8<?;4 H)"!
(8<?;4 H)"! >DC?DC
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OP=U ?KJOEOPAJP PDNKQCDKQP. $KN AT=ILHA, EB PDA @AOECJAN S=JPA@ =HH BENOP-HARAH DA=@EJCO (D1) PK >A >HQA =J@
?AJPANA@, DA KN ODA ?KQH@ OAP PDA ^D1c OPUHA PK I=P?D. 2DA BKHHKSEJC AT=ILHA ODKSO DKS PDEO IECDP HKKG.
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
H)"! F8C7 C((
H)"! F8C7 C(( >DC?DC
2DA ?KI>EJ=PEKJ KB &2+* =J@ !11 ?=J >A QOA@ PK ?NA=PA = SE@A R=NEAPU KB BKNI=PO =J@ @AOECJO =J@ D=O
>AAJ SE@AHU =@KLPA@ >U PDA SA>-@AOECJ ?KIIQJEPU. 2DA OP=J@=N@O BKN &2+* =NA OAP >U = CKRANJEJC >K@U
?=HHA@ PDA 5KNH@ 5E@A 5A> !KJOKNPEQI. 2DA ?QNNAJP RANOEKJ KB &2+* EO &2+* 5, SDE?D EJ?HQ@AO JAS
OP=J@=N@O BKN RE@AK, =Q@EK, =J@ @N=SEJC.
5DAJ @ARAHKLANO ?NA=PA = SA>OEPA, PDAU @K JKP SNEPA EP KQP I=JQ=HHU EJ = PATP A@EPKN. 'JOPA=@, PDAU QOA
SA> @AOECJ PKKHO PD=P CAJAN=PA PDA &2+* =J@ !11 BKN PDAI. 2KKHO OQ?D =O A@K>A "NA=ISA=RAN =HHKS PDA
@AOECJAN PK ?NA=PA = SA> L=CA PD=P EJ?HQ@AO EI=CAO =J@ EJPAN=?PERA AHAIAJPO SEPDKQP SNEPEJC = OEJCHA HEJA KB
?K@A. &KSARAN, LNKBAOOEKJ=H SA> @AOECJANO OPEHH JAA@ PK HA=NJ &2+* =J@ !11 EJ KN@AN PK D=RA BQHH ?KJPNKH
KRAN PDA SA> L=CAO PDAU =NA @ARAHKLEJC.
Build vs. Buy
5DAJ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ @A?E@AO PD=P = JAS OKBPS=NA LNKCN=I JAA@O PK >A @ARAHKLA@, PDAU IQOP @APANIEJA EB
EP I=GAO IKNA OAJOA PK >QEH@ EP PDAIOAHRAO KN PK LQN?D=OA EP BNKI =J KQPOE@A ?KIL=JU. 2DEO EO PDA ^>QEH@ RO.
>QU_ @A?EOEKJ.
2DANA =NA I=JU =@R=JP=CAO PK LQN?D=OEJC OKBPS=NA BNKI =J KQPOE@A ?KIL=JU. $ENOP, EP EO CAJAN=HHU HAOO
ATLAJOERA PK LQN?D=OA = OKBPS=NA L=?G=CA PD=J PK >QEH@ EP. 1A?KJ@, SDAJ = OKBPS=NA L=?G=CA EO LQN?D=OA@, EP
EO =R=EH=>HA IQ?D IKNA MQE?GHU PD=J EB PDA L=?G=CA EO >QEHP EJ-DKQOA. 1KBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJO ?=J P=GA IKJPDO
KN UA=NO PK >QEH@; = LQN?D=OA@ L=?G=CA ?=J >A QL =J@ NQJJEJC SEPDEJ = IKJPD. A LQN?D=OA@ L=?G=CA D=O
=HNA=@U >AAJ PAOPA@ =J@ I=JU KB PDA >QCO D=RA =HNA=@U >AAJ SKNGA@ KQP. 'P EO PDA NKHA KB = OUOPAIO EJPACN=PKN
PK I=GA R=NEKQO LQN?D=OA@ OUOPAIO =J@ PDA ATEOPEJC OUOPAIO =P PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ SKNG PKCAPDAN.
2DANA =NA =HOK @EO=@R=JP=CAO PK LQN?D=OEJC OKBPS=NA. $ENOP, PDA O=IA OKBPS=NA UKQ =NA QOEJC ?=J >A
QOA@ >U UKQN ?KILAPEPKNO. 'B = ?KIL=JU EO PNUEJC PK @EBBANAJPE=PA EPOAHB >=OA@ KJ = >QOEJAOO LNK?AOO PD=P EO EJ
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PD=P LQN?D=OA@ OKBPS=NA, EP SEHH D=RA = D=N@ PEIA @KEJC OK EB EPO ?KILAPEPKNO QOA PDA O=IA OKBPS=NA. AJKPDAN
@EO=@R=JP=CA PK LQN?D=OEJC OKBPS=NA EO PDA LNK?AOO KB ?QOPKIEV=PEKJ. 'B UKQ LQN?D=OA = OKBPS=NA L=?G=CA
BNKI = RAJ@KN =J@ PDAJ ?QOPKIEVA EP, UKQ SEHH D=RA PK I=J=CA PDKOA ?QOPKIEV=PEKJO ARANU PEIA PDA RAJ@KN
LNKRE@AO =J QLCN=@A. 2DEO ?=J >A?KIA =J =@IEJEOPN=PERA DA=@=?DA, PK O=U PDA HA=OP!
#RAJ EB =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ @APANIEJAO PK >QU OKBPS=NA, EP OPEHH I=GAO OAJOA PK CK PDNKQCD I=JU KB PDA
O=IA =J=HUOAO PD=P PDAU SKQH@ @K EB PDAU SANA CKEJC PK >QEH@ EP PDAIOAHRAO. 2DEO EO =J EILKNP=JP @A?EOEKJ
PD=P ?KQH@ D=RA = HKJC-PANI OPN=PACE? EIL=?P KJ PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ.
Web Services
AO SA O=S EJ ?D=LPAN 3, PDA IKRA PK ?HKQ@ ?KILQPEJC D=O =HHKSA@ OKBPS=NA PK >A HKKGA@ =P =O = OANRE?A. -JA
KLPEKJ ?KIL=JEAO D=RA PDAOA @=UO EO PK HE?AJOA BQJ?PEKJO LNKRE@A@ >U KPDAN ?KIL=JEAO EJOPA=@ KB SNEPEJC PDA
?K@A PDAIOAHRAO. 2DAOA =NA ?=HHA@ SA> OANRE?AO, =J@ PDAU ?=J CNA=PHU OEILHEBU PDA =@@EPEKJ KB BQJ?PEKJ=HEPU
PK = SA>OEPA.
$KN AT=ILHA, OQLLKOA = ?KIL=JU SEODAO PK LNKRE@A = I=L ODKSEJC PDA HK?=PEKJ KB OKIAKJA SDK
D=O ?=HHA@ PDAEN OQLLKNP HEJA. U QPEHEVEJC %KKCHA +=LO A.' SA> OANRE?AO, PDAU ?=J >QEH@ = %KKCHA +=L
NECDP EJPK PDAEN =LLHE?=PEKJ. -N = ODKA ?KIL=JU ?KQH@ I=GA EP A=OEAN BKN EPO NAP=EHANO PK OAHH ODKAO KJHEJA >U
LNKRE@EJC = ODKA-OEVA SA> OANRE?A PD=P PDA NAP=EHANO ?KQH@ AI>A@ NECDP EJPK PDAEN SA>OEPA.
5A> OANRE?AO ?=J >HQN PDA HEJAO >APSAAJ ^>QEH@ RO. >QU._ !KIL=JEAO ?=J ?DKKOA PK >QEH@ = OKBPS=NA
=LLHE?=PEKJ PDAIOAHRAO >QP PDAJ LQN?D=OA BQJ?PEKJ=HEPU BNKI RAJ@KNO PK OQLLHAIAJP PDAEN OUOPAI.
End-User Computing
'J I=JU KNC=JEV=PEKJO, =LLHE?=PEKJ @ARAHKLIAJP EO JKP HEIEPA@ PK PDA LNKCN=IIANO =J@ =J=HUOPO EJ PDA
EJBKNI=PEKJ-PA?DJKHKCU @AL=NPIAJP. #OLA?E=HHU EJ H=NCAN KNC=JEV=PEKJO, KPDAN @AL=NPIAJPO @ARAHKL PDAEN
KSJ @AL=NPIAJP-OLA?EBE? =LLHE?=PEKJO. 2DA LAKLHA SDK >QEH@ PDAOA =NA JKP JA?AOO=NEHU PN=EJA@ EJ
LNKCN=IIEJC KN =LLHE?=PEKJ @ARAHKLIAJP, >QP PDAU PAJ@ PK >A =@ALP SEPD ?KILQPANO. A LANOKJ, BKN AT=ILHA,
SDK EO OGEHHA@ EJ = L=NPE?QH=N OKBPS=NA L=?G=CA, OQ?D =O = OLNA=@ODAAP KN @=P=>=OA L=?G=CA, I=U >A ?=HHA@
QLKJ PK >QEH@ OI=HHAN =LLHE?=PEKJO BKN QOA >U DEO KN DAN KSJ @AL=NPIAJP. 2DEO LDAJKIAJKJ EO NABANNA@ PK =O
AJ@-QOAN @ARAHKLIAJP, KN AJ@-QOAN ?KILQPEJC.
#J@-QOAN ?KILQPEJC ?=J D=RA I=JU =@R=JP=CAO BKN =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ. $ENOP, EP >NEJCO PDA @ARAHKLIAJP
KB =LLHE?=PEKJO ?HKOAN PK PDKOA SDK SEHH QOA PDAI. A?=QOA '2 @AL=NPIAJPO =NA OKIAPEIAO MQEPA >=?GHKCCA@, EP =HOK LNKRE@AO = IA=JO
PK D=RA OKBPS=NA ?NA=PA@ IKNA MQE?GHU. +=JU KNC=JEV=PEKJO AJ?KQN=CA AJ@-QOAN ?KILQPEJC PK NA@Q?A PDA OPN=EJ KJ PDA '2 @AL=NPIAJP.
#J@-QOAN ?KILQPEJC @KAO D=RA EPO @EO=@R=JP=CAO =O SAHH. 'B @AL=NPIAJPO SEPDEJ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ =NA
@ARAHKLEJC PDAEN KSJ =LLHE?=PEKJO, PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ I=U AJ@ QL SEPD OARAN=H =LLHE?=PEKJO PD=P LANBKNI
OEIEH=N BQJ?PEKJO, SDE?D EO EJABBE?EAJP, OEJ?A EP EO = @QLHE?=PEKJ KB ABBKNP. 1KIAPEIAO, PDAOA @EBBANAJP RANOEKJO
KB PDA O=IA =LLHE?=PEKJ AJ@ QL LNKRE@EJC @EBBANAJP NAOQHPO, >NEJCEJC ?KJBQOEKJ SDAJ @AL=NPIAJPO EJPAN=?P.
2DAOA =LLHE?=PEKJO =NA KBPAJ @ARAHKLA@ >U OKIAKJA SEPD HEPPHA KN JK BKNI=H PN=EJEJC EJ LNKCN=IIEJC. 'J
PDAOA ?=OAO, PDA OKBPS=NA @ARAHKLA@ ?=J D=RA LNK>HAIO PD=P PDAJ D=RA PK >A NAOKHRA@ >U PDA '2 @AL=NPIAJP.
#J@-QOAN ?KILQPEJC ?=J >A >AJABE?E=H PK =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ, >QP EP ODKQH@ >A I=J=CA@. 2DA '2 @AL=NPIAJP
ODKQH@ OAP CQE@AHEJAO =J@ LNKRE@A PKKHO BKN PDA @AL=NPIAJPO SDK S=JP PK ?NA=PA PDAEN KSJ OKHQPEKJO.
!KIIQJE?=PEKJ >APSAAJ @AL=NPIAJPO SEHH CK = HKJC S=U PKS=N@O OQ??AOOBQH QOA KB AJ@-QOAN ?KILQPEJC.
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Sidebar: Building a Mobile App
'J I=JU S=UO, >QEH@EJC =J =LLHE?=PEKJ BKN = IK>EHA @ARE?A EO AT=?PHU PDA O=IA =O >QEH@EJC =J =LLHE?=PEKJ BKN
= PN=@EPEKJ=H ?KILQPAN. 3J@ANOP=J@EJC PDA NAMQENAIAJPO BKN PDA =LLHE?=PEKJ, @AOECJEJC PDA EJPANB=?A, SKNGEJC
SEPD QOANO \ =HH KB PDAOA OPALO OPEHH JAA@ PK >A ?=NNEA@ KQP.
1K SD=PaO @EBBANAJP =>KQP >QEH@EJC =J =LLHE?=PEKJ BKN = IK>EHA @ARE?A? 'J OKIA S=UO, IK>EHA
=LLHE?=PEKJO =NA IKNA HEIEPA@. AJ =LLHE?=PEKJ NQJJEJC KJ = IK>EHA @ARE?A IQOP >A @AOECJA@ PK >A BQJ?PEKJ=H
KJ = OI=HHAN O?NAAJ. +K>EHA =LLHE?=PEKJO ODKQH@ >A @AOECJA@ PK QOA BEJCANO =O PDA LNEI=NU LKEJPEJC @ARE?A.
+K>EHA @ARE?AO CAJAN=HHU D=RA HAOO =R=EH=>HA IAIKNU, OPKN=CA OL=?A, =J@ LNK?AOOEJC LKSAN.
+K>EHA =LLHE?=PEKJO =HOK D=RA I=JU =@R=JP=CAO KRAN =LLHE?=PEKJO >QEHP BKN PN=@EPEKJ=H ?KILQPANO.
+K>EHA =LLHE?=PEKJO D=RA =??AOO PK PDA BQJ?PEKJ=HEPU KB PDA IK>EHA @ARE?A, SDE?D QOQ=HHU EJ?HQ@AO BA=PQNAO
OQ?D =O CAKHK?=PEKJ @=P=, IAOO=CEJC, PDA ?=IAN=, =J@ ARAJ = CUNKO?KLA.
