12 REVIEW OF ALGEBRA

EXAMPLE 24 Solve 3x 2 4.

SOLUTION By Properties 4 and 6 of absolute values, 3x 2 4 is equivalent to

3x 2 4

3x 2 4

or

2
In the first case, 3x 2, which gives x 3 . In the second case, 3x 6, which gives
x 2. So the solution set is

x x 2

or x 23 , 2

[ , )
2
3

EXERCISES
A Click here for answers.

Click here for solutions.

116 Expand and simplify.

1. 6ab0.5ac

2. 2x 2 yxy 4

3. 2xx 5

4. 4 3xx

5. 24 3a

6. 8 4 x

39. t 3 1

40. 4t 2 9s 2

41. 4t 2 12t 9

42. x 3 27

43. x 3 2x 2 x

44. x 3 4x 2 5x 2

45. x 3 3x 2 x 3

46. x 3 2x 2 23x 60

47. x 3 5x 2 2x 24

48. x 3 3x 2 4x 12

7. 4x 2 x 2 5x 2 2x 1

10. xx 1x 2
12. 2 3x2

14. t 52 2t 38t 1

1728 Perform the indicated operations and simplify.

17.

2 8x
2

18.

u
21. u 1
u1

2
3
4
22. 2
2
a
ab
b

25.

2r
s

s
6t

1
1
c1
27.
1
1
c1

x
yz

26.

a
b

bc
ac

29. 2x 12x

51.

x2 1
x 2 9x 8

52.

x 3 5x 2 6x
x 2 x 12

53.

1
1
2
x3
x 9

54.

x
2
2
x2 x 2
x 5x 4

55. x 2 2x 5

56. x 2 16x 80

57. x 2 5x 10

58. x 2 3x 1

59. 4x 2 4x 2

60. 3x 2 24x 50

30. 5ab 8abc

61. x 2 9x 10 0

62. x 2 2x 8 0

63. x 2 9x 1 0

64. x 2 2x 7 0

65. 3x 2 5x 1 0

66. 2x 2 7x 2 0

67. x 3 2x 1 0

68. x 3 3x 2 x 1 0

1
1x

2948 Factor the expression.

3

2x 2 3x 2
x2 4

28. 1

6168 Solve the equation.

24.
2

5560 Complete the square.

1
1
20.

x1
x1

xy
z

50.

9b 6
3b

1
2
19.

x5
x3

23.

x2 x 2
x 2 3x 2

16. 1 x x 2 2

49.

13. y 46 y5 y

15. 1 2xx 2 3x 1

6972 Which of the quadratics are irreducible?

69. 2x 2 3x 4

70. 2x 2 9x 4

71. 3x 2 x 6

72. x 2 3x 6

31. x 7x 6

32. x x 6

7376 Use the Binomial Theorem to expand the expression.

33. x 2x 8

34. 2x 2 7x 4

73. a b6

74. a b7

35. 9x 36

36. 8x 10x 3

37. 6x 5x 6

38. x 10x 25

75. x 2 14

76. 3 x 2 5

2
2

2
2

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

11. 2x 1

4954 Simplify the expression.

8. 53t 4 t 2 2 2tt 3
9. 4x 13x 7

REVIEW OF ALGEBRA 13

7782

127142 Solve the inequality in terms of intervals and illustrate

Simplify the radicals.

s2
3
54
s
3

77. s32 s2

78.

the solution set on the real number line.

s32x 4
4
2
s

79.

80. sxy sx 3 y

81. s16a 4b 3

s96a6
5
3a
s

82.

expression.

85.

87.

88.

89. 312

4
a)
96. (s

99.

8
5
sx
4
x3
s

98.

t 12sst
s 23

100. sr
4

sr
4

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

110. sx 2 4 x 2

16 a
a
1
16
16

2
1
2
114.

4x
2
x

118.

119. s5 5

120.

123. x 1
125. x 1
121. x 2

if x 2

124.

2
2 3
x 2 if x 2
2x 1
1 2x

122.

148.

3x 5 1

150.
152.
154.
156.

x 3
x 6 0.1
x 1 3
5x 2 6

157. Solve the inequality abx c bc for x, assuming that a,

b, and c are positive constants.

158. Solve the inequality ax b c for x, assuming that a, b,

and c are negative constants.

b .

159 Prove that ab a

126.

151. x 4 1
153. x 5 2
155. 2x 3 0.4

149. x 3

value symbol.

149156 Solve the inequality.

117126 Rewrite the expression without using the absolute

117. 5 23

During what time interval will the ball be at least 32 ft above

the ground?

116. 6 4x a 6 4x 4a

h 128 16t 16t 2

147. x 3 2x 1

115. x 34 x 7

147 148 Solve the equation for x.

1
xy
x1 y1

112.

x
1
113.

xy
1y

109. sx 2 x

high with an initial velocity of 16 fts , then the height h

above the ground t seconds later will be

108. sx 2 x sx 2 x

146. If a ball is thrown upward from the top of a building 128 ft

1
sx sy

109116 State whether or not the equation is true for all values
of the variable.

111.

a rate of about 1C for each 100-m rise, up to about 12 km.

