Definition

Form 4
1. Matter
-- Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
2. Melting
-- Melting is the process where a solid changes to its liquid state at a certain
temperature and pressure when heat is applied to the solid.
3. Melting point
-- Melting point is the temperature at which the solid changes into the liquid state at a
certain pressure.
4. Boiling
-- Boiling is the process where a liquid changes to its gaseous state at a certain
temperature and pressure when heat is applied to it.
. Boiling point
-- Boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid changes into the gaseous state a
certain pressure.

!. "#aporation
-- "#aporation is the process which liquid changes into the gaseous state at any
temperature.
$. %roton num&er
-- %roton num&er of an element is the num&er of protons found in the nucleus of the
atom.
'. (ucleon num&er
-- (ucleon num&er of an element is the total num&er of protons and neutron found in
the nucleus of the atom.
). *sotopes
-- *sotopes are atoms of the same element with the same
proton num&er &ut different nucleon num&er.
+Isotopes are atoms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers
of neutrons.,
1-. .alence electrons
-- .alence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
+Valence electrons are the electrons in the shell which is furthest from the nucleus of
an atom,
11. /elati#e atomic mass
-- /elati#e atomic mass of an atom is the num&er of times the mass of one atom of an
element which is hea#ier than 1012 of the mass of a car&on-12 atom.
12. 1#ogadro constant
-- 1#ogadro constant is the num&er of particles in one mole of a su&stance.
13. Molar #olume
-- Molar #olume of a gas is the #olume of one mole of the gas.
14. 2hemical formulae
-- 2hemical formula is a representation of a chemical su&stance using letters for atoms
and su&script num&ers to show the num&ers of each type of atoms that are present in the
su&stance.
1. "mpirical formula
-- "mpirical formula of a compound is the chemical formula that shows the simplest
whole num&er ratio of atoms of each element present in the compound.
1!. Molecular formula
-- Molecular formula of a compound is the chemical formula that shows the actual
num&er of atoms of each element that are present in one molecule of the compound.
1$. "lectropositi#ity
-- "lectropositi#ity of an element is a measurement of the a&ility of an atom to donate
electrons and form a positi#e ion.
1'. "lectronegati#ity
-- "lectronegati#ity is a measurement of the strength of an atom to attract electrons
towards its nucleus and form a negati#e ion.
1). 1mphoteric o3ide
-- 1mphoteric o3ide is an o3ide which can react with &oth acids and &ases to form salts
and water.
2-. *onic &ond
-- *onic &ond is a chemical &ond that is formed as a result of strong electrostatic forces
of attraction &etween oppositely charged ions which are formed through the transfer of
electrons from metal elements to atoms of non-metals elements.
21. 2o#alent &ond
-- 2o#alent &ond is a chemical &ond formed through the sharing of electrons &etween
two non-metal atoms.
22. "lectrolytes
-- "lectrolytes are su&stances that can conduct electricity either in molten state or in
aqueous solution4 and undergo chemical changes.
23. (on-electrolytes
-- "lectrolytes are su&stances that cannot conduct electricity either in molten state or in
aqueous solution.
24. 2onductors
-- 2onductors are su&stances that can conduct electricity in solid or molten state &ut are
not chemically changed.
2. *nert electrodes
-- *nert electrodes are electrodes that do not ta5e part in chemical reactions during
electrolysis.
2!. 1node
-- 1node is the electrode where the process of donation of electrons ta5es place
+o3idation process,.
2$. 2athode
-- 1node is the electrode where the process of acceptance of electrons ta5es place
+reduction process,.
2'. "lectroplating
-- "lectroplating is a process carried out to coat the surface area of metal o&6ects with a
thin and e#en layer of another metal.
2). "lectrochemical 7eries
-- "lectrochemical series is an arrangement of metals &ased on the tendency of each
metal atom to donate electrons.
3-. 1cid
-- 1cid is a chemical su&stance which ioni8es in water to produce hydrogen ion4 9
:
.
31. 7trong acid
-- 1 strong acid is an acid which ioni8es completely in water to produce high
concentration of hydrogen ions.
32. ;ea5 acid
-- 1 wea5 acid is an acid which ioni8es partially in water to produce low concentration
of hydrogen ions.