-JA KB PDA IKOP EILKNP=JP MQAOPEKJO NAC=N@EJC @ARAHKLIAJP BKN IK>EHA @ARE?AO EO PDEO: "K SA S=JP PK
@ARAHKL =J =LL =P =HH? A IK>EHA =LL EO =J ATLAJOERA LNKLKOEPEKJ, =J@ EP SEHH KJHU NQJ KJ KJA PULA KB IK>EHA
@ARE?A =P = PEIA. $KN AT=ILHA, EB UKQ ?NA=PA =J E.DKJA =LL, QOANO SEPD AJ@NKE@ LDKJAO =NA KQP KB HQ?G. #=?D
=LL P=GAO OARAN=H PDKQO=J@ @KHH=NO PK ?NA=PA, OK PDEO I=U JKP >A PDA >AOP QOA KB UKQN BQJ@O.
+=JU KNC=JEV=PEKJO =NA IKREJC =S=U BNKI @ARAHKLEJC = OLA?EBE? =LL BKN = IK>EHA @ARE?A =J@ =NA
EJOPA=@ I=GEJC PDAEN SA>OEPAO IKNA BQJ?PEKJ=H KJ IK>EHA @ARE?AO. 3OEJC = SA>-@AOECJ BN=IASKNG ?=HHA@
NAOLKJOERA @AOECJ, = SA>OEPA ?=J >A I=@A DECDHU BQJ?PEKJ=H JK I=PPAN SD=P PULA KB @ARE?A EO >NKSOEJC EP.
5EPD = NAOLKJOERA SA>OEPA, EI=CAO NAOEVA PDAIOAHRAO >=OA@ KJ PDA OEVA KB PDA @ARE?AaO O?NAAJ, =J@ PATP BHKSO
=J@ OEVAO EPOAHB LNKLANHU BKN KLPEI=H REASEJC. 7KQ ?=J BEJ@ KQP IKNA =>KQP NAOLKJOERA @AOECJ DANA.
Implementation Methodologies
-J?A = JAS OUOPAI EO @ARAHKLA@ (KN LQN?D=OA@), PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ IQOP @APANIEJA PDA >AOP IAPDK@ BKN
EILHAIAJPEJC EP. !KJREJ?EJC = CNKQL KB LAKLHA PK HA=NJ =J@ QOA = JAS OUOPAI ?=J >A = RANU @EBBE?QHP
LNK?AOO. 3OEJC JAS OKBPS=NA, =J@ PDA >QOEJAOO LNK?AOOAO EP CERAO NEOA PK, ?=J D=RA B=N-NA=?DEJC ABBA?PO
SEPDEJ PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ.
2DANA =NA OARAN=H @EBBANAJP IAPDK@KHKCEAO =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ ?=J =@KLP PK EILHAIAJP = JAS OUOPAI. $KQN
KB PDA IKOP LKLQH=N =NA HEOPA@ >AHKS.
Y "ENA?P ?QPKRAN. 'J PDA @ENA?P-?QPKRAN EILHAIAJP=PEKJ IAPDK@KHKCU, PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ OAHA?PO =
L=NPE?QH=N @=PA PD=P PDA KH@ OUOPAI EO JKP CKEJC PK >A QOA@ =JUIKNA. -J PD=P @=PA, PDA QOANO >ACEJ
QOEJC PDA JAS OUOPAI =J@ PDA KH@ OUOPAI EO QJ=R=EH=>HA. 2DA =@R=JP=CAO PK QOEJC PDEO
IAPDK@KHKCU =NA PD=P EP EO RANU B=OP =J@ PDA HA=OP ATLAJOERA. &KSARAN, PDEO IAPDK@ EO PDA NEOGEAOP
=O SAHH. 'B PDA JAS OUOPAI D=O =J KLAN=PEKJ=H LNK>HAI KN EB PDA QOANO =NA JKP LNKLANHU LNAL=NA@, EP
?KQH@ LNKRA @EO=OPNKQO BKN PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ.
Y .EHKP EILHAIAJP=PEKJ. 'J PDEO IAPDK@KHKCU, = OQ>OAP KB PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ (?=HHA@ = LEHKP CNKQL)
OP=NPO QOEJC PDA JAS OUOPAI >ABKNA PDA NAOP KB PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ. 2DEO D=O = OI=HHAN EIL=?P KJ PDA
?KIL=JU =J@ =HHKSO PDA OQLLKNP PA=I PK BK?QO KJ = OI=HHAN CNKQL KB EJ@ERE@Q=HO.
Y .=N=HHAH KLAN=PEKJ. 5EPD L=N=HHAH KLAN=PEKJ, PDA KH@ =J@ JAS OUOPAIO =NA QOA@ OEIQHP=JAKQOHU BKN =
HEIEPA@ LANEK@ KB PEIA. 2DEO IAPDK@ EO PDA HA=OP NEOGU >A?=QOA PDA KH@ OUOPAI EO OPEHH >AEJC QOA@
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SDEHA PDA JAS OUOPAI EO AOOAJPE=HHU >AEJC PAOPA@. &KSARAN, PDEO EO >U B=N PDA IKOP ATLAJOERA
IAPDK@KHKCU OEJ?A SKNG EO @QLHE?=PA@ =J@ OQLLKNP EO JAA@A@ BKN >KPD OUOPAIO EJ BQHH.
Y .D=OA@ EILHAIAJP=PEKJ. 'J LD=OA@ EILHAIAJP=PEKJ, @EBBANAJP BQJ?PEKJO KB PDA JAS =LLHE?=PEKJ =NA
QOA@ =O BQJ?PEKJO BNKI PDA KH@ OUOPAI =NA PQNJA@ KBB. 2DEO =LLNK=?D =HHKSO =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ PK
OHKSHU IKRA BNKI KJA OUOPAI PK =JKPDAN.
5DE?D KB PDAOA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ IAPDK@KHKCEAO PK QOA @ALAJ@O KJ PDA ?KILHATEPU =J@ EILKNP=J?A KB PDA KH@
=J@ JAS OUOPAIO.
Change Management
AO JAS OUOPAIO =NA >NKQCDP KJHEJA =J@ KH@ OUOPAIO =NA LD=OA@ KQP, EP >A?KIAO EILKNP=JP PK I=J=CA PDA
S=U ?D=JCA EO EILHAIAJPA@ EJ PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ. !D=JCA ODKQH@ JARAN >A EJPNK@Q?A@ EJ = R=?QQI. 2DA
KNC=JEV=PEKJ ODKQH@ >A OQNA PK ?KIIQJE?=PA LNKLKOA@ ?D=JCAO >ABKNA PDAU D=LLAJ =J@ LH=J PK IEJEIEVA
PDA EIL=?P KB PDA ?D=JCA PD=P SEHH K??QN =BPAN EILHAIAJP=PEKJ. !D=JCA I=J=CAIAJP EO = ?NEPE?=H ?KILKJAJP
KB '2 KRANOECDP.
Maintenance
-J?A = JAS OUOPAI D=O >AAJ EJPNK@Q?A@, EP AJPANO PDA I=EJPAJ=J?A LD=OA. 'J PDEO LD=OA, PDA OUOPAI EO EJ
LNK@Q?PEKJ =J@ EO >AEJC QOA@ >U PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ. 5DEHA PDA OUOPAI EO JK HKJCAN =?PERAHU >AEJC @ARAHKLA@,
?D=JCAO JAA@ PK >A I=@A SDAJ >QCO =NA BKQJ@ KN JAS BA=PQNAO =NA NAMQAOPA@. "QNEJC PDA I=EJPAJ=J?A
LD=OA, '2 I=J=CAIAJP IQOP AJOQNA PD=P PDA OUOPAI ?KJPEJQAO PK OP=U =HECJA@ SEPD >QOEJAOO LNEKNEPEAO =J@
?KJPEJQAO PK NQJ SAHH.
Summary
1KBPS=NA @ARAHKLIAJP EO =>KQP OK IQ?D IKNA PD=J LNKCN=IIEJC. "ARAHKLEJC JAS OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJO
NAMQENAO OARAN=H OPALO, BNKI PDA BKNI=H 1"*! LNK?AOO PK IKNA EJBKNI=H LNK?AOOAO OQ?D =O =CEHA
LNKCN=IIEJC KN HA=J IAPDK@KHKCEAO. .NKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO D=RA ARKHRA@ BNKI RANU HKS-HARAH I=?DEJA-
OLA?EBE? H=JCQ=CAO PK DECDAN-HARAH H=JCQ=CAO PD=P =HHKS = LNKCN=IIAN PK SNEPA OKBPS=NA BKN = SE@A R=NEAPU
KB I=?DEJAO. +KOP LNKCN=IIANO SKNG SEPD OKBPS=NA @ARAHKLIAJP PKKHO PD=P LNKRE@A PDAI SEPD EJPACN=PA@
?KILKJAJPO PK I=GA PDA OKBPS=NA @ARAHKLIAJP LNK?AOO IKNA ABBE?EAJP. $KN OKIA KNC=JEV=PEKJO, >QEH@EJC
PDAEN KSJ OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJO @KAO JKP I=GA PDA IKOP OAJOA; EJOPA=@, PDAU ?DKKOA PK LQN?D=OA OKBPS=NA
>QEHP >U = PDEN@ L=NPU PK O=RA @ARAHKLIAJP ?KOPO =J@ OLAA@ EILHAIAJP=PEKJ. 'J AJ@-QOAN ?KILQPEJC, OKBPS=NA
@ARAHKLIAJP D=LLAJO KQPOE@A PDA EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU @AL=NPIAJP. 5DAJ EILHAIAJPEJC JAS OKBPS=NA
=LLHE?=PEKJO, PDANA =NA OARAN=H @EBBANAJP PULAO KB EILHAIAJP=PEKJ IAPDK@KHKCEAO PD=P IQOP >A ?KJOE@ANA@.
Study Questions
1. 5D=P =NA PDA OPALO EJ PDA 1"*! IAPDK@KHKCU?
2. 5D=P EO 0A" OKBPS=NA @ARAHKLIAJP?
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3. 5D=P I=GAO PDA HA=J IAPDK@KHKCU QJEMQA?
4. 5D=P =NA PDNAA @EBBANAJ?AO >APSAAJ OA?KJ@-CAJAN=PEKJ =J@ PDEN@-CAJAN=PEKJ H=JCQ=CAO?
5. 5DU SKQH@ =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ ?KJOE@AN >QEH@EJC EPO KSJ OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ EB EP EO ?DA=LAN PK
>QU KJA?
6. 5D=P EO NAOLKJOERA @AOECJ?
7. 5D=P EO PDA NAH=PEKJODEL >APSAAJ &2+* =J@ !11 EJ SA>OEPA @AOECJ?
8. 5D=P EO PDA @EBBANAJ?A >APSAAJ PDA LEHKP EILHAIAJP=PEKJ IAPDK@KHKCU =J@ PDA L=N=HHAH
EILHAIAJP=PEKJ IAPDK@KHKCU?
9. 5D=P EO ?D=JCA I=J=CAIAJP?
10. 5D=P =NA PDA BKQN @EBBANAJP EILHAIAJP=PEKJ IAPDK@KHKCEAO?
Exercises
1. 5DE?D OKBPS=NA-@ARAHKLIAJP IAPDK@KHKCU SKQH@ >A >AOP EB =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ JAA@A@ PK @ARAHKL
= OKBPS=NA PKKH BKN = OI=HH CNKQL KB QOANO EJ PDA I=NGAPEJC @AL=NPIAJP? 5DU? 5DE?D
EILHAIAJP=PEKJ IAPDK@KHKCU ODKQH@ PDAU QOA? 5DU?
2. "KEJC UKQN KSJ NAOA=N?D, BEJ@ PDNAA LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CAO =J@ ?=PACKNEVA PDAI EJ PDAOA
=NA=O: CAJAN=PEKJ, ?KILEHA@ RO. EJPANLNAPA@, LNK?A@QN=H RO. K>FA?P-KNEAJPA@.
3. 1KIA =NCQA PD=P &2+* EO JKP = LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA. "KEJC UKQN KSJ NAOA=N?D, BEJ@ PDNAA
=NCQIAJPO BKN SDU EP EO JKP = LNKCN=IIEJC H=JCQ=CA =J@ PDNAA =NCQIAJPO BKN SDU EP EO.
4. 0A=@ IKNA =>KQP NAOLKJOERA @AOECJ QOEJC PDA HEJG CERAJ EJ PDA PATP. .NKRE@A PDA HEJGO PK PDNAA
SA>OEPAO PD=P QOA NAOLKJOERA @AOECJ =J@ ATLH=EJ DKS PDAU @AIKJOPN=PA NAOLKJOERA-@AOECJ
>AD=REKN.
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Part 3: Information Systems Beyond the Organization