(a) If the ground temperature is 20C, write a formula for the
temperature at height h.
(b) What range of temperature can be expected if a plane
takes off and reaches a maximum height of 5 km?

x1

106.

(1sx ) 1

s2 h s2 h
104.
h

1
1
x

145. As dry air moves upward, it expands and in so doing cools at

x sx 8
103.
x4

142. 3

to find the interval on the Fahrenheit scale corresponding to

the temperature range 20 C 30.

102.

107. sx 2 3x 4 x

1
4
x

144. Use the relationship between C and F given in Exercise 143

2n1

sx 3
101.
x9

2
3 s5

140. x 3 3x 4x 2

ature scales is given by C 59 F 32, where C is the temperature in degrees Celsius and F is the temperature in
degrees Fahrenheit. What interval on the Celsius scale corresponds to the temperature range 50 F 95?

101108 Rationalize the expression.

105.

136. x 2 5

(st ) 5

135. x 2 3

143. The relationship between the Celsius and Fahrenheit temper-

5
y6
95. s

134. x 2 2x 8

3 10 35

94. x y z

97.

133. x 1x 2 0

92. 64

4 32

132. 1 3x 4 16

141.

43

93. 2x y
2

131. 0 1 x 1

139. x 3 x

90. 9615

23

130. 1 5x 5 3x

138 x 1x 2x 3 0

x y
x y1

a b
a5b 5

91. 125

a n a 2n1
a n2

86.

129. 1 x 2

137. x 3 x 2 0

84. 216 410 16 6

x 92x4
x3

128. 4 3x 6

83100 Use the Laws of Exponents to rewrite and simplify the

83. 310 9 8

127. 2x 7 3

[Hint: Use Equation 3.]

160. Show that if 0 a b, then a 2 b 2.

14 REVIEW OF ALGEBRA

ANSWERS

1.
3a 2bc
5.
8  6a

6. 4
x

8.
3t  21t
22

7.
x  6x  3
2

12. 9x 2  12x  4

13. 30y 4  y 5
y 6

14.
15t 2
56t  31

3x  7
x 2  2x
15

30. ab
5
8c

21.

u  3u  1
u1

x
zx
rs
23.
24.
25.
yz
y
3t
3  2x
28.
29. 2x
1  6x 2
2x

31.
x  6
x  1

33.
x
4
x  2

32.
x
3
x  2

129. 
1,


47.
x
2
x  3
x  4

48.
x
2
x
3
x  2

_1

x2
49.
x
2

2x  1
50.
x2

x
2
x2
9

55.
x  1  4

73.
74.
75.
76.
77.

57. ( x

61. 1,
10

81. 4a bsb

90. 2 5s3

x3
94. 9
5 6
y z

1
2 x 2 if
1
s2 x 1
s2
2 x 2
1 if x 
1
s2 or x  1
s2
2

82. 2a

83. 3

a
b
91. 25
87.

2 0
3

95. y

84. 2

x  y
xy

92.

60

85. 16x

10

96. a

3
4

89.

0 1
2

_1 0

_2

97. t
5
2

_
5

_3

141.


, 0 

1
x 1
8

140.


, 0 
1, 3
0

( 14 ,
)

142. (

,
3 )  1,

1

0 1
4

_1 0
3

144. 68, 86

145. (a) T
20
10h, 0 h 12

157. x 

_1

147. 2,

155. 1.3, 1.7

98.

138. 
3,
1  2,



139.

1, 0 
1,



146. 0, 3

] [

143. 10, 35

136. (

,
s5  s5,
)

_1

134.

2, 4

a  bc
ab

(b)
30 C T 20 C

148.
,
2

4
3

4
3

151.
3, 5

153.


,
7  
3,


( 12 ,
)

150.


,
3  3,


1
s3
93. 2s2 x 3 y 6

1
256

130.

137.


, 1

88.

6
5

26

132.

1, 4

_
3

5  s13
65.
6

64. 1  2s2

86. a 2n3

135. (
s3, s3 )

62.
2, 4

7  s33

1  s5
67. 1,
68.
1,
1  s2
4
2
Irreducible
70. Not irreducible
Not irreducible (two real roots)
72. Irreducible
a 6  6a 5b  15a 4b 2  20a 3b 3  15a 2b 4  6ab 5  b 6
a 7  7a 6b  21a 5b 2  35a 4b 3  35a 3b 4
 21a 2b 5  7ab 6  b 7
x 8
4x 6  6x 4
4x 2  1
243  405x 2  270x 4  90x 6  15x 8  x 10
1
78.
3
79. 2 x
80. x 2 y
8
2

122. x
2

if x 
1
if x 
1

131.
0, 1

15
4

9  s85
63.
2

71.

121. 2
x

133.


, 1 
2,

5 2
2

59.
2x  1
3

5
4

60. 3
x
4  2

69.

