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Unit 2 Chapter 13 Answers

This document provides examples of calculating power series expansions of various functions around a point. It gives the power series expansions of common functions like logarithms, exponentials, trigonometric functions, and inverse trigonometric functions. The examples provide the formula for each term in the expansion as well as calculating the values at specific points. It is a detailed reference for deriving power series expansions of different functions.

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ashtigosine
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© © All Rights Reserved
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307 views8 pages

Unit 2 Chapter 13 Answers

This document provides examples of calculating power series expansions of various functions around a point. It gives the power series expansions of common functions like logarithms, exponentials, trigonometric functions, and inverse trigonometric functions. The examples provide the formula for each term in the expansion as well as calculating the values at specific points. It is a detailed reference for deriving power series expansions of different functions.

Uploaded by

ashtigosine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Page 1 of 8

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013



Chapter 13 Power Series


Exercise 13A

1 f(x) =ln (1 +x) f(0) =ln 1 =0
f
1
(x) =
1
1 x +
f
1
(0) =
1
1
1 0
=
+

f
2
(x) =
2
1
(1 ) x

+
f
2
(0) =1
f
3
(x) =
3
2
(1 ) x +
f
3
(0) =2
f
4
(x) =
4
6
(1 ) x

+
f
4
(0) =6
Expansion f(x) =
2 3 4
1 1 1
...
2 3 4
x x x x + +
2 f(x) =(4 +x)
1/2
f(0) =2
f
1
(x) =
1
2
(4 +x)
1/2
.

f
1
(0) =
1
4

f
2
(x) =
1
4
(4 +x)
3/2
f
2
(0) =
1
32

f
3
(x) =
5/2
3
(4 )
8
x

+ f
3
(0) =
3 1 3
8 32 256
=
f
4
(x) =
7/2
5
(4 )
16
x

+ f
4
(0) =
5 1 5
16 128 2048

=
Expansion f(x) =2 +
2 3 4
1 1 3 5
...
4 2! 32 3! 256 4! 2048
x x x
x
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

2 3 4
1 1 1 5
2 ...
4 64 512 49152
x x x x = + + +
3 f(x) =e
4x
f(0) =e
0
=1
f
1
(x) =4e
4x
f
1
(0) =4
f
2
(x) =16e
4x
f
2
(0) =16
f
3
(x) =64e
4x
f
3
(0) =64
f
4
(x) =256e
4x
f
4
(0) =256
f(x) =1 +4x +16
2
2
x | |
|
\ .
+64
3 4
256 ...
3! 4!
x x | | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

2 3 4
32 32
=1+4 +8 + + ...
3 3
x x x x +
4 f(x) =(1 +x)
n
f(0) =1
f
1
(x) =n(1 +x)
n1
f
1
(0) =n
f
2
(x) =n(n 1) (1 +x)
n 2
f
2
(0) =n(n 1)
f
3
(x) =n(n 1) (n 2) (1 +x)
n3
f
3
(0) =n(n 1)(n 2)
f
4
(x) =n(n 1) (n 2) (n 3) (1 +x)
n4
f
4
(0) =n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
2 3 4
( 1) ( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)( 3)
( ) 1 ...
2! 3! 4!
n n n n n n n n n
f x nx x x x

= + + + + +
5 f(x) =tan x
f
1
(x) =sec
2
x
f
2
(x) =2 sec x sec x tan x
Page 2 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

=2 sec
2
x tan x
f
3
(x) =2 sec
4
x +4 sec
2
x tan
2
x
f
4
(x) =8 sec
3
x sec x tan x +4 sec
2
x (2 tan x sec
2
x) +4 tan
2
x (2 sec
2
x tan x)
f(0) =tan 0 =0
f
1
(0) =sec
2
0 =1
f
2
(0) =2 sec
2
0 tan 0 =0
f
3
(0) =2
f
4
(0) =0
f(x) =
3
2
3!
x x + +
3
1
3
x x = + +
6 f(x) =sin
1
(x)
f
1
(x) =
2 1/2
2
1
(1 )
1
x
x


f
2
(x) =x(1 x
2
)
3/2
f
3
(x) =(1 x
2
)
3/2
+x
2 5/2
3
( 2 )(1 )
2
x x

(
| |

| (
\ .