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Chapter 11: Globalization and the Digital Divide
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
3LKJ OQ??AOOBQH ?KILHAPEKJ KB PDEO ?D=LPAN, UKQ SEHH >A =>HA PK:
Y ATLH=EJ PDA ?KJ?ALP KB CHK>=HEV=PEKJ;
Y @AO?NE>A PDA NKHA KB EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU EJ CHK>=HEV=PEKJ;
Y E@AJPEBU PDA EOOQAO ATLANEAJ?A@ >U BENIO =O PDAU B=?A = CHK>=H A?KJKIU; =J@
Y @ABEJA PDA @ECEP=H @ERE@A =J@ ATLH=EJ ,EAHOAJaO PDNAA OP=CAO KB PDA @ECEP=H @ERE@A.
Introduction
2DA 'JPANJAP D=O SENA@ PDA SKNH@. 2K@=U EP EO FQOP =O OEILHA PK ?KIIQJE?=PA SEPD OKIAKJA KJ PDA KPDAN OE@A KB PDA
SKNH@ =O EP EO PK P=HG PK OKIAKJA JATP @KKN. 'J PDEO ?D=LPAN, SA SEHH HKKG =P PDA EILHE?=PEKJO KB CHK>=HEV=PEKJ =J@ PDA EIL=?P EP EO
D=REJC KJ PDA SKNH@.
What Is Globalization?
G;>10;8I0C8>= EO PDA PANI QOA@ PK NABAN PK PDA EJPACN=PEKJ KB CKK@O, OANRE?AO, =J@ ?QHPQNA =IKJC PDA
J=PEKJO KB PDA SKNH@. %HK>=HEV=PEKJ EO JKP JA?AOO=NEHU = JAS LDAJKIAJKJ; EJ I=JU S=UO, SA D=RA >AAJ
ATLANEAJ?EJC CHK>=HEV=PEKJ OEJ?A PDA @=UO KB #QNKLA=J ?KHKJEV=PEKJ. $QNPDAN =@R=J?AO EJ PAHA?KIIQJE?=PEKJ
=J@ PN=JOLKNP=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCEAO =??AHAN=PA@ CHK>=HEV=PEKJ. 2DA =@RAJP KB PDA PDA SKNH@SE@A 'JPANJAP D=O
I=@A =HH J=PEKJO JATP-@KKN JAECD>KNO.
2DA 'JPANJAP EO PNQHU = SKNH@SE@A LDAJKIAJKJ. AO KB 2012, PDA 'JPANJAP S=O >AEJC QOA@ EJ KRAN 150
?KQJPNEAO >U = OP=CCANEJC 2.4 >EHHEKJ LAKLHA SKNH@SE@A, =J@ CNKSEJC.
1
$NKI EPO EJEPE=H >ACEJJEJCO EJ PDA
3JEPA@ 1P=PAO EJ PDA 1970O PK PDA @ARAHKLIAJP KB PDA 5KNH@ 5E@A 5A> EJ PDA 1990O PK PDA OK?E=H JAPSKNGO
=J@ A-?KIIAN?A KB PK@=U, PDA 'JPANJAP D=O ?KJPEJQA@ PK EJ?NA=OA PDA EJPACN=PEKJ >APSAAJ ?KQJPNEAO, I=GEJC
CHK>=HEV=PEKJ = B=?P KB HEBA BKN ?EPEVAJO =HH KRAN PDA SKNH@.
1. DPPL://EJPANJAPSKNH@OP=PO.?KI/
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(>DA24: I=C4A=4C ,>A;3 (C0CB
The Network Society
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DA E@AJPEBEA@ JAS S=UO EJ SDE?D A?KJKIE? =?PEREPU S=O >AEJC KNC=JEVA@ =NKQJ@ PDA JAPSKNGO PD=P PDA JAS
PAHA?KIIQJE?=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCEAO D=RA LNKRE@A@. 2DEO JAS, CHK>=H A?KJKIE? =?PEREPU S=O @EBBANAJP BNKI PDA
L=OP, >A?=QOA ^EP EO =J A?KJKIU SEPD PDA ?=L=?EPU PK SKNG =O = QJEP EJ NA=H PEIA KJ = LH=JAP=NU O?=HA._
2
5A
=NA JKS EJPK PDEO JAPSKNG OK?EAPU, SDANA SA =NA =HH ?KJJA?PA@ KJ = CHK>=H O?=HA.
The World Is Flat
'J 2005, 2DKI=O $NEA@I=JaO OAIEJ=H >KKG, )74 ,>A;3 IB F;0C, S=O LQ>HEODA@. 'J PDEO >KKG, $NEA@I=J
QJL=?GO PDA EIL=?PO PD=P PDA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN, PDA 'JPANJAP, =J@ ?KIIQJE?=PEKJ OKBPS=NA D=RA D=@ KJ
>QOEJAOO, OLA?EBE?=HHU PDA EIL=?P PDAU D=RA D=@ KJ CHK>=HEV=PEKJ. &A >ACEJO PDA >KKG >U @ABEJEJC PDA PDNAA
AN=O KB CHK>=HEV=PEKJ
3
:
Y ^%HK>=HEV=PEKJ 1.0c K??QNNA@ BNKI 1492 QJPEH =>KQP 1800. 'J PDEO AN=, CHK>=HEV=PEKJ S=O ?AJPANA@
=NKQJ@ ?KQJPNEAO. 'P S=O =>KQP DKS IQ?D DKNOALKSAN, SEJ@ LKSAN, =J@ OPA=I LKSAN = ?KQJPNU
D=@ =J@ DKS ?NA=PERAHU EP S=O @ALHKUA@. 2DA SKNH@ ODN=JG BNKI OEVA ^H=NCA_ PK OEVA ^IA@EQI._
Y ^%HK>=HEV=PEKJ 2.0c K??QNNA@ BNKI =>KQP 1800 QJPEH 2000, EJPANNQLPA@ KJHU >U PDA PSK 5KNH@
5=NO. 'J PDEO AN=, PDA @UJ=IE? BKN?A @NEREJC ?D=JCA S=O IQHPEJ=PEKJ=H ?KIL=JEAO. 2DA SKNH@
ODN=JG BNKI OEVA ^IA@EQI_ PK OEVA ^OI=HH._
Y ^%HK>=HEV=PEKJ 3.0c EO KQN ?QNNAJP AN=, >ACEJJEJC EJ PDA UA=N 2000. 2DA ?KJRANCAJ?A KB PDA
LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN, BE>AN-KLPE? 'JPANJAP ?KJJA?PEKJO, =J@ OKBPS=NA D=O ?NA=PA@ = ^BH=P-SKNH@
LH=PBKNI_ PD=P =HHKSO OI=HH CNKQLO =J@ ARAJ EJ@ERE@Q=HO PK CK CHK>=H. 2DA SKNH@ D=O ODNQJG BNKI
OEVA ^OI=HH_ PK OEVA ^PEJU._
2. +=JQAH !=OPAHHO. 2000. 2DA 0EOA KB PDA ,APSKNG 1K?EAPU (2J@ A@.). H=?GSAHH .Q>HEODANO, 'J?., !=I>NE@CA, +A, 31A.
3. $NEA@I=J, 2. *. (2005). 2DA SKNH@ EO BH=P: A >NEAB DEOPKNU KB PDA PSAJPU-BENOP ?AJPQNU. ,AS 7KNG: $=NN=N, 1PN=QO =J@ %ENKQT.
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Sidebar: How Does My Internet Speed Compare?
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
A New Understanding of the Digital Divide
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2DA NAOA=N?DANO @ARAHKLA@ = IK>EHA @ARE?A ?=HHA@ 2A=?DAN+=PA, SDE?D ?KJP=EJA@ = C=IA @AOECJA@ PK DAHL
?DEH@NAJ HA=NJ I=PD. 2DA QJEMQA L=NP KB PDEO NAOA=N?D S=O PD=P PDA NAOA=N?DANO EJPAN=?PA@ @ENA?PHU SEPD PDA
?DEH@NAJ; PDAU @E@ JKP ?D=JJAH PDA IK>EHA @ARE?AO PDNKQCD PDA PA=?DANO KN PDA O?DKKHO. AJKPDAN EILKNP=JP
B=?PKN PK ?KJOE@AN: EJ KN@AN PK QJ@ANOP=J@ PDA ?KJPATP KB PDA ?DEH@NAJaO A@Q?=PEKJ=H AJRENKJIAJP, PDA NAOA=N?DANO >AC=J PDA
LNKFA?P >U SKNGEJC SEPD L=NAJPO =J@ HK?=H JKJLNKBEPO OET IKJPDO >ABKNA PDAEN REOEP. 5DEHA PDA NAOQHPO KB PDEO NAOA=N?D =NA PKK @AP=EHA@
PK CK EJPK DANA, EP ?=J >A O=E@ PD=P PDA NAOA=N?DANO BKQJ@ PD=P ?DEH@NAJ ?=J, EJ@AA@, =@KLP =J@ PA=?D PDAIOAHRAO IK>EHA HA=NJEJC
PA?DJKHKCEAO.
5D=P I=GAO PDEO NAOA=N?D OK EJPANAOPEJC SDAJ PDEJGEJC =>KQP PDA @ECEP=H @ERE@A EO PD=P PDA NAOA=N?DANO
BKQJ@ PD=P, EJ KN@AN PK >A ABBA?PERA, PDAU D=@ PK ?QOPKIEVA PDAEN PA?DJKHKCU =J@ P=EHKN PDAEN EILHAIAJP=PEKJ
PK PDA OLA?EBE? CNKQL PDAU SANA PNUEJC PK NA=?D. -JA KB PDAEN ?KJ?HQOEKJO OP=PA@ PDA BKHHKSEJC:
7. DPPL://SSS.JJCNKQL.?KI/=NPE?HAO/@ECEP=H-@ERE@A-PDA-PDNAA-OP=CAO/
8. )EI, .., Q?GJAN, #., +=G=JU, 2., & )EI, &. (2011). A ?KIL=N=PERA =J=HUOEO KB = C=IA->=OA@ IK>EHA HA=NJEJC IK@AH EJ HKS-
OK?EKA?KJKIE? ?KIIQJEPEAO KB 'J@E=. 'JPANJ=PEKJ=H (KQNJ=H KB #@Q?=PEKJ=H "ARAHKLIAJP. @KE:10.1016/F.EFA@[email protected].
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
!KJOE@ANEJC PDA N=LE@ =@R=J?AIAJP KB PA?DJKHKCU PK@=U, IK>EHA HA=NJEJC KLPEKJO BKN BQPQNA
LNKFA?PO SEHH KJHU EJ?NA=OA. !KJOAMQAJPHU, NAOA=N?DANO IQOP ?KJPEJQA PK EJRAOPEC=PA PDAEN EIL=?P;
SA >AHEARA PDANA EO = OLA?EBE? JAA@ BKN IKNA EJ-@ALPD OPQ@EAO KJ '!2 9EJBKNI=PEKJ =J@
?KIIQJE?=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU: @AOECJ R=NE=PEKJO PK IAAP @EBBANAJP ?D=HHAJCAO KB @EBBANAJP HK?=HEPEAO.
2K NA=@ IKNA =>KQP "N. )EIaO LNKFA?P, HK?=PA PDA L=LAN NABANAJ?A@ EJ PDEO OE@A>=N.
Summary
'JBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU D=O @NERAJ ?D=JCA KJ = CHK>=H O?=HA. AO @K?QIAJPA@ >U !=OPAHHO =J@ $NEA@I=J,
PA?DJKHKCU D=O CERAJ QO PDA =>EHEPU PK EJPACN=PA SEPD LAKLHA =HH KRAN PDA SKNH@ QOEJC @ECEP=H PKKHO. 2DAOA PKKHO
D=RA =HHKSA@ >QOEJAOOAO PK >NK=@AJ PDAEN H=>KN LKKHO, PDAEN I=NGAPO, =J@ ARAJ PDAEN KLAN=PEJC DKQNO. QP
PDAU D=RA =HOK >NKQCDP I=JU JAS ?KILHE?=PEKJO BKN >QOEJAOOAO, SDE?D JKS IQOP QJ@ANOP=J@ NACQH=PEKJO,
LNABANAJ?AO, =J@ ?QHPQNAO BNKI I=JU @EBBANAJP J=PEKJO. 2DEO JAS CHK>=HEV=PEKJ D=O =HOK AT=?AN>=PA@ PDA
@ECEP=H @ERE@A. ,EAHOAJ D=O OQCCAOPA@ PD=P PDA @ECEP=H @ERE@A ?KJOEOPO KB PDNAA OP=CAO (A?KJKIE?, QO=>EHEPU,
=J@ AILKSANIAJP), KB SDE?D PDA A?KJKIE? OP=CA EO RENPQ=HHU OKHRA@.
Study Questions
1. 5D=P @KAO PDA PANI 6;>10;8I0C8>= IA=J?
2. &KS @KAO $NEA@I=J @ABEJA PDA PDNAA AN=O KB CHK>=HEV=PEKJ?
3. 5DE?D PA?DJKHKCEAO D=RA D=@ PDA >ECCAOP ABBA?P KJ CHK>=HEV=PEKJ?
4. 5D=P =NA OKIA KB PDA =@R=JP=CAO >NKQCDP =>KQP >U CHK>=HEV=PEKJ?
5. 5D=P =NA PDA ?D=HHAJCAO KB CHK>=HEV=PEKJ?
6. 5D=P @KAO PDA PANI 3868C0; 38E834 IA=J?
7. 5D=P =NA (=GK> ,EAHOAJaO PDNAA OP=CAO KB PDA @ECEP=H @ERE@A?
8. 5D=P S=O KJA KB PDA GAU LKEJPO KB )74 '8B4 >5 C74 #4CF>A: (>284CH?
9. 5DE?D ?KQJPNU D=O PDA DECDAOP =RAN=CA 'JPANJAP OLAA@? &KS @KAO UKQN ?KQJPNU ?KIL=NA?
10. 5D=P EO PDA -*.! LNKFA?P? &=O EP >AAJ OQ??AOOBQH?
Exercises
1. !KIL=NA PDA ?KJ?ALP KB $NEA@I=JaO ^%HK>=HEV=PEKJ 3.0c SEPD ,EAHOAJ AILKSANIAJP OP=CA KB
PDA @ECEP=H @ERE@A.
2. "K OKIA KNECEJ=H NAOA=N?D PK @APANIEJA OKIA KB PDA NACQH=PEKJO PD=P = 31 ?KIL=JU I=U D=RA
PK ?KJOE@AN >ABKNA @KEJC >QOEJAOO EJ KJA KB PDA BKHHKSEJC ?KQJPNEAO: !DEJ=, %ANI=JU, 1=Q@E
AN=>E=, 2QNGAU.
Chapter 11: Globalization and the Digital Divide 127