33. Monoprotic acid
-- Monoprotic acid is an acid which produces one hydrogen ion when one molecule of
the acid ioni8es in water.
34. Diprotic acid
-- Diprotic acid is an acid which produces two hydrogen ions when one molecule of
the acid ioni8es in water
3. <riprotic acid
-- <riprotic acid is an acid which produce a ma3imum of three hydrogen ions when one
molecule of the acid ioni8es in water
3!. Base
-- 1 &ase is a chemical su&stance that can neutrali8ed an acid to produce a salt and
water.
3$. 1l5ali
-- 1l5ali is &ase that dissol#es in water to produce hydro3ide ions4 =9
-
.
3'. 7trong al5ali
-- 1 strong al5ali is an al5ali which ioni8es completely in water to produce high
concentration of hydro3ide ions.
3). ;ea5 al5ali
-- 1 wea5 al5ali is an al5ali which ioni8es partially in water to produce low
concentration of hydro3ide ions.
4-. p9 scale
-- <he p9 scale is a scale of num&ers4 ranging from - to 144 used to measure the
acidity or al5alinity of an aqueous solution &ased on the concentration of hydrogen
ion4 9
:
in the aqueous solution.
41. 2oncentration
-- 2oncentration of a solution is a measurement which shows the quantity of a
dissol#ed solute in 1 dm
3
of the solution.
42. Molarity
-- Molarity is the unit of concentration that shows the num&er of moles of a solute
dissol#ed in 1 dm
3
of solution.
43. 7tandard solution
-- 1 standard solution is a solution in which its concentration is accurately 5nown.
44. (eutralisation
-- (eutralisation is a reaction &etween an acid with a &ase or al5ali to produce a salt
and water.
4. <itration
-- <itration is a la&oratory technique in which one solution is used to analyse another solution.
4!. 1cid-&ase titration
-- 1cid-&ase titration is a quantitati#e analysis used to determine the #olume of an
acid required to e3actly neutralise a fi3ed or 5nown #olume of an al5ali4 and #ice #ersa.
4$. "nd-point
-- <he end-point is the point at which the amount of acid added e3actly neutralises all
the al5ali4 that is the point when all =9
-
ions com&ine with 9
:
ions to form water.
4'. 7alt
-- 1 salt is an ionic compound that is formed when the hydrogen ion4 9
:
4 from an acid
is replaced &y a metal ion or an ammonium ion4 (94
:
.
4). 7olu&le salts
-- 7olu&le salts are salts that can dissol#e in water at room temperature.
-. *nsolu&le salts
-- *nsolu&le salts are salts that cannot dissol#e in water at room temperature
1. /ecrystallisation
-- /ecrystallisation is the method used to purify solu&le salt.
2. Dou&le decomposition reaction
-- Dou&le decomposition is the reaction when two aqueous solutions are mi3ed4 the
ions from two different salts interchange to form an insolu&le and a solu&le salt.
3. 1lloy
-- 1n alloy is a mi3ture of two or more elements with a certain fi3ed composition in
which the ma6or component is a metal.
4. %olymers
-- %olymers are long-chain molecules +large molecules, made up of many identical
repeating su&-units called monomers which are 6oined together &y co#alent &onds.
. Monomers
-- Monomers are small molecules that com&ine to form polymers.
!. 2omposite materials
-- 1 composite materials is a structural material that is formed &y com&ining two or
more different su&stances such as metal4 alloys4 glass4 ceramics and polymers. <he
resulting material has properties that are superior than those of the original components.

Form
1. /ate of reaction
-- /ate or reaction is the speed at which reactants are con#erted into products in a
chemical reaction.
2. 2atalyst
-- 1 catalyst is a su&stance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction while it remains
chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.
3. %ositi#e catalyst
-- A positive catalyst is a su&stance that increases the rate of a reaction.
4. (egati#e catalyst
-- A negative catalyst is a su&stance that decreases +or lower, the rate of a chemical
reaction.
. 1cti#ation energy
-- <he acti#ation energy is the minimum energy that the reactant particles must possess
at the time of collision in order for a chemical reaction to ta5e place.
!. "ffecti#e collision
-- "ffecti#e collision is the collisions which achie#ed an equal to4 or more than the
minimum amount of acti#ation energy4 and with the correct orientation that are successful
in producing a chemical reaction.
