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Beam Elements: MCEN 4173/5173

0 0⎥ ⎪⎪ mˆ 1 ⎪⎪ ⎥ 0 0⎥ ⎨ fˆ2 x ⎬ 0 0⎥ ⎪ fˆ2 y ⎪ ⎥⎪ ⎪ 0 1⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ mˆ 2 ⎪⎭ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Santhosh Lingappa
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147 views28 pages

Beam Elements: MCEN 4173/5173

0 0⎥ ⎪⎪ mˆ 1 ⎪⎪ ⎥ 0 0⎥ ⎨ fˆ2 x ⎬ 0 0⎥ ⎪ fˆ2 y ⎪ ⎥⎪ ⎪ 0 1⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ mˆ 2 ⎪⎭ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Uploaded by

Santhosh Lingappa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MCEN 4173/5173

Lecture 5

Beam Elements

Fall, 2006

Beam
Beam is one of commonly used structural elements. Many engineering
structures can be modeled as beams.

Cantilever beam.
Engine

Airplane wing modeled as beam


2

Beam
Mechanics of Beams

Sign Convention

m: moment
V

V: shear

V
In beam theory

In FEA

f
3

Beam
Mechanics of Beams: Force Balance

w(x )

x
m

FBD:

F
m

w(x )

dx

V (V + dV ) w( x )dx = 0

dV
= w( x )
dx
dx

m + dm m Vdx + w( x)dx = 0
2
dx 2
dm Vdx + w( x )
=0
2

dV = w( x )dx

m
V+dV

=0

m+dm

=0

dm = Vdx

dm
=V
dx

Beam
Mechanics of Beams: Deformation

Neutral axis

y
x
Beam deformation in pure bending

dv 2 (x )
Curvature =
=

dx 2

v is deflection

Material fiber length: On neutral axis:

dl0 = d

At y:
Strain:

dl1 = ( y )d

dl1 dl0
y
=

dl0

Beam
Mechanics of Beams: Force

Neutral axis

y
x
Beam deformation in pure bending
Strain:

dl1 dl0
y
=
=

dl0

dv 2
= Ey 2
Stress: = E = E

dx
y

m=

[ (bdy )y ]
2
h
2

dv 2
m = EI 2
dx

I=

2
2 dy
b
y
h
2

Beam
Mechanics of Beams

m = EI

dv
dx 2

dm
=V
dx
dV
= w( x )
dx

dv 2 m
=
2
EI
dx
dv 3
EI 3 = V (x )
dx
dv 4
EI 4 = w(x )
dx

If w(x ) = 0

Beam
Beam Elements

dv 3
EI 3 = V (x )
dx

d1 y

d2 y

In general,

V (x ) 0

Boundary conditions

v(x = 0 ) = d1x = a4

2
Beam element

dv
(x = 0) = 1x = a3
dx
v(x = L ) = d 2 x = a1 L3 + a2 L2 + a3 L + a4

dv
(x = L ) = 2 x = 3a1L2 + 2a2 L + a3
dx
8

Beam
Beam Elements: displacement function

v( x ) = a1 x 3 + a2 x 2 + a3 x + a4

3
1
(21 + 2 )
d

1y
2y
2
L
L

2
1
a1 = 3 d1 y d 2 y + 2 (1 + 2 )
L
L

a2 =

a3 = 1

a3 = d1 y

In matrix form

v = [N ]{d }

[N ] = [N1

1
N1 = 3 2 x 3 3 x 2 L + L3
L
1
N 3 = 3 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 L
L

Note:

N2

N3

{d } = [d1 y

N4 ]