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
3. %K PK [email protected] PK @APANIEJA UKQN 'JPANJAP OLAA@. !KIL=NA UKQN OLAA@ =P DKIA PK PDA
'JPANJAP OLAA@ =P PSK KPDAN HK?=PEKJO, OQ?D =O UKQN O?DKKH, LH=?A KB AILHKUIAJP, KN HK?=H ?KBBAA
ODKL. 5NEPA QL = KJA-L=CA OQII=NU PD=P ?KIL=NAO PDAOA HK?=PEKJO.
4. %ERA KJA AT=ILHA KB PDA @ECEP=H @ERE@A =J@ @AO?NE>A SD=P UKQ SKQH@ @K PK =@@NAOO EP.
5. &KS @E@ PDA NAOA=N?D ?KJ@Q?PA@ >U .=QH )EI =@@NAOO PDA PDNAA HARAHO KB PDA @ECEP=H @ERE@A?
128 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Chapter 12: The Ethical and Legal Implications of Information Systems
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
3LKJ OQ??AOOBQH ?KILHAPEKJ KB PDEO ?D=LPAN, UKQ SEHH >A =>HA PK:
Y @AO?NE>A SD=P PDA PANI 8=5>A<0C8>= BHBC4<B 4C782B IA=JO;
Y ATLH=EJ SD=P = ?K@A KB APDE?O EO =J@ @AO?NE>A PDA =@R=JP=CAO =J@ @EO=@R=JP=CAO;
Y @ABEJA PDA PANI 8=C4;;42CD0; ?A>?4ACH =J@ ATLH=EJ PDA LNKPA?PEKJO LNKRE@A@ >U ?KLUNECDP, L=PAJP,
=J@ PN=@AI=NG; =J@
Y @AO?NE>A PDA ?D=HHAJCAO PD=P EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU >NEJCO PK EJ@ERE@Q=H LNER=?U.
Introduction
'JBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO D=RA D=@ =J EIL=?P B=N >AUKJ@ PDA SKNH@ KB >QOEJAOO. ,AS PA?DJKHKCEAO ?NA=PA JAS
OEPQ=PEKJO PD=P SA D=RA JARAN @A=HP SEPD >ABKNA. &KS @K SA D=J@HA PDA JAS ?=L=>EHEPEAO PD=P PDAOA @ARE?AO
AILKSAN QO SEPD? 5D=P JAS H=SO =NA CKEJC PK >A JAA@A@ PK LNKPA?P QO BNKI KQNOAHRAO? 2DEO ?D=LPAN SEHH
GE?G KBB SEPD = @EO?QOOEKJ KB PDA EIL=?P KB EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO KJ DKS SA >AD=RA (APDE?O). 2DEO SEHH >A
BKHHKSA@ SEPD PDA JAS HAC=H OPNQ?PQNAO >AEJC LQP EJ LH=?A, SEPD = BK?QO KJ EJPAHHA?PQ=H LNKLANPU =J@ LNER=?U.
Information Systems Ethics
2DA PANI 4C782B EO @ABEJA@ =O ^= OAP KB IKN=H LNEJ?ELHAO_ KN ^PDA LNEJ?ELHAO KB ?KJ@Q?P CKRANJEJC =J
EJ@ERE@Q=H KN = CNKQL._
1
1EJ?A PDA @=SJ KB ?EREHEV=PEKJ, PDA OPQ@U KB APDE?O =J@ PDAEN EIL=?P D=O B=O?EJ=PA@
I=JGEJ@. QP SD=P @K APDE?O D=RA PK @K SEPD EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO?
2DA EJPNK@Q?PEKJ KB JAS PA?DJKHKCU ?=J D=RA = LNKBKQJ@ ABBA?P KJ DQI=J >AD=REKN. ,AS PA?DJKHKCEAO
CERA QO ?=L=>EHEPEAO PD=P SA @E@ JKP D=RA >ABKNA, SDE?D EJ PQNJ ?NA=PA AJRENKJIAJPO =J@ OEPQ=PEKJO PD=P D=RA
JKP >AAJ OLA?EBE?=HHU =@@NAOOA@ EJ APDE?=H PANIO. 2DKOA SDK I=OPAN JAS PA?DJKHKCEAO C=EJ JAS LKSAN;
PDKOA SDK ?=JJKP KN @K JKP I=OPAN PDAI I=U HKOA LKSAN. 'J 1913, &AJNU $KN@ EILHAIAJPA@ PDA BENOP
IKREJC =OOAI>HU HEJA PK ?NA=PA DEO +K@AH 2 ?=NO. 5DEHA PDEO S=O = CNA=P OPAL BKNS=N@ PA?DJKHKCE?=HHU
(=J@ A?KJKIE?=HHU), PDA =OOAI>HU HEJA NA@Q?A@ PDA R=HQA KB DQI=J >AEJCO EJ PDA LNK@Q?PEKJ LNK?AOO. 2DA
@ARAHKLIAJP KB PDA =PKIE? >KI> ?KJ?AJPN=PA@ QJEI=CEJ=>HA LKSAN EJ PDA D=J@O KB KJA CKRANJIAJP, SDK
PDAJ D=@ PK SNAOPHA SEPD PDA @A?EOEKJ PK QOA EP. 2K@=UaO @ECEP=H PA?DJKHKCEAO D=RA ?NA=PA@ JAS ?=PACKNEAO KB
APDE?=H @EHAII=O.
$KN AT=ILHA, PDA =>EHEPU PK =JKJUIKQOHU I=GA LANBA?P ?KLEAO KB @ECEP=H IQOE? D=O PAILPA@ I=JU IQOE?
B=JO PK @KSJHK=@ ?KLUNECDPA@ IQOE? BKN PDAEN KSJ QOA SEPDKQP I=GEJC L=UIAJP PK PDA IQOE?aO KSJAN. +=JU
KB PDKOA SDK SKQH@ JARAN D=RA S=HGA@ EJPK = IQOE? OPKNA =J@ OPKHAJ = !" BEJ@ PDAIOAHRAO SEPD @KVAJO KB
EHHAC=HHU @KSJHK=@A@ =H>QIO.
1. DPPL://SSS.IANNE=I-SA>OPAN.?KI/@E?PEKJ=NU/APDE?O
129