114. False
118. 
2

128. (

,
3

66.

x
x  2
52.
x
4

56.
x
8  16

58. ( x 

x1
51.
x
8

x 2
6x
4

x
1
x  2
x
4

54.

3 2
2

113. False
117. 18

46.
x
3
x  5
x
4

53.

110. False

45.
x
1
x  1
x  3

2 x
1 if x  12
1
2 x if x  21

125. x 2  1

_2

44.
x
1
x
2

3x  4
sx  3x  4  x

107.

109. False

127.

2,


40.
2t
3s
2t  3s

2

42.
x
3
x  3x  9

x1

x
1

126. 1
2 x 2

38.
x  52

39.
t  1
t 2
t  1

sx  sy
x
y




x  1

124. 2 x
1

36.
4x  3
2x  1

37.
3x  2
2x
3

106.

2x
sx 2  x  sx 2
x
111. True
112. False
115. False
116. True
119. 5
s5
120. 1
123.

34.
2x
1
x  4

35. 9
x
2
x  2

43. x
x  1

18. 3
2
b
2

2x
x2
1

20.

2b 2
3ab  4a 2
22.
a 2b 2
a2
c
26. 2
27.
b
c
2

17. 1  4x

3  s5
2

101.

108.

15. 2x 3
5x 2
x  1

16. x 4
2x 3
x 2  2x  1

41.
2t
3

105.

11. 4x
4x  1

10. x  x
2x

19.

4. 4x
3x 2

9. 12x 2  25x
7

99.

3. 2x 2
10x

2. 2x 3 y 5

1

1
102.
sx  3
sx  x
2
104.
s2  h
s2
h

t 1
4
100. r n
2
s 1
24
x 2  4x  16
103.
xsx  8

Click here for solutions.

149.

3, 3
152.
5.9, 6.1

154.


,
4  2,


156. (
5 , 5)
4 8

158. x 

c
b
a

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

REVIEW OF ALGEBRA 15

SOLUTIONS

1. (6ab)(0.5ac) = (6)(0.5)(a abc) = 3a2 bc

2. (2x2 y)(xy 4 ) = 2x2 xyy 4 = 2x3 y 5

3. 2x(x 5) = 2x x 2x 5 = 2x2 10x

4. (4 3x)x = 4 x 3x x = 4x 3x2

5. 2(4 3a) = 2 4 + 2 3a = 8 + 6a

6. 8 (4 + x) = 8 4 x = 4 x

7. 4(x2 x + 2) 5(x2 2x + 1) = 4x2 4x + 8 5x2 5(2x) 5

= 4x2 5x2 4x + 10x + 8 5 = x2 + 6x + 3

8. 5(3t 4) (t2 + 2) 2t(t 3) = 15t 20 t2 2 2t2 + 6t

= (1 2)t2 + (15 + 6)t 20 2 = 3t2 + 21t 22

9. (4x 1)(3x + 7) = 4x(3x + 7) (3x + 7) = 12x2 + 28x 3x 7 = 12x2 + 25x 7

10. x(x 1)(x + 2) = (x2 x)(x + 2) = x2 (x + 2) x(x + 2) = x3 + 2x2 x2 2x

= x3 + x2 2x

11. (2x 1)2 = (2x)2 2(2x)(1) + 12 = 4x2 4x + 1

12. (2 + 3x)2 = 22 + 2(2)(3x) + (3x)2 = 9x2 + 12x + 4

13. y 4 (6 y)(5 + y) = y 4 [6(5 + y) y(5 + y)] = y 4 (30 + 6y 5y y 2 )
= y 4 (30 + y y 2 ) = 30y 4 + y 5 y 6

14. (t 5)2 2(t + 3)(8t 1) = t2 2(5t) + 52 2(8t2 t + 24t 3)

= t2 10t + 25 16t2 + 2t 48t + 6 = 15t2 56t + 31

15. (1 + 2x)(x2 3x + 1) = 1(x2 3x + 1) + 2x(x2 3x + 1) = x2 3x + 1 + 2x3 6x2 + 2x

= 2x3 5x2 x + 1

16. (1 + x x2 )2 = (1 + x x2 )(1 + x x2 ) = 1(1 + x x2 ) + x(1 + x x2 ) x2 (1 + x x2 )

= 1 + x x2 + x + x2 x3 x2 x3 + x4 = x4 2x3 x2 + 2x + 1

2 + 8x
2
8x
= +
= 1 + 4x
2
2
2
9b
6
2
9b 6
=

=3
18.
3b
3b
3b
b
2
(1)(x 3) + 2(x + 5)
x 3 + 2x + 10
3x + 7
1
+
=
=
= 2
19.
x+5
x3
(x + 5)(x 3)
(x + 5)(x 3)
x + 2x 15

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

17.

20.

