Solution to Homework 1.

Vector Analysis (P201)

Q1.

B
C
The sides AB, BC and AC are,
~ = 3i + j 2k,
~ = i + 3j + 4k,
~ = 4i 2j 6k.
A

~ = 4i 2j 6k AB = 56 7.48
AB

~ = 5i + 5j + 10k BC = 150 12.25

BC

~ = i 3j 4k
CA
CA = 26 5.1

From which it follows that sum of any two sides is greater than the third. The angles are,
~ BC
~
90
AB
=
AB.BC
56 150
~
~
60
BC CA

=
cos(BC, CA) =
BC.CA
150 26
~ AB
~
34
CA
=
cos(CA, AB) =
CA.AB
26 56

cos(AB, BC) =

(AB, BC) = 180o 169.1o = 10.9o

(AB, BC) = 180o 163.9o = 16.1o
(AB, BC) = 180o 27o = 153o

So the angles add up to 180o . Or we can directly use

which case we have

~ = 14 = 3.74 |B|
~ = 26 = 5.1
|A|

~ B,
~ C
~ as sides of the triangle in
A,
~ =
|C|

56 = 7.48

We get sum of any two sides is greater than the third. The angles are
8

14 26
22
cos(A, C) =
14 56
34
cos(B, C) =
56 26
cos(A, B) =

(A, B) = 2c = 114.79o
(A, C) = 0.67c = 38.21o
(B, C) = ( 2.67)c = 0.47c = 27.0o

Again the angles add upto c or 180o .

Q2.

The diagonals on the same face, say on yz-plane, connect the corners (0,0,0) to (0,1,1)
Hence the
and (0,1,0) to (0,0,1). The vectors in this case are f~1 = j + k and f~2 = j + k.
angle f is
1 + 1
f~1 f~2
= cos1 = 0 f = 90o .
f = cos1
f1 .f2
2 2
The diagonals on the adjacent faces, say on yz and xz-planes, connect the corners (0,0,0)
The
to (0,1,1) and (0,0,0) to (1,0,1). The vectors in this case are f~1 = j + k and f~2 = i + k.
angle f is
f~1 f~2
1
1
f = cos1
= cos1 =
f = 60o .
f1 .f2
2
2 2
Consider the body diagonals connecting the corners (1,0,0) to (0,1,1) and (0,0,0) to (1,1,1)
The angle between
and the corresponding vectors are ~b1 = i + j + k and ~b2 = i + j + k.
them b is
~b1 ~b2
1
1
b = cos1
= cos1 =
b 70.5o .
b1 .b2
3
3 3
1

 Use
~ = i 3k.
~ = i + 2j, BC
~ = 2j + 3k and CA
The sides of the triangle are AB
~
~
any two sides, say AB and BS to calculate the area of the triangle formed by AB, BC, CA
and unit normal n
:


 i
j k 


1 ~
~ = 1  1 2 0 
area =
|AB BC|


2
2
0 2 3 
 36 + 9 + 4
1 
7


=
= units
6i + 3j + 2k  =
2
2
2
1

(6i + 3j + 2k)
n
=
7

Q3.

Q4.

Since the vector we are looking for is parallel to xy-plane, it does not depend not z
and let that vector be ~v = xi + yj. Perpendicular to 4i 3j + k implies,
= 0
(xi + yj) (4i 3j + k)
4x 3y = 0 x =

3
y
4

Therefore the unit vector v is

3

yi + yj

3
4
= i + j.
5
5
9 2
2
16 y + y

v = q4

Then the direction

~ = Axi + Ay j + Az k.
In terms of components, let the vector be A
cosines are
Ay
Ax
Az
cos =
cos =
cos =
~
~
~
|A|
|A|
|A|

Q5.

~ = A2x + A2y + A2z . Hence,

where, |A|
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 =

A2y
A2x
A2x
+
+
= 1.
A2x + A2y + A2z
A2x + A2y + A2z
A2z + A2y + A2z

The displacement vector is ~s = (2 3)i + (1 2)j + (4 + 1)k = i 3j + 5k.

Therefore the work done is

Q6.

(i 3j + 5k)
= 15 units.
W = F~ ~s = (4i 3j + 2k)
~ 0 = A0xi + A0y j + A0z k under rotation
~ = Axi + Ay j + Az k changes to A
The vector A
by about y-axis,
0

Ax
cos 0 sin
Ax
A0y =
0
1
0 Ay .
0
sin 0 cos
Az
Az

Q7.

Then A0x = Ax cos + Az sin , A0y = Ay , Az = Ax sin + Az cos , and therefore, A02
x +
02 = A2 + A2 + A2 .
A02
+
A
y
z
x
y
z

Q8.