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
"ECEP=H PA?DJKHKCEAO D=RA CERAJ QO PDA =>EHEPU PK =CCNAC=PA EJBKNI=PEKJ BNKI IQHPELHA OKQN?AO PK ?NA=PA LNKBEHAO
KB LAKLHA. 5D=P SKQH@ D=RA P=GAJ SAAGO KB SKNG EJ PDA L=OP ?=J JKS >A @KJA EJ OA?KJ@O, =HHKSEJC LNER=PA KNC=JEV=PEKJO
=J@ CKRANJIAJPO PK GJKS IKNA =>KQP EJ@ERE@Q=HO PD=J =P =JU PEIA EJ DEOPKNU. 2DEO EJBKNI=PEKJ D=O R=HQA, >QP =HOK ?DELO =S=U =P PDA
LNER=?U KB ?KJOQIANO =J@ ?EPEVAJO.
Code of Ethics
-JA IAPDK@ BKN J=REC=PEJC JAS APDE?=H S=PANO EO = ?K@A KB APDE?O. A ?K@A KB APDE?O EO = @K?QIAJP PD=P
KQPHEJAO = OAP KB =??ALP=>HA >AD=REKNO BKN = LNKBAOOEKJ=H KN OK?E=H CNKQL; CAJAN=HHU, EP EO =CNAA@ PK >U
=HH IAI>ANO KB PDA CNKQL. 2DA @K?QIAJP @AP=EHO @EBBANAJP =?PEKJO PD=P =NA ?KJOE@ANA@ =LLNKLNE=PA =J@
EJ=LLNKLNE=PA.
A CKK@ AT=ILHA KB = ?K@A KB APDE?O EO PDA C>34 >5 EC782B 0=3 %A>54BB8>=0; C>=3D2C KB PDA AOOK?E=PEKJ
BKN !KILQPEJC +=?DEJANU,
2
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NAOA=N?DANO, =J@ LN=?PEPEKJANO. &ANA EO = MQKPA BNKI PDA LNA=I>HA:
!KIIEPIAJP PK APDE?=H LNKBAOOEKJ=H ?KJ@Q?P EO ATLA?PA@ KB ARANU IAI>AN (RKPEJC IAI>ANO,
=OOK?E=PA IAI>ANO, =J@ OPQ@AJP IAI>ANO) KB PDA AOOK?E=PEKJ BKN !KILQPEJC +=?DEJANU (A!+).
2DEO !K@A, ?KJOEOPEJC KB 24 EILAN=PERAO BKNIQH=PA@ =O OP=PAIAJPO KB LANOKJ=H NAOLKJOE>EHEPU,
E@AJPEBEAO PDA AHAIAJPO KB OQ?D = ?KIIEPIAJP. 'P ?KJP=EJO I=JU, >QP JKP =HH, EOOQAO LNKBAOOEKJ=HO
=NA HEGAHU PK B=?A. 1A?PEKJ 1 KQPHEJAO BQJ@=IAJP=H APDE?=H ?KJOE@AN=PEKJO, SDEHA 1A?PEKJ 2 =@@NAOOAO
=@@EPEKJ=H, IKNA OLA?EBE? ?KJOE@AN=PEKJO KB LNKBAOOEKJ=H ?KJ@Q?P. 1P=PAIAJPO EJ 1A?PEKJ 3 LANP=EJ
IKNA OLA?EBE?=HHU PK EJ@ERE@Q=HO SDK D=RA = HA=@ANODEL NKHA, SDAPDAN EJ PDA SKNGLH=?A KN EJ =
RKHQJPAAN ?=L=?EPU OQ?D =O SEPD KNC=JEV=PEKJO HEGA A!+. .NEJ?ELHAO EJRKHREJC ?KILHE=J?A SEPD
PDEO !K@A =NA CERAJ EJ 1A?PEKJ 4.
'J PDA A!+aO ?K@A, UKQ SEHH BEJ@ I=JU OPN=ECDPBKNS=N@ APDE?=H EJOPNQ?PEKJO, OQ?D =O PDA =@IKJEPEKJ PK >A
DKJAOP =J@ PNQOPSKNPDU. QP >A?=QOA PDEO EO =HOK =J KNC=JEV=PEKJ KB LNKBAOOEKJ=HO PD=P BK?QOAO KJ ?KILQPEJC,
PDANA =NA IKNA OLA?EBE? =@IKJEPEKJO PD=P NAH=PA @ENA?PHU PK EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU:
Y ,K KJA ODKQH@ AJPAN KN QOA =JKPDANaO ?KILQPAN OUOPAI, OKBPS=NA, KN @=P= BEHAO SEPDKQP LANIEOOEKJ.
-JA IQOP =HS=UO D=RA =LLNKLNE=PA =LLNKR=H >ABKNA QOEJC OUOPAI NAOKQN?AO, EJ?HQ@EJC
?KIIQJE?=PEKJ LKNPO, BEHA OL=?A, KPDAN OUOPAI LANELDAN=HO, =J@ ?KILQPAN PEIA.
Y "AOECJEJC KN EILHAIAJPEJC OUOPAIO PD=P @AHE>AN=PAHU KN EJ=@RANPAJPHU @AIA=J EJ@ERE@Q=HO KN
CNKQLO EO APDE?=HHU QJ=??ALP=>HA.
Y -NC=JEV=PEKJ=H HA=@ANO =NA NAOLKJOE>HA BKN AJOQNEJC PD=P ?KILQPAN OUOPAIO AJD=J?A, JKP @ACN=@A,
PDA MQ=HEPU KB SKNGEJC HEBA. 5DAJ EILHAIAJPEJC = ?KILQPAN OUOPAI, KNC=JEV=PEKJO IQOP ?KJOE@AN
PDA LANOKJ=H =J@ LNKBAOOEKJ=H @ARAHKLIAJP, LDUOE?=H O=BAPU, =J@ DQI=J @ECJEPU KB =HH SKNGANO.
ALLNKLNE=PA DQI=J-?KILQPAN ANCKJKIE? OP=J@=N@O ODKQH@ >A ?KJOE@ANA@ EJ OUOPAI @AOECJ =J@ EJ
PDA SKNGLH=?A.
-JA KB PDA I=FKN =@R=JP=CAO KB ?NA=PEJC = ?K@A KB APDE?O EO PD=P EP ?H=NEBEAO PDA =??ALP=>HA OP=J@=N@O KB
>AD=REKN BKN = LNKBAOOEKJ=H CNKQL. 2DA R=NEA@ >=?GCNKQJ@O =J@ ATLANEAJ?AO KB PDA IAI>ANO KB = CNKQL
2. A!+ !K@A KB #PDE?O =J@ .NKBAOOEKJ=H !KJ@Q?P A@KLPA@ >U A!+ !KQJ?EH 10/16/92.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
HA=@ PK = R=NEAPU KB E@A=O NAC=N@EJC SD=P EO =??ALP=>HA >AD=REKN. 5DEHA PK I=JU PDA CQE@AHEJAO I=U
OAAI K>REKQO, D=REJC PDAOA EPAIO @AP=EHA@ LNKRE@AO ?H=NEPU =J@ ?KJOEOPAJ?U. #TLHE?EPHU OP=PEJC OP=J@=N@O
?KIIQJE?=PAO PDA ?KIIKJ CQE@AHEJAO PK ARANUKJA EJ = ?HA=N I=JJAN.
&=REJC = ?K@A KB APDE?O ?=J =HOK D=RA OKIA @N=S>=?GO. $ENOP KB =HH, = ?K@A KB APDE?O @KAO JKP D=RA HAC=H
=QPDKNEPU; EJ KPDAN SKN@O, >NA=GEJC = ?K@A KB APDE?O EO JKP = ?NEIA EJ EPOAHB. 1K SD=P D=LLAJO EB OKIAKJA
REKH=PAO KJA KB PDA CQE@AHEJAO? +=JU ?K@AO KB APDE?O EJ?HQ@A = OA?PEKJ PD=P @AO?NE>AO DKS OQ?D OEPQ=PEKJO
SEHH >A D=J@HA@. 'J I=JU ?=OAO, NALA=PA@ REKH=PEKJO KB PDA ?K@A NAOQHP EJ ATLQHOEKJ BNKI PDA CNKQL.
'J PDA ?=OA KB A!+: ^A@DANAJ?A KB LNKBAOOEKJ=HO PK = ?K@A KB APDE?O EO H=NCAHU = RKHQJP=NU I=PPAN.
&KSARAN, EB = IAI>AN @KAO JKP BKHHKS PDEO ?K@A >U AJC=CEJC EJ CNKOO IEO?KJ@Q?P, IAI>ANODEL EJ
A!+ I=U >A PANIEJ=PA@._ #TLQHOEKJ BNKI A!+ I=U JKP D=RA IQ?D KB =J EIL=?P KJ I=JU EJ@ERE@Q=HO,
OEJ?A IAI>ANODEL EJ A!+ EO QOQ=HHU JKP = NAMQENAIAJP BKN AILHKUIAJP. &KSARAN, ATLQHOEKJ BNKI KPDAN
KNC=JEV=PEKJO, OQ?D =O = OP=PA >=N KNC=JEV=PEKJ KN IA@E?=H >K=N@, ?KQH@ ?=NNU = DQCA EIL=?P.
AJKPDAN LKOOE>HA @EO=@R=JP=CA KB = ?K@A KB APDE?O EO PD=P PDANA EO =HS=UO = ?D=J?A PD=P EILKNP=JP
EOOQAO SEHH =NEOA PD=P =NA JKP OLA?EBE?=HHU =@@NAOOA@ EJ PDA ?K@A. 2A?DJKHKCU EO MQE?GHU ?D=JCEJC, =J@ = ?K@A
KB APDE?O IECDP JKP >A QL@=PA@ KBPAJ AJKQCD PK GAAL QL SEPD =HH KB PDA ?D=JCAO. A CKK@ ?K@A KB APDE?O,
DKSARAN, EO SNEPPAJ EJ = >NK=@ AJKQCD B=ODEKJ PD=P EP ?=J =@@NAOO PDA APDE?=H EOOQAO KB LKPAJPE=H ?D=JCAO PK
PA?DJKHKCU SDEHA PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ >ADEJ@ PDA ?K@A I=GAO NAREOEKJO.
$EJ=HHU, = ?K@A KB APDE?O ?KQH@ D=RA =HOK >A = @EO=@R=JP=CA EJ PD=P EP I=U JKP AJPENAHU NABHA?P PDA APDE?O
KN IKN=HO KB ARANU IAI>AN KB PDA CNKQL. -NC=JEV=PEKJO SEPD = @ERANOA IAI>ANODEL I=U D=RA EJPANJ=H
?KJBHE?PO =O PK SD=P EO =??ALP=>HA >AD=REKN. $KN AT=ILHA, PDANA I=U >A = @EBBANAJ?A KB KLEJEKJ KJ PDA
?KJOQILPEKJ KB =H?KDKHE? >ARAN=CAO =P ?KIL=JU ARAJPO. 'J OQ?D ?=OAO, PDA KNC=JEV=PEKJ IQOP I=GA = ?DKE?A
=>KQP PDA EILKNP=J?A KB =@@NAOOEJC = OLA?EBE? >AD=REKN EJ PDA ?K@A.
Sidebar: Acceptable Use Policies
+=JU KNC=JEV=PEKJO PD=P LNKRE@A PA?DJKHKCU OANRE?AO PK = CNKQL KB ?KJOPEPQAJPO KN PDA LQ>HE? NAMQENA
=CNAAIAJP PK =J =??ALP=>HA QOA LKHE?U (A3.) >ABKNA PDKOA OANRE?AO ?=J >A =??AOOA@. 1EIEH=N PK = ?K@A
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Intellectual Property
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Sidebar: The History of Copyright Law
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The Digital Millennium Copyright Act
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Sidebar: Creative Commons
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Obtaining Patent Protection
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Sidebar: What Is a Patent Troll?
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#>=->1E8>DB A4;0C8>=B78? 0F0A4=4BB (#$'A)
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Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
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8. DPPL://@KJKPPN=?G.QO/
142 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Study Questions
1. 5D=P @KAO PDA PANI 8=5>A<0C8>= BHBC4<B 4C782B IA=J?
2. 5D=P EO = ?K@A KB APDE?O? 5D=P EO KJA =@R=JP=CA =J@ KJA @EO=@R=JP=CA KB = ?K@A KB APDE?O?
3. 5D=P @KAO PDA PANI 8=C4;;42CD0; ?A>?4ACH IA=J? %ERA =J AT=ILHA.
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JKP D=RA ATEOPA@ >ABKNA PDA =@RAJP KB EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU.
2. $EJ@ =J AT=ILHA KB = ?K@A KB APDE?O KN =??ALP=>HA QOA LKHE?U NAH=PA@ PK EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU
=J@ DECDHECDP BERA LKEJPO PD=P UKQ PDEJG =NA EILKNP=JP.
3. "K OKIA KNECEJ=H NAOA=N?D KJ PDA ABBKNP PK ?KI>=P L=PAJP PNKHHO. 5NEPA = PSK-L=CA L=LAN PD=P
@EO?QOOAO PDEO HACEOH=PEKJ.
4. %ERA =J AT=ILHA KB DKS ,-0A ?KQH@ >A QOA@ PK E@AJPEBU =J EJ@ERE@Q=H.
5. &KS =NA EJPAHHA?PQ=H LNKLANPU LNKPA?PEKJO @EBBANAJP =?NKOO PDA SKNH@? .E?G PSK ?KQJPNEAO =J@ @K
OKIA KNECEJ=H NAOA=N?D, PDAJ ?KIL=NA PDA L=PAJP =J@ ?KLUNECDP LNKPA?PEKJO KBBANA@ EJ PDKOA
?KQJPNEAO PK PDKOA EJ PDA 31. 5NEPA = PSK- PK PDNAA-L=CA L=LAN @AO?NE>EJC PDA @EBBANAJ?AO.
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Chapter 13: Future Trends in Information Systems
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
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Y @AO?NE>A BQPQNA PNAJ@O EJ EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO.
Introduction
'JBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO D=RA ARKHRA@ =P = N=LE@ L=?A ARAN OEJ?A PDAEN EJPNK@Q?PEKJ EJ PDA 1950O. 2K@=U, @ARE?AO
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JATP.
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144