2 3/2 2 2 5/2
(1 ) 3 (1 ) x x x

= +
f
4
(x) =
2 5/2 2 5/2
3
( 2 )(1 ) 6 (1 )
2
x x x x

+ +3x
2

2 7/2
5
( 2 ) (1 )
2
x x

(

(


5 7
2 3 2
2 2
9 (1 ) 15 (1 ) x x x x

= +
f(0) =0, f
1
(0) =1, f
2
(0) =0, f
3
(0) =1, f
4
(0) =0
sin
1
(x) =x +
3
1
3!
x +L
7 f(x) =tan
1
(x)
f
1
(x) =
2 1
2
1
(1 )
1
x
x

= +
+

f
2
(x) =2x(1 +x
2
)
2

f
3
(x) =2(1 +x
2
)
2
+4 (x) (2x) (1 +x
2
)
3
=2 (1 +x
2
)
2
+8x
2
(1 +x
2
)
3
f
4
(x) =4 (1 +x
2
)
3
(2x) +16x (1 +x
2
)
3
48x
3
(1 +x
2
)
4

=24x(1 +x
2
)
3
48x
3
(1 +x
2
)
4

f(0) =0, f
1
(0) =1, f
2
(0) =0, f
3
(0) =2, f
4
(0) =0
tan
1
(x) =x
3
2
3!
x +
3
1
3
x x = +
8 (a) y =e
x
cos x

d
sin cos
d
x x
y
e x e x
x
= +

d
sin
d
x
y
y e x
x
=
(b)
2
2
d d
cos sin
d d
x x
y y
e x e x
x x
=

2
2
d d d
d d d
y y y
y y
x x x
= +
Page 3 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


2
2
d d
2
d d
y y
y
x x
| |
=
|
\ .


3 2
3 2
d d d
2
d d d
y y y
x x x
(
=
(


x =0, y =e
0
cos 0 =1

0
d
1 sin0 1
d
y
e
x
= =

2
2
d
2(11) 0
d
y
x
= =

3
3
d
2(0 1) 2
d
y
x
= =

3
3
2 1
1 1
3! 3
x
y x x x = + = + +
9 y =e
s 1n x
sin
d
cos
d
x
y
x e
x
=
d
cos
d
y
y x
x
=
2
2
d d
cos sin
d d
y y
x y x
x x
=
3 2
3 2
d d d d
cos sin cos sin
d d d d
y y y y
x x y x x
x x x x
=
2
2
d d
cos 2 sin cos
d d
y y
x x y x
x x
=
4 3 2 2
4 3 2 2
d d d d d d
cos sin 2 sin 2 cos sin cos
d d d d d d
y y y y y y
x x x x y x x
x x x x x x
= +
x =0, y =e
0
=1
sin0
d
cos0 1
d
y
e
x
= =
2
2
d
1
d
y
x
=
3
3
d
1 1 0
d
y
x
= =
4
4
d
2 1 3
d
y
x
= =
2 4
1 3
1 ...
2 24
y x x x = + + +
2 4
1 1
1 ...
2 8
x x x = + + +
10 cos
2
y x
| |
= +
|
\ .

2 3 4
2 3 4
d d d d
sin , cos , sin , cos ,
d 2 d 2 d 2 d 2
y y y y
x x x x
x x x x
| | | | | | | |
= + = + = + = +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

5
5
d
sin
d 2
y
x
x
| |
= +
|
\ .

Page 4 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

2
2
d d
When 0, cos 0, sin 1, cos 0
2 d 2 d 2
y y
x y
x x

= = = = = = =
3 4
3 4
d d
sin 1, cos 0,
d 2 d 2
y y
x x

= = = =
5
5
d
sin 1
d 2
y
x

= =
3 5
(1) ( 1)
3! 5!
x x
y x = + +
3 5
3! 5!
x x
x = +
11 (a) ln (a +x) =y
1
d 1
( )
d
y
a x
x a x

= = +
+

2
2
2
d
( )
d
y
a x
x

= +
3
3
3
d
2( )
d
y
a x
x

= +
4
4
4
d
6( )
d
y
a x
x

= +
5
5
5
d
24( )
d
y
a x
x

= +
When x =0, y =ln a
d 1
d
y
x a
=
2
2 2
d 1
d
y
x a

=
3
3 3
d 2
d
y
x a
=
4
4 4
d 6
d
y
x a

=
5
5 5
d 24
d
y
x a
=
2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1
=ln a +
2 3 4 5
y x x x x x
a a a a a
+ +
(b) ln(a x) =ln a
2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1
...
2 3 4 5
x x x x x
a a a a a
+ +
(c) ln ln( ) ln( )
a x
a x a x
a x
+ | |
= +
|
\ .