1
1(x 1) + 1(x + 1)
x1+x+1
2x
1
+
=
=
= 2
x+1
x1
(x + 1)(x 1)
x2 1
x 1

21. u + 1 +

(u + 1)(u + 1) + u
u2 + 2u + 1 + u
u2 + 3u + 1
u
=
=
=
u+1
u+1
u+1
u+1

4
3
2b2
3ab
4a2
2b2 3ab + 4a2
2
+

+
=
a2
ab
b2
a2 b2
a2 b2
a2 b2
a2 b2
x/y
1 x
x
x/y
=
= =
23.
z
z/1
z y
yz
22.

x/1
z x
zx
x
=
= =
y/z
y/z
y 1
y
 2 

s
2rs2
rs
2r
=
=
25.
s
6t
6st
3t

24.

26.

b
a
ac
a2 c
a2
a

= 2 = 2
bc
ac
bc
b
b c
b

16 REVIEW OF ALGEBRA

1
c1+1
c
c

1
c

1
c

1 = c1 c = c
=
=
27.
1
c11
c2
c2 c1
c2
1
c1
c1
c1
1+

28. 1 +

1
1+
1+x

= 1+

1
1+x
2+x+1+x
3 + 2x
=1+
=
=
1+x+1
2+x
2+x
2+x
1+x

29. 2x + 12x3 = 2x 1 + 2x 6x2 = 2x(1 + 6x2 )

30. 5ab 8abc = ab 5 ab 8c = ab(5 8c)

31. The two integers that add to give 7 and multiply to give 6 are 6 and 1. Therefore x2 + 7x + 6 = (x + 6)(x + 1).
32. The two integers that add to give 1 and multiply to give 6 are 3 and 2.
Therefore x2 2x 6 = (x 3)(x + 2).

33. The two integers that add to give 2 and multiply to give 8 are 4 and 2.
Therefore x2 2x 8 = (x 4)(x + 2).
34. 2x2 + 7x 4 = (2x 1)(x + 4)

35. 9x2 36 = 9(x2 4) = 9(x 2)(x + 2) [Equation 3 with a = x, b = 2]

36. 8x2 + 10x + 3 = (4x + 3)(2x + 1)

37. 6x2 5x 6 = (3x + 2)(2x 3)

38. x2 + 10x + 25 = (x + 5)2

[Equation 1 with a x, b = 5]

39. t3 + 1 = (t + 1)(t2 t + 1) [Equation 5 with a = t, b = 1]

40. 4t2 9s2 = (2t)2 (3s)2 = (2t 3s)(2t + 3s) [Equation 3 with a = 2t, b = 3s]

41. 4t2 12t + 9 = (2t 3)2

[Equation 2 with a = 2t, b = 3]

42. x3 27 = (x 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) [Equation 4 with a = x, b = 3]

43. x3 + 2x2 + x = x(x2 + 2x + 1) = x(x + 1)2

[Equation 1 with a = x, b = 1]

44. Let p(x) = x 4x + 5x 2, and notice that p(1) = 0, so by the Factor Theorem, (x 1) is a factor.
Use long division (as in Example 8):
3

x2 3x + 2
x1

x3 4x2 + 5x 2
x3 x2

2x 2
2x 2
Therefore x3 4x2 + 5x 2 = (x 1)(x2 3x + 2) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 1) = (x 1)2 (x 2).

45. Let p(x) = x3 + 3x2 x 3, and notice that p(1) = 0, so by the Factor Theorem, (x 1) is a factor.
Use long division (as in Example 8):
x2 + 4x + 3
x1

x3 + 3x2 x 3
x3 x2
4x2 x
4x2 4x

3x 3
3x 3
Therefore x3 + 3x2 x 3 = (x 1)(x2 + 4x + 3) = (x 1)(x + 1)(x + 3).

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

3x2 + 5x
3x2 + 3x

REVIEW OF ALGEBRA 17

46. Let p(x) = x3 2x2 23x + 60, and notice that p(3) = 0, so by the Factor Theorem, (x 3) is a factor.
Use long division (as in Example 8):
x2 + x 20
x 3 x3 2x2 23x + 60
x3 3x2

x2 23x
x2 3x

20x + 60
20x + 60
Therefore x3 2x2 23x + 60 = (x 3)(x2 + x 20) = (x 3)(x + 5)(x 4).

47. Let p(x) = x3 + 5x2 2x 24, and notice that p(2) = 23 + 5(2)2 2(2) 24 = 0, so by the Factor Theorem,
(x 2) is a factor. Use long division (as in Example 8):
x2 + 7x + 12

x 2 x3 + 5x2 2x 24
x3 2x2

7x2 2x
7x2 14x

12x 24
12x 24
Therefore x3 + 5x2 2x 24 = (x 2)(x2 + 7x + 12) = (x 2)(x + 3)(x + 4).

48. Let p(x) = x3 3x2 4x + 12, and notice that p(2) = 0, so by the Factor Theorem, (x 2) is a factor.
Use long division (as in Example 8):
x2 x
3

x 2 x 3x 4x + 12
x3 2x2

x2 4x
x2 + 2x

6x + 12
6x + 12

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

Therefore x3 3x2 4x + 12 = (x 2)(x2 x 6) = (x 2)(x 3)(x + 2).