The gradient of (x, y, z) = ex sin y ln z is

ex sin y ln z ex sin y ln z ex sin y ln z
= i
+j
+k
x
y
z
x sin y
e
= iex sin y ln z + jex cos y ln z + k
z
2 sin 2
e
|(2,2,2) = ie2 sin 2 ln 2 + je2 cos 2 ln 2 + k
2
= 4.66i 2.13j + 3.36k

Q9.

For (x, y, z) = c we have

d(x, y, z) = 0 d~l = 0

Then either d~l = ~0, which cannot be true because we have some displacement along the
surface, or = ~0 which also cannot be true because it must be a function of at least x or
y or z, or d~l which is the only option that implies is perpendicular to the surface
on which we have the displacement d~l.

Q10.

The unit vector n

1 perpendicular to the surface x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at (2,-1,2) is
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 9) = 2xi + 2yj + 2z k
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 9)|(2,1,2) = 4i 2j + 4k
n
1 =

2
4
4
i j + k.
36
36
36

Similarly, the unit vector n

2 perpendicular to the surface x2 + y 2 z = 3 at (2,-1,2) is
(x2 + y 2 z 3) = 2xi + 2yj k
(x2 + y 2 z 3)|(2,1,2) = 4i 2j k
n
2 =

4
2
1
i j k.
21
21
21

Hence the angle between the surfaces at (2,-1,2) is

= cos1 (
n1 n
2)
1
(16 + 4 4) = 1.55c = 88.8o
= cos1
756

Q11.

The volume element in spherical coordinate is d = r2 sin dddr and hence the
total volume is
Z R
Z
Z 2
4
2
Volume =
r dr
sin d
d = R3 .
3
0
0
0

The surface element of a sphere of radius R is ds = R2 sin dd and hence the total surface
area of a sphere is,
Z
Z

Surface = R2

d = 4R2 .

sin d
0

Q12.

The gradient operator in spherical polar coordinate is r + 1r

+ r sin
.

ln r =
r
r

(b) rn = r rn = nrn1 r
r

(c) f (r) = r f (r) = rf 0 (r)

r
(a) ln r = r

Q13.

The divergence is
~ = xz 3 + (2x2 yz) + 2yz 4 = z 3 2x2 z + 8yz 3
A
x
y
z

Q14.

~ =
The divergence operator in spherical polar coordinate is A

r sin (sin A )

1 A
r sin .

1
(r2 Ar )
r2 r

Here our Ar = r cos , A = r sin , A = r sin cos . So,

1 (r3 cos )
1 (r sin2 )
1 (r sin cos )
+
+
2
r
r
r sin

r sin

= 3 cos + 2 cos sin = 5 cos sin .

~ =
A

Q15.

and Q16. are standard stuff, hence the calculations are not provided here. Consult
any text book containing vector analysis.

Q17.

The = x2 + 4xy + 2yz 3 evaluated at a (0, 0, 0) and b (1, 1, 1) are a = 0 and

Rb
b = 7. So, b a = 7. To integrate a d~l, we first calculate
[dxi + dyj + dz k]

d~l = [(2x + 4y)i + (4x + 2z 3 )j + (6yz 2 )k]

= (2x + 4y) dx + (4x + 2z 3 ) dy + 6yz 2 dz

For path (0,0,0) to (1,0,0) the dy = dz = 0 and y = z = 0 since y and z do not change and
y and z are always 0 along that path, hence
Z 1
Z 1
(2x + 4y) dx =
2x dx = x2 |10 = 1
0

For path (1,0,0) to (1,1,0) the dx = dz = 0 and x = 1, z = 0 along this path, hence
Z 1
Z 1
3
(4x + 2z ) dy =
4 dy = 4y|10 = 4
0

Finally, for path (1,1,0) to (1,1,1) we have dx = dy = 0 and x = y = 1 along this path,
hence
Z 1
Z 1
6yz 2 dz =
6z 2 dz = 2z 3 |10 = 2
0

Summing all the path contributions,

Q18.
z2

a2

Rb
a

d~l = 7 = b a .