3 5
3 5
2 2 2
3 5
x x x
a a a
= + +

3 5
3 5
2
3 5
x x x
a a a
(
= + + +
(

L
12 f(x) =sin
2
x f(0) =sin
2
0 =0
f
1
(x) =2 sin x cos x =sin 2x f
1
(0) =0
f
2
(x) =2 cos 2x f
2
(0) =2
f
3
(x) =4 sin 2x f
3
(0) =0
f
4
(x) =8 cos 2x f
4
(0) =8
f
5
(x) =16 sin 2x f
5
(0) =0
Page 5 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

f
6
(x) =32 cos 2x f
6
(0) =32
f
7
(x) =64sin2x f
7
(0) =0
f
8
(x) =128cos2x f
8
(0) =128
sin
2
x =
2 4 6 8
2 8 32 128
2! 4! 6! 8!
x x x x
+
13 e
x
=1 +x +
2 3 4
2! 3! 4!
x x x
+ +
f(x) =sin
1
(x) =
f
1
(x) =
2 1/2
2
1
(1 )
1
x
x


f
2
(x) =x (1 x
2
)
3/2
.

f
3
(x) =(1 x
2
)
3/2
+x
( ) ( )
5/2
2
2 3/2 1 x x

(

(


2 3/2 2 2 5/2
(1 ) 3 (1 ) . x x x

= +
4 2 5/2 2 5/2 2 2 7/2
3 5
( ) = ( 2 )(1 ) 6 (1 ) 3 ( 2 )(1 )
2 2
f x x x x x x x x

( | |
+ +
| (
\ .


5 7
2 3 2
2 2
9 (1 ) 15 (1 ) x x x x

= +
f(0) =0, f
1
(0) =1, f
2
(0) =0, f
3
(0) =0, f
4
(0) =0
sin
1
(x) =
3
6
x
x +
e
x
sin
1
(x) =
2 3 4 3
1 1 1 1
1 ... ...
2 6 24 6
x x x x x x
| || |
+ + + + + + +
| |
\ .\ .

2 3 4 5 3 4
1 1 1 1
...
2 6 24 6 6
x x x x x x x
1
= + + + + + + +
2 3 4
2 1
...
3 6
x x x x = + + + +
When x is small the terms in x
3
and higher can be ignored.

1 2
sin
x
e x x x

+
14 (a)
2 3 4
2
(2 ) (2 ) (2 )
1 2
2! 3! 4!
x
x x x
e x = + + + +
2 3 4
4 2
1 2 2
3 3
x x x x = + + + + +
(b)
1 2 3
1
(1 ) 1
1
x x x x
x

= + = + +
+


2
2 1
(1 )
1
x
x
e
e x
x

= +
+

( )
2 3 4 2 3 4
4 2
1 2 2 ... 1 ...
3 3
x x x x x x x x
| |
= + + + + + + + +
|
\ .

2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 3 4 4
4 4 2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
3 3 3
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x = + + + + + + + + +
2 3 4
1 1
1 ...
3 3
x x x x = + + + + +
15 (a) y =(1 +x)
1/4
x =0, y =1
3/ 4
d 1
(1 )
d 4
y
x
x

= +
d 1
d 4
y
x
=
Page 6 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

2
7/ 4
2
d 3
(1 )
d 16
y
x
x

= +
2
2
d 3
d 16
y
x

=
3
11/ 4
3
d 21
(1 )
d 64
y
x
x

= +
3
3
d 21
d 64
y
x
=
4
15/4
4
d 231
(1 )
d 256
y
x
x

= +
4
4
d 231
d 256
y
x
=
2 3 4
1 3 7 77
1 ...
4 32 128 2048
y x x x x = + + +
1/ 4 1/ 4 4
1.03 (1.03) (1 0.03) = = +
2 3
1 3 7
1 (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) ...
4 32 128
= + +
1 0.0075 0.000084375 0.0000014765 ... = + +
1.00742 (5 dp)
(b) ln (1 +x) =
2 3 4
1 1 1
...
2 3 4
x x x x + +
ln (1.02) =ln (1 +0.02)

