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Goiter

The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland located in the neck over the trachea. It produces thyroid hormones that regulate bone growth, brain development, metabolism, and other functions. Goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid gland which can be diffuse or nodular. Causes of goiter include iodine deficiency and autonomous nodule growth. Goiter is classified based on its functionality (hyperthyroid, euthyroid, hypothyroid) and etiology (sporadic, endemic). Clinical features include neck enlargement and compressive symptoms. Treatment depends on the type and includes medication, radioactive iodine, or surgery.

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Ali Baker Algelane
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286 views17 pages

Goiter

The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland located in the neck over the trachea. It produces thyroid hormones that regulate bone growth, brain development, metabolism, and other functions. Goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid gland which can be diffuse or nodular. Causes of goiter include iodine deficiency and autonomous nodule growth. Goiter is classified based on its functionality (hyperthyroid, euthyroid, hypothyroid) and etiology (sporadic, endemic). Clinical features include neck enlargement and compressive symptoms. Treatment depends on the type and includes medication, radioactive iodine, or surgery.

Uploaded by

Ali Baker Algelane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GOITER

Anatomy
The largest gland of the endocrine
system
The isthmus of the thyroid connects
the right and left lobes
The gland lies over the trachea down
to cricoid cartilage

Anatomy
Arterial supply :
superior thyroid artery from external carotid
artery
inferior thyroid artery from subclavian artery
Venous drainage :
to the internal jugular veins
to the left brachiocephalic vein
Lymphatic drainage:
to the deep cervical nodes

Anatomy

Physiology of thyroid gland


T3 triiodothyronine (thyronine)
T4 tetraiodothyronine (thyroxin)
Thyrocalcitonin ( calcitonin )

Physiology of thyroid gland


Functions of thyroid hormones
1. Bone growth
2. CNS maturation
3. Beta-adrenergic effects

Physiology of thyroid gland


1. Increase cardiac output
2. Increase basal metabolic rate
3. Increase glycogenolysis,
gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

Definition
Goiter the enlargement of the
thyroid gland (local or diffuse) based
on hyperplasia or degeneration

Pathogenesis of diffuse nontoxic


goiter
Iodine deficiency results in
hypothyroidism
Increasing TSH causes hypertrophy of
thyroid

Pathogenesis of multinodular goiter


Follicles may become autonomous;
certain follicles will have greater
intrinsic growth and functional
capability

Pathogenesis of toxic multinodular


goiter
Follicles continue to grow and
function despite decreasing TSH

Classification
Benign Nontoxic Conditions
Diffuse and Nodular Goiter

Benign Toxic Conditions


Toxic Multinodular Goiter
Graves Disease
Toxic Adenoma

Classification
Sporadic goiter
Endemic goiter

Classification
Hyperthyroid goiter
Euthyroid goiter
Hypothyroid goiter

Clinical features
enlargement
compressive symptoms
thyrotoxicosis

Enlargement
0 the gland is not palpated
I some part of the gland can be palpated
II- the gland can be seen although the neck
is in a normal shape
III shape of the neck is being changed
IV configuration of the neck is being
changed
V an giant goiter with complications

Treatment

Suppressive Therapy
Antithyroid Medications
I-131
Surgery

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