49.

(x + 2)(x 1)
x+2
x2 + x 2
=
=
x2 3x + 2
(x 2)(x 1)
x2

50.

(2x + 1)(x 2)
2x + 1
2x2 3x 2
=
=
x2 4
(x 2)(x + 2)
x+2

51.

(x 1)(x + 1)
x+1
x2 1
=
=
x2 9x + 8
(x 8)(x 1)
x8

52.

x3 + 5x2 + 6x
x(x2 + 5x + 6)
x(x + 3)(x + 2)
x(x + 2)
=
=
=
x2 x 12
(x 4)(x + 3)
(x 4)(x + 3)
x4

53.

1
1
1
1(x 3) + 1
x2
1
+ 2
=
+

= 2
x+3
x 9
x+3
(x 3)(x + 3)
(x 3)(x + 3)
x 9

54.

x
2
x
2
x(x 4) 2(x + 2)
2
=

=
x2 + x 2
x 5x + 4
(x 1)(x + 2)
(x 4)(x 1)
(x 1)(x + 2)(x 4)
=

x2 6x 4
x2 4x 2x 4
=
(x 1)(x + 2)(x 4)
(x 1)(x + 2)(x 4)

55. x2 + 2x + 5 = [x2 + 2x] + 5 = [x2 + 2x + (1)2 (1)2 ] + 5 = (x + 1)2 + 5 1 = (x + 1)2 + 4

18 REVIEW OF ALGEBRA

56. x2 16x + 80 = [x2 16x] + 80 = [x2 16x + (8)2 (8)2 ] + 80 = (x 8)2 + 80 64 = (x 8)2 + 16
k

2
2
 2  2 l

+ 10 = x 52 + 10 25
= x 52 + 15
57. x2 5x + 10 = [x2 5x] + 10 = x2 5x + 52 52
4
4
k

2
2
 2  2 l
 2 
+ 1 = x + 32 + 1 32 = x + 32
58. x2 + 3x + 1 = [x2 + 3x] + 1 = x2 + 3x + 32 32

5
4

k

2

2
 2  2 l
 
2 = 4 x + 12 2 4 14 = 4 x + 12 3
59. 4x2 + 4x 2 = 4[x2 + x] 2 = 4 x2 + x + 12 12

60. 3x2 24x + 50 = 3[x2 8x] + 50 = 3[x2 8x + (4)2 (4)2 ] + 50 = 3(x 4)2 + 50 3(4)2
= 3(x 4)2 + 2

61. x2 9x 10 = 0 (x + 10)(x 1) = 0 x + 10 = 0 or x 1 = 0 x = 10 or x = 1.
62. x2 2x 8 = 0 (x 4)(x + 2) = 0 x 4 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 x = 4 or x = 2.
s

9 92 4(1)(1)
9 85
63. Using the quadratic formula, x2 + 9x 1 = 0 x =
=
.
2(1)
2
s

2 4 4(1)(7)
2 32
2
=
= 1 2 2.
64. Using the quadratic formula, x 2x 7 = 0 x =
2
2
s

5 52 4(3)(1)
5 13
2
=
.
65. Using the quadratic formula, 3x + 5x + 1 = 0 x =
2(3)
6
s

7 49 4(2)(2)
7 33
2
66. Using the quadratic formula, 2x + 7x + 2 = 0 x =
=
.
2(2)
4
67. Let p(x) = x3 2x + 1, and notice that p(1) = 0, so by the Factor Theorem, (x 1) is a factor.
Use long division:
x2 + x 1
x1

x3 + 0x2 2x + 1
x3 x2
x2 2x
x2 x

Therefore x3 2x + 1 = (x 1)(x2 + x 1) = 0 x 1 = 0 or x2 + x 1 = 0
s

1 12 4(1)(1)
1 5
x = 1 or [using the quadratic formula] x =
.
=
2
2(1)
68. Let p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + x 1, and notice that p(1) = 0, so by the Factor Theorem, (x + 1) is a factor.
Use long division:
x2 + 2x 1
x+1

x3 + 3x2 + x 1
x3 + x2
2x2 + x
2x2 + 2x
x 1
x 1

Therefore x3 + 3x2 + x 1 = (x + 1)(x2 + 2x 1) = 0 x + 1 = 0 or x2 + 2x 1 = 0

s

2 22 4(1)(1)
x = 1 or [using the quadratic formula] x =
= 1 2.
2

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

x + 1
x + 1

REVIEW OF ALGEBRA 19

69. 2x2 + 3x + 4 is irreducible because its discriminant is negative: b2 4ac = 9 4(2)(4) = 23 < 0.
70. The quadratic 2x2 + 9x + 4 is not irreducible because b2 4ac = 92 4(2)(4) = 49 > 0.

71. 3x2 + x 6 is not irreducible because its discriminant is nonnegative: b2 4ac = 1 4(3)(6) = 73 > 0.