2 3 4
1 1 1
0.02 (0.02) (0.02) (0.02)
2 3 4
= +
0.02 0.0002 0.0000026667 0.0000000400 = +
=0.0198026267
From calculator ln (1.02) =0.0198026273, so the expansion is correct to 9 dp
16 Taylors Expansion about x =a:

2 3
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2! 3!
x a x a
f x f a x a f a f x f a

= + + + +L
f(x) =ln x

2
1
( ) f x
x
=

2
1
( ) f x
x

=
3
2
( ) f x
x
=
When x =2, f(2) =ln 2

1
( )
2
f x =

1
( )
4
f x

=
3
2 1
( )
2 4
f x = =
f(x) =ln 2 +(x 2)
1
2
| |
|
\ .
+
2 3
( 2) 1 ( 3) 1
...
2! 4 3! 4
x x | | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

=ln 2 +
2 3
1 1 1
( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
2 8 24
x x x + +
17 f(x) =cosx
( ) f x =sin x
( ) f x =cos x
( ) f x =sin x
Page 7 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

3
cos
6 6 2
f
| |
= =
|
\ .

1
sin
6 6 2
f
| |
= =
|
\ .

3
cos
6 6 2
f
| |
= =
|
\ .

1
sin
6 6 2
f
| |
= + =
|
\ .

2 3
3 1 ( / 6) 3 ( / 6) 1
cos
2 6 2 2! 2 3! 2
x x
x x
| |
| | | | | |
= + + + +
|
| | |
|
\ . \ . \ .
\ .
K
2 3
3 1 1 3
2 2 6 4 6 12 6
x x x
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
K
31 =
180 6

+
o

2 3
3 1 3 1
cos 31 = ...
2 2 180 4 180 12 180
| | | | | |
+ +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
o

0.857166
=0.85717 (5 dp)
18 f(x) =e
x
cos x
f
1
(x) =e
x
sin x +e
x
cos x
2
( ) cos
x
f x e x = sin sin cos
x x x
e x e x e x +
=2e
x
sin x

f
3
(x) =2e
x
sin x 2e
x
cos x
4
( ) 2 cos 2 sin
x x
f x e x e x = 2 sin
x
e x + 2 cos
x
e x
=4e
x
cos x
When x =0, f(0) =e
0
cos 0 =1
f
1
(0) =e
0
sin 0 +e
0
cos 0 =1
f
2
(0) =2e
0
sin 0 =0
f
3
(0) =2e
0
sin 0 2e
0
cos 0 =2
f
4
(0) =4e
0
cos 0 =4
2 3 4
( 0) ( 0) ( 0)
cos 1 ( 0)(1) (0) ( 2) ( 4) ...
2! 3! 4!
x
x x x
e x x

= + + + + +
2 3 4
1 1 1
1 ...
2 3 6
x x x x = + + +
/3 /3
2 3 4
0 0
1 1 1
cos d 1 d
2 3 6
x
e x x x x x x x

+ +


/3
2 3 4 5
0
1 1 1 1
2 6 12 30
x x x x x

(
= + +
(


2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1
1.645(3dp)
3 2 3 6 3 12 3 30 3
| | | | | | | |
= + + =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

19 f(x) =
1/2
1
x
x

=
When x =4, f(4) =
1
2

Page 8 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

f
1
(x) =
3/2
1
2
x

f
1
(4) =
3/2
1 1 1
2 4 16
+
| |
=
|
\ .

f
2
(x) =
5/2
3
4
x

f
2
(4) =
5/2
3 1 3
4 4 128
| |
=
|
\ .

f
3
(x) =
7/2
15
8
x

f
3
(4) =
7/2
15 1 15
8 4 1024
| |
=
|
\ .

Taylors expansion about x =4
f(x) =f(4) +(x 4) f
1
(4) +
2
( 4)
2!
x
f
2
(4) +
3
( 4)
3!
x
f
3
(4) +
2 3
1 1 1 ( 4) 3 ( 4) 15
( 4)
2 16 2! 128 3! 1024
x x
x
x
| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+
2 3
1 1 3 5
( 4) ( 4) ( 4) ...
2 16 256 2048
x x x = + +
When x =4.5
2 3
1 1 1 3 5
(4.5 4) (4.5 4) (4.5 4)
2 16 256 2048
4.5
= + +
2 3
1 1 3 5
0.5 0.5 0.5 ...
2 16 256 2048
= + +
=0.5 0.03125 +0.002929688 0.000305176
=0.471374512
=0.4714 (4 dp)

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