1 d 2 y 2 ]T

N2 =

1 3
2 2
3

x
L

x
L
+
x
L
2
L3

N4 =

1 3
2 2

x
L

x
L
3
L

)
9

dv 2 m
=
2
EI
dx

Beam
Beam Elements: Element Stiffness Matrix

dv 3
EI 3 = V (x )
dx

v = [N ]{d }
f1 y = V (x = 0 ) =

m1 = m(x = 0 ) =
f2 y

EI
12d1 y + 6 L1 12d 2 y + 6 L2
3
L

EI
2
2
6
Ld
+
4
L

6
Ld
+
2
L
2
1y
1
2y
3
L

= V (x = L ) =

m2 = m(x = L ) =

EI
12d1 y 6 L1 + 12d 2 y 6 L2
3
L

EI
2
2
6
Ld
+
2
L

6
Ld
+
4
L
2
1y
1
2y
3
L

)
10

Beam
Beam Elements: Element Stiffness Matrix

f1 y
d1 y
m

1
e 1
[
]
=
K


f
2y
d 2 y
m2
2

[K ]e

6 L 12 6 L
12

2
2
EI 6 L 4 L 6 L 2 L
= 3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L

2
2
6L 2L 6L 4L

11

Beam
2D Beam Elements

d2 y d2x
d1 y

d1x

d2 y

d1 y

x
d1x C S d1x

=

d1 y S C d1 y

What about ?

12

Beam
2D Beam Elements

d1x C S d1x

=

d1 y S C d1 y

1 = 1

d1x C S 0 0 0 0 d1x

d

0
0
0
0
S
C
d
1y
1y
0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1

=
0
0
0
0
C
S
d 2 x
d 2 x
d 0 0 0 S C 0 d 2 y

2y

2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

13

Beam
2D Beam Elements

C S 0 0 0 0
S C 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ] =

0
0
0
0
C
S

0 0 0 S C 0

0 0 0 0 0 1
f1x C - S
f S C
1y
m1 0 0
=
f2x 0 0
f2 y 0 0

m2 0 0

1 0
0 C
0

0 f1x

0 0 f1 y
0 0 m 1

- S 0 f2 x
C 0 f2 y

0 1 m 2
0

14

Beam
2D Beam Elements: element stiffness matrix

f1 y
6 L 12 6 L d1 y
12

6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2
1
m 1 EI

=


3

f 2 y L 12 6 L 12 6 L d 2 y

2
2
m
6
2
6
4
L
L
L
L

2
Expand the element stiffness matrix for 1D

f1x
0
0 0

0 12
6L
f1 y

m EI 0 6 L 4 L2
1
= 3
0
f 2 x L 0 0
0 12 6 L
f
2y


2
0 6 L 2 L
m 2

0
0
0
0
0
0

0 d1x

12 6 L d1 y
6 L 2 L2 1

0
0 d2 x
12 6 L d2 y

2
6 L 4 L 2
0

15

Beam
2D Beam Elements: element stiffness matrix
f1x C
f S
1y
m1 0
=
f2x 0
f2y 0

m2 0
f1 x
C
f
S
y
1

m1 EI
= 3
f2x L

f2 y


m2

0 C

0 S

S
C
1
C
S

0 f1x

0 f1 y
0 m 1

0 f2 x
0 f2 y

1 m 2

0
0 0
0 12
6L

0 6 L 4 L2

S 0 0
0
0 12 6 L
C

1 0 6 L 2 L2

d1x C S 0 0

d1 y S C 0 0
0 0 1 0
1
=
d 2 x 0 0 0 C
d 0 0 0 S
2y
2 0 0 0 0

0 d1x
0 d1 y
0 0 1

S 0 d 2 x
C 0 d 2 y

0 1 2
0
0

0
0 C S
d1x
d
12 6 L S C
1y
2
1
0 6L 2L
1


C S
0
0
0
d 2 x
S C d 2 y
0 12 6 L


0 6 L 4 L2
1 2
0
0

[K ]e
16

Beam
2D Beam Elements: element stiffness matrix
C S 0 0 0 0
S C 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ] =

0
0
0
0
C
S

0 0 0 S C 0

0 0 0 0 0 1

[]

[ K ] = [T ] K [T ]
e

17

Beam
2D Beam Elements: element stiffness matrix

[K ]e

C
S

EI
= 3
L

S
C
1
C
S

[K ]