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Social
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Chapter 13: Future Trends in Information Systems 145

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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146 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Printable
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LNE?A KB LKHE?EAO KJ DKS = ?=N EO @NERAJ =O SAHH =O SDANA EP PN=RAHO.
Y #JD=J?A@ OEPQ=PEKJ=H =S=NAJAOO. "=P= BNKI H=NCA JQI>ANO KB OAJOKNO @ALHKUA@, BKN AT=ILHA, EJ
EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA (OQ?D =O NK=@O =J@ >QEH@EJCO), KN PK NALKNP KJ AJRENKJIAJP=H ?KJ@EPEKJO (EJ?HQ@EJC
OKEH IKEOPQNA, K?A=J ?QNNAJPO, KN SA=PDAN), ?=J CERA @A?EOEKJ I=GANO = DAECDPAJA@ =S=NAJAOO KB
NA=H-PEIA ARAJPO, L=NPE?QH=NHU SDAJ PDA OAJOKNO =NA QOA@ SEPD =@R=J?A@ @EOLH=U KN REOQ=HEV=PEKJ
PA?DJKHKCEAO. 1A?QNEPU LANOKJJAH, BKN EJOP=J?A, ?=J QOA OAJOKN JAPSKNGO PD=P ?KI>EJA RE@AK, =Q@EK,
=J@ RE>N=PEKJ @APA?PKNO PK OLKP QJ=QPDKNEVA@ EJ@ERE@Q=HO SDK AJPAN NAOPNE?PA@ =NA=O.
11. DPPL://SSS.A?KJKIEOP.?KI/JASO/PA?DJKHKCU-MQ=NPANHU/21584447-@ECEP=H-I=JQB=?PQNEJC-PDANA-HKP-DULA-=NKQJ@-3@-LNEJPEJC-EP-B=OP
12. +=GANO: 2DA ,AS 'J@QOPNE=H 0ARKHQPEKJ >U !DNEO AJ@ANOKJ. !NKSJ QOEJAOO; 2012.
13. DPPL://SSS.I?GEJOAU.?KI/EJOECDPO/DECD<PA?D<PAHA?KIO<EJPANJAP/PDA<EJPANJAP<KB<PDEJCO
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Y 1AJOKN-@NERAJ @A?EOEKJ =J=HUOEO. 2DA 'JPANJAP KB 2DEJCO =HOK ?=J OQLLKNP HKJCAN-N=JCA, IKNA
?KILHAT DQI=J LH=JJEJC =J@ @A?EOEKJ I=GEJC. 2DA PA?DJKHKCU NAMQENAIAJPO \ PNAIAJ@KQO
OPKN=CA =J@ ?KILQPEJC NAOKQN?AO HEJGA@ SEPD =@R=J?A@ OKBPS=NA OUOPAIO PD=P CAJAN=PA = R=NEAPU KB
CN=LDE?=H @EOLH=UO BKN =J=HUVEJC @=P= \ NEOA =??KN@EJCHU.
Y .NK?AOO KLPEIEV=PEKJ. 1KIA EJ@QOPNEAO, OQ?D =O ?DAIE?=H LNK@Q?PEKJ, =NA EJOP=HHEJC HACEKJO KB
OAJOKNO PK >NEJC IQ?D CNA=PAN CN=JQH=NEPU PK IKJEPKNEJC. 2DAOA OAJOKNO BAA@ @=P= PK ?KILQPANO,
SDE?D EJ PQNJ =J=HUVA PDA @=P= =J@ PDAJ OAJ@ OECJ=HO PK =?PQ=PKNO PD=P =@FQOP LNK?AOOAO \ BKN
AT=ILHA, >U IK@EBUEJC EJCNA@EAJP IETPQNAO, PAILAN=PQNAO, KN LNAOOQNAO.
Y -LPEIEVA@ NAOKQN?A ?KJOQILPEKJ. ,APSKNGA@ OAJOKNO =J@ =QPKI=PA@ BAA@>=?G IA?D=JEOIO ?=J
?D=JCA QO=CA L=PPANJO BKN O?=N?A NAOKQN?AO, OQ?D =O AJANCU =J@ S=PAN. 2DEO ?=J >A =??KILHEODA@
>U @UJ=IE?=HHU ?D=JCEJC PDA LNE?A KB PDAOA CKK@O PK EJ?NA=OA KN NA@Q?A @AI=J@.
Y !KILHAT =QPKJKIKQO OUOPAIO. 2DA IKOP @AI=J@EJC QOA KB PDA 'JPANJAP KB 2DEJCO EJRKHRAO PDA
N=LE@, NA=H-PEIA OAJOEJC KB QJLNA@E?P=>HA ?KJ@EPEKJO =J@ EJOP=JP=JAKQO NAOLKJOAO CQE@A@ >U
=QPKI=PA@ OUOPAIO. 2DEO GEJ@ KB I=?DEJA @A?EOEKJ-I=GEJC IEIE?O DQI=J NA=?PEKJO, PDKQCD =P
R=OPHU AJD=J?A@ LANBKNI=J?A HARAHO. 2DA =QPKIK>EHA EJ@QOPNU, BKN EJOP=J?A, EO OPALLEJC QL PDA
@ARAHKLIAJP KB OUOPAIO PD=P ?=J @APA?P EIIEJAJP ?KHHEOEKJO =J@ P=GA AR=OERA =?PEKJ.
Autonomous
A BEJ=H PNAJ@ PD=P EO AIANCEJC EO =J ATPAJOEKJ KB PDA 'JPANJAP KB 2DEJCO: =QPKJKIKQO NK>KPO =J@ RADE?HAO. U ?KI>EJEJC OKBPS=NA,
OAJOKNO, =J@ HK?=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCEAO, @ARE?AO PD=P ?=J KLAN=PA PDAIOAHRAO PK LANBKNI OLA?EBE? BQJ?PEKJO =NA >AEJC @ARAHKLA@. 2DAOA
P=GA PDA BKNIKB ?NA=PEKJO OQ?D =O IA@E?=H J=JKPA?DJKHKCU NK>KPO (J=JK>KPO), OAHB-@NEREJC ?=NO, KN QJI=JJA@ =ANE=H RADE?HAO (3A4O).
A J=JK>KP EO = NK>KP SDKOA ?KILKJAJPO =NA KJ PDA O?=HA KB =>KQP = J=JKIAPAN, SDE?D EO KJA->EHHEKJPD
KB = IAPAN. 5DEHA OPEHH =J AIANCEJC BEAH@, EP EO ODKSEJC LNKIEOA BKN =LLHE?=PEKJO EJ PDA IA@E?=H BEAH@. $KN
AT=ILHA, = OAP KB J=JK>KPO ?KQH@ >A EJPNK@Q?A@ EJPK PDA DQI=J >K@U PK ?KI>=P ?=J?AN KN = OLA?EBE? @EOA=OA.
'J +=N?D KB 2012, %KKCHA EJPNK@Q?A@ PDA SKNH@ PK PDAEN @NERANHAOO ?=N >U NAHA=OEJC = RE@AK KJ 7KQ2Q>A
ODKSEJC = >HEJ@ I=J @NEREJC PDA ?=N =NKQJ@ PDA 1=J $N=J?EO?K =NA=. 2DA ?=N ?KI>EJAO OARAN=H PA?DJKHKCEAO,
EJ?HQ@EJC = H=OAN N=@=N OUOPAI, SKNPD =>KQP $150,000. 5DEHA PDA ?=N EO JKP =R=EH=>HA ?KIIAN?E=HHU UAP, PDNAA
31 OP=PAO (,AR=@=, $HKNE@=, =J@ !=HEBKNJE=) D=RA =HNA=@U L=OOA@ HACEOH=PEKJ I=GEJC @NERANHAOO ?=NO HAC=H.
A 3A4, KBPAJ NABANNA@ PK =O = ^@NKJA,_ EO = OI=HH =ENLH=JA KN DAHE?KLPAN PD=P ?=J BHU SEPDKQP = LEHKP.
'JOPA=@ KB = LEHKP, PDAU =NA AEPDAN NQJ =QPKJKIKQOHU >U ?KILQPANO EJ PDA RADE?HA KN KLAN=PA@ >U = LANOKJ
QOEJC = NAIKPA ?KJPNKH. 5DEHA IKOP @NKJAO PK@=U =NA QOA@ BKN IEHEP=NU KN ?EREH =LLHE?=PEKJO, PDANA EO =
CNKSEJC I=NGAP BKN LANOKJ=H @NKJAO. $KN =NKQJ@ $300, = ?KJOQIAN ?=J LQN?D=OA = @NKJA BKN LANOKJ=H QOA.
Summary
AO PDA SKNH@ KB EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU IKRAO BKNS=N@, SA SEHH >A ?KJOP=JPHU ?D=HHAJCA@ >U JAS
?=L=>EHEPEAO =J@ EJJKR=PEKJO PD=P SEHH >KPD =I=VA =J@ @EOCQOP QO. AO SA HA=NJA@ EJ ?D=LPAN 12, I=JU PEIAO
PDA JAS ?=L=>EHEPEAO =J@ LKSANO PD=P ?KIA SEPD PDAOA JAS PA?DJKHKCEAO SEHH PAOP QO =J@ NAMQENA = JAS S=U
148 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
KB PDEJGEJC =>KQP PDA SKNH@. QOEJAOOAO =J@ EJ@ERE@Q=HO =HEGA JAA@ PK >A =S=NA KB PDAOA ?KIEJC ?D=JCAO
=J@ LNAL=NA BKN PDAI.
Study Questions
1. 5DE?D ?KQJPNEAO =NA PDA >ECCAOP QOANO KB PDA 'JPANJAP? 1K?E=H IA@E=? +K>EHA?
2. 5DE?D ?KQJPNU D=@ PDA H=NCAOP 'JPANJAP CNKSPD (EJ %) >APSAAJ 2008 =J@ 2012?
3. &KS SEHH IKOP LAKLHA ?KJJA?P PK PDA 'JPANJAP EJ PDA BQPQNA?
4. 5D=P =NA PSK @EBBANAJP =LLHE?=PEKJO KB SA=N=>HA PA?DJKHKCEAO?
5. 5D=P =NA PSK @EBBANAJP =LLHE?=PEKJO KB ?KHH=>KN=PERA PA?DJKHKCEAO?
6. 5D=P ?=L=>EHEPEAO @K LNEJP=>HA PA?DJKHKCEAO D=RA?
7. &KS SEHH =@R=J?AO EJ SENAHAOO PA?DJKHKCEAO =J@ OAJOKNO I=GA K>FA?PO ^BEJ@=>HA_?
8. 5D=P EO AJD=J?A@ OEPQ=PEKJ=H =S=NAJAOO?
9. 5D=P EO = J=JK>KP?
10. 5D=P EO = 3A4?
Exercises
1. 'B UKQ SANA CKEJC PK OP=NP = JAS PA?DJKHKCU >QOEJAOO, SDE?D KB PDA AIANCEJC PNAJ@O @K UKQ
PDEJG SKQH@ >A PDA >ECCAOP KLLKNPQJEPU? "K OKIA KNECEJ=H NAOA=N?D PK AOPEI=PA PDA I=NGAP OEVA.
2. 5D=P LNER=?U ?KJ?ANJO ?KQH@ >A N=EOA@ >U ?KHH=>KN=PERA PA?DJKHKCEAO OQ?D =O 5=VA?
3. "K OKIA NAOA=N?D =>KQP PDA BENOP D=J@CQJ LNEJPA@ QOEJC = 3-" LNEJPAN =J@ NALKNP KJ OKIA KB PDA
?KJ?ANJO N=EOA@.
4. 5NEPA QL =J AT=ILHA KB DKS PDA 'JPANJAP KB 2DEJCO IECDP LNKRE@A = >QOEJAOO SEPD = ?KILAPEPERA
=@R=JP=CA.
5. &KS @K UKQ PDEJG SA=N=>HA PA?DJKHKCEAO ?KQH@ EILNKRA KRAN=HH DA=HPD?=NA?
6. 5D=P LKPAJPE=H LNK>HAIO @K UKQ OAA SEPD = NEOA EJ PDA JQI>AN KB @NERANHAOO ?=NO? "K OKIA
EJ@ALAJ@AJP NAOA=N?D =J@ SNEPA = PSK-L=CA L=LAN PD=P @AO?NE>AO SDANA @NERANHAOO ?=NO =NA HAC=H =J@
SD=P LNK>HAIO I=U K??QN.
7. 1AAG KQP PDA H=PAOP LNAOAJP=PEKJ >U +=NU +AAGAN KJ ^'JPANJAP 2NAJ@O_ (EB UKQ ?=JJKP BEJ@ EP, PDA
RE@AK BNKI 2013 EO =R=EH=>HA =P DPPL://=HHPDEJCO@.?KI/20130529/I=NU-IAAGANO-2013-EJPANJAP-
PNAJ@O-@A?G-PDA-BQHH-RE@AK/). 5NEPA = KJA-L=CA L=LAN @AO?NE>EJC SD=P PDA PKL PDNAA PNAJ@O =NA, EJ
UKQN KLEJEKJ.
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Answers to Study Questions
!D=LPAN 1
1. 5D=P =NA PDA BERA ?KILKJAJPO PD=P I=GA QL =J EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAI?
0. 70A3F0A4, B>5CF0A4, 30C0, ?4>?;4, ?A>24BB
2. 5D=P =NA PDNAA AT=ILHAO KB EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAI D=N@S=NA?
0. )74A4 0A4 0 =D<14A >5 ?>BB81;4 0=BF4AB: 0 %C, 0 ?A8=C4A, 0 <>DB4, C01;4CB, <>18;4
?7>=4B, 4C2.
3. +E?NKOKBP 5EJ@KSO EO =J AT=ILHA KB SDE?D ?KILKJAJP KB EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO?
0. IC 8B 0= >?4A0C8=6 BHBC4<, F7827 8B 0 ?0AC >5 C74 B>5CF0A4 2><?>=4=C.
4. 5D=P EO =LLHE?=PEKJ OKBPS=NA?
0. (>5CF0A4 C70C 3>4B B><4C78=6 DB45D;.
5. 5D=P NKHAO @K LAKLHA LH=U EJ EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAIO?
0. )74 C4GC 8=2;D34B 4G0<?;4B BD27 0B 74;?34B: BD??>AC, BHBC4<B 0=0;HBC, ?A>6A0<<4A, 0=3
CI$.
6. 5D=P EO PDA @ABEJEPEKJ KB = LNK?AOO?
0. A ?A>24BB 8B 0 B4A84B >5 BC4?B D=34AC0:4= C> 02784E4 0 34B8A43 >DC2><4 >A 6>0;.
7. 5D=P S=O EJRAJPA@ BENOP, PDA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN KN PDA 'JPANJAP (A0.A,#2)?
0. )74 I=C4A=4C F0B 02C8E0C43 8= 1969; C74 ?4AB>=0; 2><?DC4A F0B 8=CA>3D243 8= 1975.
8. 'J SD=P UA=N SANA NAOPNE?PEKJO KJ ?KIIAN?E=H QOA KB PDA 'JPANJAP BENOP HEBPA@? 5DAJ SANA A=U
=J@ AI=VKJ BKQJ@A@?
0. '4BCA82C8>=B F4A4 ;85C43 8= 1991, A<0I>= F0B 5>D=343 8= 1994, 0=3 4B0H F0B 5>D=343 8=
1995.
9. 5D=P @KAO EP IA=J PK O=U SA =NA EJ = ^LKOP-.! SKNH@_?
0. )74 ?4AB>=0; 2><?DC4A F8;; => ;>=64A 14 C74 ?A8<0AH F0H C70C ?4>?;4 8=C4A02C 0=3 3>
1DB8=4BB.
10. 5D=P EO !=NNaO I=EJ =NCQIAJP =>KQP EJBKNI=PEKJ PA?DJKHKCU?
0. )70C 8=5>A<0C8>= C427=>;>6H 8B 9DBC 0 2><<>38CH 0=3 20==>C 14 DB43 C> 608= 0
2><?4C8C8E4 03E0=C064.
!D=LPAN 2
1. 5NEPA UKQN KSJ @AO?NELPEKJ KB SD=P PDA PANI 8=5>A<0C8>= BHBC4<B 70A3F0A4 IA=JO.
0. A=BF4AB F8;; E0AH, 1DC B7>D;3 B0H B><4C78=6 01>DC 8=5>A<0C8>= BHBC4<B 70A3F0A4
2>=B8BC8=6 >5 C74 ?7HB820; ?0ACB >5 2><?DC8=6 34E824B C70C 20= 02CD0;;H 14 C>D2743.
2. 5D=P EO PDA EIL=?P KB +KKNAaO *=S KJ PDA R=NEKQO D=N@S=NA ?KILKJAJPO @AO?NE>A@ EJ PDEO
?D=LPAN?
0. )74 BCD34=C B7>D;3 ?82: >=4 >5 C74 2><?>=4=CB 0=3 38B2DBB C74 8<?02C >5 C74 502C C70C
2><?DC8=6 3>D1;4B 8= B?443 4E4AH CF> H40AB. ">BC 34E824B 0A4 64CC8=6 B<0;;4A, 50BC4A, 2740?4A,
0=3 C78B B7>D;3 14 8=3820C43 8= C74 0=BF4A.
3. 5NEPA = OQII=NU KB KJA KB PDA EPAIO HEJGA@ PK EJ PDA ^'JPACN=PA@ !KILQPEJC_ OA?PEKJ.
0. )74 BCD34=C B7>D;3 FA8C4 0 BD<<0AH >5 >=4 >5 C74 ;8=:43 0AC82;4B.
150