72. The quadratic x2 + 3x + 6 is irreducible because b2 4ac = 32 4(1)(6) = 15 < 0.

73. Using the Binomial Theorem with k = 6 we have

65 4 2 654 3 3 6543 2 4
a b +
a b +
a b + 6ab5 + b6
12
123
1234
= a6 + 6a5 b + 15a4 b2 + 20a3 b3 + 15a2 b4 + 6ab5 + b6

(a + b)6 = a6 + 6a5 b +

74. Using the Binomial Theorem with k = 7 we have

(a + b)7 = a7 + 7a6 b +

76 5 2 765 4 3 7654 3 4 76543 2 5

a b +
a b +
a b +
a b + 7ab6 + b7
12
123
1234
12345

= a7 + 7a6 b + 21a5 b2 + 35a4 b3 + 35a3 b4 + 21a2 b5 + 7ab6 + b7

75. Using the Binomial Theorem with a = x2 , b = 1, k = 4 we have
(x2 1)4 = [x2 + (1)]4 = (x2 )4 + 4(x2 )3 (1) +
= x8 4x6 + 6x4 4x2 + 1

43 2 2
(x ) (1)2 + 4(x2 )(1)3 + (1)4
12

76. Using the Binomial Theorem with a = 3, b = x2 , k = 5 we have

(3 + x2 )5 = 35 + 5(3)4 (x2 )1 +

77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.

54 3 2 2 543 2 2 3
(3) (x ) +
(3) (x ) + 5(3)(x2 )4 + (x2 )5
12
123

= 243 + 405x2 + 270x4 + 90x6 + 15x8 + x10

Using Equation 10, 32 2 = 32 2 = 64 = 8.

u
u

3
3
2
1
1
1
3 2
3 1

=
=
=
=
=
3
3
54
27
3
3
54
27

4
4
4

32x4
32 x4
32
4

x4 = 4 16 |x| = 2 |x|.
Using Equation 10, 4
=
= 4
4
2
2
2
s
s
s 3
xy x y = (xy)(x3 y) = x4 y 2 = x2 |y|

Using Equation 10, 16a4 b3 = 16 a4 b3 = 4a2 b3/2 = 4a2 b b1/2 = 4a2 b b.
u

5
6

96a6
5 96a
5

= 32a5 = 2a
=
5
3a
3a

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

83. Using Laws 3 and 1 of Exponents respectively, 310 98 = 310 (32 )8 = 310 32 8 = 310 + 16 = 326 .

84. Using Laws 3 and 1, 216 410 166 = 216 (22 )10 (24 )6 = 216 220 224 = 260 .
85. Using Laws 4, 1, and 2 of Exponents respectively,
86. Using Laws 1 and 2,

x9 (24 )x4
16x9 + 4
x9 (2x)4
=
=
= 16x9 + 4 3 = 16x10 .
3
3
x
x
x3

an + 2n + 1
a3n + 1
an a2n + 1
=
=
= a3n + 1(n 2) = a2n + 3 .
an 2
an 2
an 2

a2
a3 b4
.
87. Using Law 2 of Exponents, 5 5 = a3 (5) b4 5 = a2 b1 =
a b
b




1
y+x
(y + x)2
1
x1 + y 1
+
=
(x
+
y)
=
=
(x
+
y)
88.
(x + y)1
x y
xy
xy
89. By definitions 3 and 4 for exponents respectively, 31/2 =

1
1
= .
31/2
3

5
96 = 5 32 3 = 5 32 5 3 = 2 5 3

2
91. Using definition 4 for exponents, 1252/3 = 3 125 = 52 = 25.

90. 961/5 =

92. 644/3 =

1
1
1
1
= 
4 = 4 =
3
4
256
644/3
64

20 REVIEW OF ALGEBRA

93. (2x2 y 4 )3/2 = 23/2 (x2 )3/2 (y 4 )3/2 = 2 21/2

k l3 ks l3

x2
y 4 = 2 2 |x|3 (y 2 )3 = 2 2 |x|3 y 6

94. (x5 y 3 z 10 )3/5 = (x5 )3/5 (y 3 )3/5 (z 10 )3/5 = x15/5 y 9/5 z 30/5 =
s
5
y 6 = y 6/5 by definition 4 for exponents.

3
96. ( 4 a ) = (a1/4 )3 = a3/4

x2

y 9/5 z 6

95.