To do the surface integral, we would project the surface of the hemisphere x2 + y 2 +

on xy-plane. For that first we calculate the unit normal to the hemisphere at some
4

 Therefore,
arbitrary point (x, y, z) which is (x2 + y 2 + z 2 a2 ) = 2xi + 2yj + 2z k.
2x

n
=

4x2

4y 2

+
x y
i+ j+
a
a

+
z
k
a

4z 2

2y

i + p

4x2

4y 2

4z 2

j + p

2z
4x2

+ 4y 2 + 4z 2

The projection of an element of surface area ds0 on hemisphere surface onto xy-plane ds is
ds0 cos = ds where is the angle between n
and k which is
= ds0
ds dx dy = ds0 cos = ds0 (
n k)

z
dx dy
ds0 =
z
a
a

Then the surface integral becomes

Z
Z
Z

0
0
x i + y j +
~
~
A d~s =
An
ds = (xi + yj 2z k)
a
a

z  dx dy
k
z
a
a

2 x2 y
The limit of the integrals are: a x a and ap
a2 x2 . Note that
2
2
z = 0 on xy-plane and we could have expressed x = a y etc.
Z

~ d~s =
A

x2 + y 2 2z 2
dx dy =
z

x=a

x=a

y= a2 x2

y= a2 x2

3(x2 + y 2 ) 2a2
p
dx dy
a2 x2 y 2

To fecilitate integration we can change over to polar coordinate as, x = r cos , y =

r sin , dx dy = r dr d and the limits are 0 r a and 0 2 (please convince
yourself). The answer, therefore, is
Z

~ d~s0 =
A

=2

=0

r=a

3r2 2a2

r dr d = 0
a2 r2

r=0

You could have changed the coordinates (x, y, z) to (r, , ) at the very begining and done
the calculation.

Q19.

The divergence of ~v = xyi + 2yzj + 3zxk is

~v =

(xy) +
(2yz) +
(3zx) = y + 2z + 3x
x
y
z

The volume integral is,

Z
Z 2 Z 2
Z
(~v ) d =
dx
ydy
0

Z
dz + 2

Z
dx

Z
dy

Z
zdz + 3

Z
xdx

Z
dy

dz = 48
0

~v d~s on the faces of the cube

Z 2Z 2
xy plane at z = 0

3zx dx dy = 0
0
0
Z 2Z 2
xy plane at z = 2
3zx dx dy = 24
0
0
Z 2Z 2
yz plane at x = 0

xy dy dz = 0
0
0
Z 2Z 2
yz plane at x = 2
xy dy dz = 8
0
0
Z 2Z 2
zx plane at y = 0

2yz dz dx = 0
0
0
Z 2Z 2
zx plane at y = 2
2yz dz dx = 16

Next we do the surface integrals

Threfore,

~v d~s = 48 =

~v d , the divergence theorem is verified.

Q20(a) The curl of ~v = xyi + 2yzj + 3zxk and the area element on shaded area are,
~v = 2yi 3zj xk
Since y + z = 2, the surface integral is
Z
Z
Z
( ~v ) d~s = 2 ydy dz =
0

Next we do the line integrals,

Z
(0, 0, 0) (0, 2, 0)
Z
(0, 2, 0) (0, 0, 2)
Z
(0, 0, 2) (0, 0, 0)

d~s = dy dz i

and

2 Z 2z


y dy dz =

8
3

where the line element is d~l = dxi + dyj + dz k,

Z 2
~
~v dl =
2yz dy = 0
0
Z
Z 0
8
~v d~l = (2yz dy + 3zx dz) = 2
y(2 y) dy =
3
2
Z 0
~v d~l =
3zx dz = 0
2

Therefore, ( ~v ) d~s = 83 =
R

~v d~l, the Stokes theorem is verified.

Q20(b) The equation of the inclined surface is 2x + y + 2z = 8 and unit vector on the
The surface area element written in terms of area element of
surface is n
= 23 i + 13 j + 23 k.
3
the projected surface on xy-plane is ds0 = dxdy
v is x2i + (x 2xy)j.
= 2 dxdy. The curl of ~
n
k
The surface integral is,


Z
Z
Z
2
2
1
3
1
( ~v ) n
ds0 = [x2i + (x 2xy)j] i + j + k
dx dy = [x2 + (x 2xy)] dx dy
3
3
3
2
2
To perform the above integral, we note that x and y are related by 2x + y = 8.
#
#
Z
Z 8 "Z 8y
Z 8 "Z 8y
2
2
1
0
2
( ~v ) n
ds =
x dx dy +
(x 2xy)dx dy
2
0
0
0
0
=

128
32
32 =
3
3
6

Next we consider the line integral

Z
(4, 0, 0) (0, 8, 0)

R
~v d~l = (xz dx y dy + x2 y dz),

(xz dx y dy + x2 y dz) =

y dy = 32
0

Z
(0, 8, 0) (0, 0, 4)

32
3

(xz dx y dy + x y dz) =
y dy = 32
8
Z
Z 4
32
2
(xz dx y dy + x y dz) =
x(4 x) dx =
3
0

(0, 0, 4) (4, 0, 0)

R
Therefore, ( ~v ) d~s =

~v d~l, the Stokes theorem is verified.