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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
4. #TLH=EJ SDU PDA LANOKJ=H ?KILQPAN EO JKS ?KJOE@ANA@ = ?KIIK@EPU.
0. )74 %C 70B 142><4 0 2><<>38CH 8= C74 B4=B4 C70C C74A4 8B E4AH ;8CC;4 38554A4=C80C8>=
14CF44= 2><?DC4AB, 0=3 C74 ?A8<0AH 502C>A C70C 2>=CA>;B C748A B0;4 8B C748A ?A824.
5. 2DA !.3 ?=J =HOK >A PDKQCDP KB =O PDA <<<<<<<<<<<<< KB PDA ?KILQPAN.
0. 1A08=
6. *EOP PDA BKHHKSEJC EJ EJ?NA=OEJC KN@AN (OHKSAOP PK B=OPAOP): IAC=DANPV, GEHKDANPV, CEC=DANPV.
0. :8;>74ACI, <46074ACI, 686074ACI
7. 5D=P EO PDA >QO KB = ?KILQPAN?
0. )74 1DB 8B C74 4;42CA820; 2>==42C8>= 14CF44= 38554A4=C 2><?DC4A 2><?>=4=CB.
8. ,=IA PSK @EBBANAJ?AO >APSAAJ 0A+ =J@ = D=N@ @EOG.
0. 'A" 8B E>;0C8;4; C74 70A3 38B: 8B =>=-E>;0C8;4. D0C0 0224BB 8= 'A" 8B 50BC4A C70= >= C74
70A3 38B:.
9. 5D=P =NA PDA =@R=JP=CAO KB OKHE@-OP=PA @NERAO KRAN D=N@ @EOGO?
0. )74 <08= 03E0=C064 8B B?443: 0= ((D 70B <D27 50BC4A 30C0-0224BB B?443B C70= 0
CA038C8>=0; 70A3 38B:.
10. &KS DA=RU S=O PDA BENOP ?KIIAN?E=HHU OQ??AOOBQH LKNP=>HA ?KILQPAN?
0. )74 C><?0@ %C F0B 28 ?>D=3B.
!D=LPAN 3
1. !KIA QL SEPD UKQN KSJ @ABEJEPEKJ KB OKBPS=NA. #TLH=EJ PDA GAU PANIO EJ UKQN @ABEJEPEKJ.
0. A E0A84CH >5 0=BF4AB 0A4 ?>BB81;4, 1DC B7>D;3 14 B8<8;0A C> C74 3458=8C8>= 8= C74 C4GC:
(>5CF0A4 8B C74 B4C >5 8=BCAD2C8>=B C70C C4;; C74 70A3F0A4 F70C C> 3>. (>5CF0A4 8B 2A40C43 C7A>D67
C74 ?A>24BB >5 ?A>6A0<<8=6.
2. 5D=P =NA PDA BQJ?PEKJO KB PDA KLAN=PEJC OUOPAI?
0. )74 >?4A0C8=6 BHBC4< <0=064B C74 70A3F0A4 A4B>DA24B >5 C74 2><?DC4A, ?A>E834B
C74 DB4A-8=C4A5024 2><?>=4=CB, 0=3 ?A>E834B 0 ?;0C5>A< 5>A B>5CF0A4 34E4;>?4AB C> FA8C4
0??;820C8>=B.
3. 5DE?D KB PDA BKHHKSEJC =NA KLAN=PEJC OUOPAIO =J@ SDE?D =NA =LLHE?=PEKJO: +E?NKOKBP #T?AH,
%KKCHA !DNKIA, E2QJAO, 5EJ@KSO, AJ@NKE@, AJCNU EN@O.
0. "82A>B>5C EG24; (0??;820C8>=), G>>6;4 C7A><4 (0??;820C8>=), 8)D=4B (0??;820C8>=),
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4. 5D=P EO UKQN B=RKNEPA OKBPS=NA =LLHE?=PEKJ? 5D=P P=OGO @KAO EP DAHL UKQ =??KILHEOD?
0. (CD34=CB F8;; 70E4 E0A8>DB 0=BF4AB C> C78B @D4BC8>=. )74H B7>D;3 ?82: 0= 0??;820C8>=, =>C
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5. 5D=P EO = ^GEHHAN_ =LL? 5D=P S=O PDA GEHHAN =LL BKN PDA .!?
0. A :8;;4A 0?? 8B 0??;820C8>= B>5CF0A4 C70C 8B B> DB45D; C70C ?4>?;4 F8;; ?DA270B4 C74
70A3F0A4 9DBC B> C74H 20= AD= 8C. )74 :8;;4A 0?? 5>A C74 %C F0B C74 B?A403B744C (+8B820;2).
6. &KS SKQH@ UKQ ?=PACKNEVA PDA OKBPS=NA PD=P NQJO KJ IK>EHA @ARE?AO? NA=G @KSJ PDAOA =LLO
EJPK =P HA=OP PDNAA >=OE? ?=PACKNEAO =J@ CERA =J AT=ILHA KB A=?D.
0. )74A4 0A4 E0A8>DB F0HB C> 0=BF4A C78B @D4BC8>=. (CD34=CB B7>D;3 834=C85H C70C C74A4 0A4
<>18;4 >?4A0C8=6 BHBC4<B 0=3 <>18;4 0??B. ">BC ;8:4;H, BCD34=CB F8;; 1A40: 3>F= <>18;4 0??B
8=C> <D;C8?;4 20C46>A84B: 60<4B, G%(, A4038=6, 2><<D=820C8>=, 4C2.
7. #TLH=EJ SD=P =J #0. OUOPAI @KAO.
0. A= E'% (4=C4A?A8B4 A4B>DA24 ?;0==8=6) BHBC4< 8B 0 B>5CF0A4 0??;820C8>= F8C7 0
24=CA0;8I43 30C010B4 C70C 8B 8<?;4<4=C43 02A>BB C74 4=C8A4 >A60=8I0C8>=.
Answers to Study Questions 151