1
1
1
97.  5 = 1/2 5 = 5/2 = t5/2
(t )
t
t

8
x5/8
1
x5
98.
= 3/4 = x(5/8) (3/4) = x1/8 = 1/8
4
3
x
x
x
u

 1/2 1/2 1/2  1/4 

 1/4
1/2
t s t
st
4 t
99.
=
= t(1/2) + (1/2) s(1/2) (2/3)
= (ts1/6 )1/4
2/3
2/3
s
s

t1/4
= t1/4 s(1/6) (1/4) = 1/24
s

4 2n + 1
4 1
4
4
4 2n + 1
1
100. r
r = r
r = r2n + 1 1 = r2n = (r2n )1/4 = r2n/4 = rn/2

(x 9)
1
x3
x3
x+3

=
=
=

101.
x9
x9
x+3
(x 9) ( x + 3)
x+3

1
1
1
1
1x
1
1 +1
1
1
1
x
x
x
x
 =
 = 
 =
x
102.
=
=

1
x1
x1
x
+x
1
1
1
+1
(x 1) + 1
(x 1) + 1
x +1
x
x
x
x

x3 64
x x8 x x+8
x x8

=
=

103.
x4
x4
x x+8
(x 4)(x x + 8)
(x 4)(x2 + 4x + 16)
x2 + 4x + 16

[Equation 4 with a = x, b = 4] =
(x 4)(x x + 8)
x x+8

2 + h (2 h)
2+h+ 2h
2+h+ 2h
2+h 2h


= 
=

104.
h
h
2+h 2h
h 2+h 2h
105.
106.
107.
108.

=
2+h 2h



2 3+ 5
2
3+ 5
2
3+ 5
=

=
=
95
2
3 5
3 5 3+ 5

x+ y
x+ y
1
1

=

=
xy
x y
x y
x+ y



x2 + 3x + 4 x2
3x + 4
x2 + 3x + 4 + x
2
2
=
=
x + 3x + 4 x =
x + 3x + 4 x
x2 + 3x + 4 + x
x2 + 3x + 4 + x
x2 + 3x + 4 + x



x2 + x (x2 x)
x2 + x + x2 x
2
2
2
2

x +x x x=
x +x x x
=
x2 + x + x2 x
x2 + x + x2 x
2x

=
x2 + x + x2 x

109. False. See Example 14(b).

110. False. See the warning after Equation 10.

16
a
a
16 + a
=
+
=1+
16
16
16
16
1
1
1
xy
= x+y =
6= x + y
112. False: 1
=
1
1
x + y 1
x+y
+
xy
x
y
111. True:

113. False.
114. False. See the warning on page 2.

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

REVIEW OF ALGEBRA 21

115. False. Using Law 3 of Exponents, (x3 )4 = x3 4 = x12 6= x7 .

116. True.

117. |5 23| = |18| = 18

118. | 2| = 2 because 2 > 0.






119.  5 5 = 5 5 = 5 5 because 5 5 < 0.




120.  |2| |3| = |2 3| = |1| = 1
121. If x < 2, x 2 < 0, so |x 2| = (x 2) = 2 x.

122. If x > 2, x 2 > 0, so |x 2| = x 2.

+
+
x+1
if x + 1 0
x+1
if x 1
123. |x + 1| =
=
(x + 1) if x + 1 < 0
x 1 if x < 1
+
+
2x 1
if 2x 1 0
2x 1 if x 12
124. |2x 1| =
=
(2x 1) if 2x 1 < 0
1 2x if x < 12
 2

125. x + 1 = x2 + 1 (since x2 + 1 0 for all x).
t

126. Determine when 1 2x2 < 0 1 < 2x2 x2 > 12

x2 > 12
+
1 2x2 if 12 x 12


2
1
1
x < 2 or x > 2 . Thus, 1 2x  =
2x2 1 if x < 12 or x > 12

|x| >

1
2

127. 2x + 7 > 3 2x > 4 x > 2, so x (2, ).



128. 4 3x 6 3x 2 x 23 , so x , 23 .
129. 1 x 2 x 1 x 1, so x [1, ).
130. 1 + 5x > 5 3x 8x > 4 x > 12 , so x

1
2


, .

131. 0 1 x < 1 1 x < 0 1 x > 0, so x (0, 1].

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

132. 1 < 3x + 4 16 3 < 3x 12 1 < x 4, so

x (1, 4].
133. (x 1)(x 2) > 0.

Case 1: (both factors are positive, so their product is positive)

x 1 > 0 x > 1, and x 2 > 0 x > 2, so x (2, ).

Case 2: (both factors are negative, so their product is positive)

x 1 < 0 x < 1, and x 2 < 0 x < 2, so x (, 1).

Thus, the solution set is (, 1) (2, ).

134. x2 < 2x + 8 x2 2x 8 < 0 (x 4)(x + 2) < 0. Case 1: x > 4 and x < 2, which is impossible.
Case 2: x < 4 and x > 2. Thus, the solution set is (2, 4).




135. x2 < 3 x2 3 < 0 x 3 x + 3 < 0. Case 1: x > 3 and x < 3, which is impossible.

 
Case 2: x < 3 and x > 3. Thus, the solution set is 3, 3 .

Another method: x2 < 3 |x| < 3 3 < x < 3.

22 REVIEW OF ALGEBRA







136. x2 5 x2 5 0 x 5 x + 5 0. Case 1: x 5 and x 5, so x
5, .


 



Case 2: x 5 and x 5, so x , 5 . Thus, the solution set is , 5 5, .

Another method: x2 5 |x| 5 x 5 or x 5.