0
0 0
0 12
6L

0 6 L 4 L2

0
S 0 0
0 12 6 L
C

1 0 6 L 2 L2

12 S 2

EI
= 3
L

12CS
12C 2

SYMM

C S

S C

C
S

S C
0 12 6 L

0 6 L 4 L2
1
0
0
0 12
0 6L
0
0

0
6L
2 L2
0

6 LS
6 LC

12S 2
12CS

12CS
12C 2

4 L2

6 LS
12S 2

6 LC
12CS
12C 2

6 LS

6 LC
2 L2

6 LS
6 LC

2
4 L
18

Beam
3D Beam Elements: Can extend our equations to 3D?

m1x
We have to consider twist!!

x
m1z
m1 y

m2 z
m2 y

z
19

Beam
2D Beam Elements:

f1 y
d1 y


e
m
1 1
= K
f2 y
d 2 y
m

2
2

[]

Nodal Forces

Nodal Displacements

In solid mechanics and in FEA, general forces refer to forces and moments.
General displacements refer to displacements and rotations.

20

Beam
Distributed loads

d2 y

d1 y

v( x ) = a1 x 3 + a2 x 2 + a3 x + a4
This implies that we assume

dv 4
EI 4 = w(x ) = 0
dx

No distributed load over the element

Beam element

To consider a distributed load, we could

v( x ) = a1 x + a2 x + a3 x + a4 x + a5
4

v( x ) = a1 x 5 + a2 x 4 + a3 x 3 + a4 x 2 + a5 x + a6

d1 y

d2 y

1
1

2
dv 2 (x )
=
dx 2

21

Beam
Distributed loads

w(x)

f2 y = P

f2 y = ?

How can we consider a distributed load?


22

Beam
Distributed loads: Work Equivalence Method
Underlying idea: the work done by the distributed load on the
displacement v(x) is equal to the work done by the nodal
forces on the nodal displacements.
Work done by the distributed load:

Work done by the nodal forces on the nodal displacements:

23

Beam
Distributed loads: Work Equivalence Method

Wdistributed =
v = [N ]{d }

w(x )v(x )dx = ?


L

v(x ) = N1d1 y + N 21 + N 3 d2 y + N 42

Wdistributed =

w(x ) N1d1 y + N 21 + N 3 d2 y + N 42 dx

L
L

= w(x )N1dx d1 y + w(x )N 2 dx 1


0

L
L

+ w(x )N 3 dx d 3 y + w(x )N 4 dx 2
0

24

Beam
Distributed loads: Work Equivalence Method

Wdistribute = Wdiscrete = f1 y d1 y + m11 + f2 y d 21 y + m22


f1 y =

w(x )N dx

f2 y =

w(x )N dx

1
N1 = 3 2 x 3 3 x 2 L + L3
L

1
N 3 = 3 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 L
L

m1 =

w(x )N dx

m2 =

w(x )N dx

N2 =

1 3
2 2
3

x
L

x
L
+
x
L
2
L3

N4 =

1 3
2 2

x
L

x
L
3
L

25

Beam
Distributed loads: Work Equivalence Method
1

w(x ) = w
w
wN1dx = 3
0
L

(2 x

w
wN 3 dx = 3
0
L

( 2 x

f1 y =
f2 y =

w
m1 = wN 2 dx = 3
0
L

w
m2 = wN 4 dx = 3
0
L

3 x 2 L + L3 dx =
3

+ 3 x 2 L dx =

Lw
2

Lw
2

2
wL
x L 2 x L + xL dx =
12

2 2

2
wL
x 3 L x 2 L2 dx =
12

26

Beam
Distributed loads: Equivalent Nodal Forces

w
1

wL2
12 1

wL
2

wL
2

wL2
2 12

Element nodal force matrix


corresponds to the reaction
forces when the two ends
of a beam are clamped.
27

Beam
Distributed loads: Work Equivalence Method

w(x )N1dx

f1 y =

f2 y =

w(x )N dx

m1 =

w(x )N dx

m2 =

w(x )N dx

Above equations give a way to obtain the nodal force matrix when a more
complicated distributed load is applied.

28

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