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
8. 5D=P EO KLAJ-OKQN?A OKBPS=NA? &KS @KAO EP @EBBAN BNKI ?HKOA@-OKQN?A OKBPS=NA? %ERA =J
AT=ILHA KB A=?D.
0. $?4=-B>DA24 B>5CF0A4 8B B>5CF0A4 C70C <0:4B C74 B>DA24 2>34 0E08;01;4 5>A 0=H>=4 C>
2>?H 0=3 DB4. IC 8B 5A44 C> 3>F=;>03, 2>?H, 0=3 38BCA81DC4. C;>B43-B>DA24 B>5CF0A4 3>4B =>C <0:4
C74 B>DA24 2>34 0E08;01;4 0=3 64=4A0;;H 8B =>C 5A44 C> 3>F=;>03, 2>?H, 0=3 38BCA81DC4. )74A4
0A4 <0=H 4G0<?;4B >5 1>C7, BD27 0B: F8A45>G (>?4= B>DA24), !8=DG (>?4= B>DA24), 8)D=4B (2;>B43
B>DA24), "82A>B>5C $55824 (2;>B43 B>DA24).
9. 5D=P @KAO = OKBPS=NA HE?AJOA CN=JP?
0. (>5CF0A4 ;824=B4B 0A4 =>C 0;; C74 B0<4, 1DC 64=4A0;;H C74H 6A0=C C74 DB4A C74 A867C C> DB4
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152 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Answers to Study Questions 153

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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8. 5D=P =NA PDA ?KILKJAJPO KB = CKK@ >=?GQL LH=J?
154 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
0. =>F8=6 F70C =443B C> 14 102:43 D?, A46D;0A 102:D?B >5 0;; 30C0, >55B8C4 BC>A064 >5 0;;
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9. 5D=P @KAO = ?KHH=>KN=PERA EJBKNI=PEKJ OUOPAI @K?
Answers to Study Questions 155

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
0. A 2>;;01>A0C8E4 BHBC4< 8B B>5CF0A4 C70C 0;;>FB <D;C8?;4 DB4AB C> 8=C4A02C >= 0 3>2D<4=C
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156 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Answers to Study Questions 157

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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158 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Answers to Study Questions 159

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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160 Information Systems for Business and Beyond

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Answers to Study Questions 161

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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&=IIAN, +E?D=AH. ^0AAJCEJAANEJC 5KNG: "KJaP AQPKI=PA, ->HEPAN=PA._ H0AE0A3
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162

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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
+KKNA, %KN@KJ #. ^!N=IIEJC +KNA !KILKJAJPO KJPK 'JPACN=PA@ !EN?QEPO._ E;42CA>=82B, LL. 114\117,
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1UOPAIO._ J>DA=0; $5 BDB8=4BB (CA0C46H, 5(2) (1984), L. 42.
Bibliography 163

saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.