137. x3 x2 0 x2 (x 1) 0. Since x2 0 for all x, the inequality is satisfied when x 1 0 x 1.

Thus, the solution set is (, 1].

138. (x + 1)(x 2)(x + 3) = 0 x = 1, 2, or 3. Construct a chart:

Interval

x+1

x2

x+3

(x + 1)(x 2)(x + 3)

x < 3

1 < x < 2

3 < x < 1
x>2

Thus, (x + 1)(x 2)(x + 3) 0 on [3, 1] and [2, ), and the solution set is [3, 1] [2, ).


139. x3 > x x3 x > 0 x x2 1 > 0 x(x 1)(x + 1) > 0. Construct a chart:
Interval

x1

x+1

x(x 1)(x + 1)

x < 1

0<x<1

1 < x < 0

x>1

+
+

+
+

140. x3 + 3x < 4x2



x3 4x2 + 3x < 0 x x2 4x + 3 < 0 x(x 1)(x 3) < 0.
Interval

x1

x3

x(x 1)(x 3)

x<0

1<x<3

x>3

0<x<1

+
+

Thus, the solution set is (, 0) (1, 3).

141. 1/x < 4. This is clearly true for x < 0. So suppose x > 0. then 1/x < 4 1 < 4x


solution set is (, 0) 14 , .

1
4

< x. Thus, the

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

Since x3 > x when the last column is positive, the solution set is (1, 0) (1, ).

REVIEW OF ALGEBRA 23

142. 3 < 1/x 1. We solve the two inequalities separately and take the intersection of the solution sets. First,

3 < 1/x is clearly true for x > 0. So suppose x < 0. Then 3 < 1/x 3x > 1 x < 13 , so for this


inequality, the solution set is , 13 (0, ). Now 1/x 1 is clearly true if x < 0. So suppose x > 0. Then
1/x 1 1 x, and the solution set here is (, 0) [1, ). Taking the intersection of the two solution


sets gives the final solution set: , 13 [1, ).

143. C = 59 (F 32) F = 95 C + 32. So 50 F 95 50 95 C + 32 95 18 95 C 63

10 C 35. So the interval is [10, 35].

144. Since 20 C 30 and C = 59 (F 32), we have 20 59 (F 32) 30 36 F 32 54

68 F 86. So the interval is [68, 86].

145. (a) Let T represent the temperature in degrees Celsius and h the height in km. T = 20 when h = 0 and T decreases
by 10 C for every km (1 C for each 100-m rise). Thus, T = 20 10h when 0 h 12.
(b) From part (a), T = 20 10h 10h = 20 T h = 2 T /10. So 0 h 5
0 2 T /10 5 2 T /10 3 20 T 30 20 T 30
30 T 20. Thus, the range of temperatures (in C) to be expected is [30, 20].

146. The ball will be at least 32 ft above the ground if h 32 128 + 16t 16t2 32
16t2 16t 96 0 16(t 3)(t + 2) 0. t = 3 and t = 2 are endpoints of the interval were looking for,

and constructing a table gives 2 t 3. But t 0, so the ball will be at least 32 ft above the ground in the time

interval [0, 3].

147. |x + 3| = |2x + 1| either x + 3 = 2x + 1 or x + 3 = (2x + 1). In the first case, x = 2, and in the second
case, x + 3 = 2x 1

3x = 4 x = 43 . So the solutions are 43 and 2.

148. |3x + 5| = 1 either 3x + 5 = 1 or 1. In the first case, 3x = 4 x = 43 , and in the second case,
3x = 6 x = 2. So the solutions are 2 and 43 .
149. By Property 5 of absolute values, |x| < 3 3 < x < 3, so x (3, 3).
150. By Properties 4 and 6 of absolute values, |x| 3 x 3 or x 3, so x (, 3] [3, ).

Stewart: Calculus, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 0495011606. 2008 Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved.

151. |x 4| < 1 1 < x 4 < 1 3 < x < 5, so x (3, 5).

152. |x 6| < 0.1 0.1 < x 6 < 0.1 5.9 < x < 6.1, so x (5.9, 6.1).
153. |x + 5| 2 x + 5 2 or x + 5 2 x 3 or x 7, so x (, 7] [3, ).
154. |x + 1| 3 x + 1 3 or x + 1 3 x 2 or x 4, so x (, 4] [2, ).
155. |2x 3| 0.4 0.4 2x 3 0.4 2.6 2x 3.4 1.3 x 1.7, so x [1.3, 1.7].



156. |5x 2| < 6 6 < 5x 2 < 6 4 < 5x < 8 45 < x < 85 , so x 45 , 85 .
157. a(bx c) bc bx c

bc
a

bx

158. ax + b < c ax < c b x >

159. |ab| =

bc
bc + ac
+c =
a
a

bc + ac
ab

cb
(since a < 0)
a

s
(ab)2 = a2 b2 = a2 b2 = |a| |b|

160. If 0 < a < b, then a a < a b and a b < b b [using Rule 3 of Inequalities]. So a2 < ab < b2 and hence a2 < b2 .