$. *neffecti#e collision
-- *neffecti#e collision is the collision when the particles collide with energy less than
the acti#ation energy needed for reaction or with the wrong orientation4 they simply
&ounce apart without reacting.
'. 2ar&on compounds
-- 2ar&on compounds are compounds that contains car&on as one of their constituent
elements.
). 9ydrocar&ons
-- 9ydrocar&ons are organic compounds that contain the elements of car&on and
hydrogen only.
1-. 9omologous series
-- 9omologous series are families of organic compounds that ha#e the same chemical
properties.
11. 7aturated hydrocar&ons
-- 7aturated hydrocar&ons are hydrocar&ons that ha#e only single co#alent &onds
&etween all the car&on atoms in the molecules.
12. >nsaturated hydrocar&ons
-- >nsaturated hydrocar&ons are hydrocar&ons that ha#e at least one car&on-car&on
dou&le or triple &ond in the molecules.
13. *somerism
-- *somerism is the existence of two or more compounds that ha#e the same molecular
formula &ut different structural formulae.
14. /eflu3
-- /eflu3 is method of retaining a #olatile liquid during heating.
1. .ulcani8ation
-- .ulcani8ation is the process of hardening natural ru&&er &y heating it with sulphur or
sulphur compounds.
1!. /edo3 /eactions
-- /edo3 reactions are chemical reactions in#ol#ing o3idation and reduction occurring
simultaneously.
1$. "3othermic /eaction
-- 1n e3othermic reaction is a chemical reaction that gi#es out heat to the surroundings.
1'. "ndothermic /eaction
-- 1n endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that a&sor&s heat from the
surroundings
1). Bond energies
-- Bond energy is the energy required to &rea5 one mole of co#alent &onds.
2-. 9eat of reaction
-- <he heat of reaction is the heat energy a&sor&ed or released when the num&er of
moles of reactant4 as shown in the chemical equation4 react to form the products.
21. 7pecific heat capacity
-- 7pecific heat capacity of a solution is the heat energy required to raise the
temperature of 1.-g of the solution &y 1.-
-
2.
22. 9eat of %recipitation
-- <he heat of precipitation is the heat change when one mole of a precipitate is formed
from their ions in aqueous solution.
23. 9eat of displacement
-- <he heat of displacement is the heat change when one mole of a metal is displaced from its
salt solution &y a more electropositi#e metal.
24. 9eat of (eutrali8ation
-- <he heat of neutrali8ation is the heat change when one mole of water is formed from the
reaction &etween an acid and an al5ali.

+or,
-- <he heat of neutrali8ation is the heat change when one mole of hydrogen ions is neutrali8ed
&y one mole of hydro3ide ions to form one mole of water.
2. 9eat of 2om&ustion
--<he heat of com&ustion is the heat change when one mole of a substance is
completely burnt in e3cess o3ygen under standard conditions.
2!. 7aponification
-- Saponification is the al5aline hydrolysis process of ester +oil or fat, in soap-ma5ing.
2$. 9ard water
-- 9ard water is the water that contains magnesium ions or calcium ions.
2'. Food additi#e
-- Food additi#e is a natural or synthetic su&stance which is added to food to pre#ent
spoilage or to impro#e its appearance4 taste or te3ture.
2). Medicine
-- 1 medicine is a su&stance used to pre#ent or cure diseases or to relie#e pain and
suffering due to illnesses.
3-. <raditional medicine
-- <raditional medicines are medicines deri#ed from natural sources such as plants and
animals without &eing processed chemically.
31. Modern medicine
-- Modern medicines are made &y scientists in la&oratories and on su&stances found in
nature. <he acti#e ingredients in the su&stances are identified4 e3tracted and purified.
32. 1nalgesics +pain5illers,
-- 1nalgesics are medicines used to relie#e pain without causing num&ness or affecting
consciousness.
33. 1nti&iotic
-- 1nti&iotics are medicines used to treat infections caused &y &acteria as they can 5ill or
slow down the growth of &acteria.
34. %sychotherapeutic medicines
-- %sychotherapeutic medicines are used to alter a&normal thin5ing4 feelings or
&eha#iours.
3. Drug a&use
-- <a5ing drugs e3cessi#ely and without a doctor?s prescription is called drug a&use.