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Sensor Reference Notes

This document summarizes the selection and justification of temperature and level sensors for an industrial process. For temperature, an RTD sensor was chosen due to its high accuracy, noise immunity when paired with a signal conditioner, flexibility provided by the conditioner, and overall cost savings compared to directly wired sensors. A capacitive sensor was selected for level measurement due to its simple, non-moving construction and long service life.

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37 views

Sensor Reference Notes

This document summarizes the selection and justification of temperature and level sensors for an industrial process. For temperature, an RTD sensor was chosen due to its high accuracy, noise immunity when paired with a signal conditioner, flexibility provided by the conditioner, and overall cost savings compared to directly wired sensors. A capacitive sensor was selected for level measurement due to its simple, non-moving construction and long service life.

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REFERENCE NOTES

Please refer to Appendix C for detail of the various types of temperature sensors.
Selected Temperature Sensor Type: RTD
In selecting the temperature sensor, the following criteria have to be considered:
a) Temperature range b) Accuracyc) Response time d)Stabilitye)Linearityf) Sensitivity
g) Abrasion and vibration resistanceh) Installationrequirements (may need to be compatible with
existing equipment; existing holes may determine probe diameter)
Justification
This sensor is selected for the following reasons:
Accuracy:Temperature signal conditioners were developed to maintain the integrityof
thesensor'soutput.Theiraccuracyspecifications surpassthose of a PLC or DCS card.
Conditioning the sensor signal near the measuring point prevents degradation of the signal
from errorsintroducedbythermalgradientsimbalancewithRTD wires.
Noise Immunity/Isolation: RTD signals are very low level, making them
extremely susceptibletonoise.Asignalconditionercanconvertthislow- level signal into a 420
mA output thatismoreimmunetonoise and which can be run longer distances. Conditioners
also provide low-passfilteringthatpreventshigh-frequencynoisefrom passing through to the
controller. Signal conditioners also provide isolation, which prevents inaccuracies
due to ground loop problems that are very common withtemperaturemeasurement.
System Flexibility/Diagnostics: Signal conditioners provide the control system with
complete flexibility. A 420 mA measurement signal can be sent directly to a recorder or
the analog card. Some sophisticated temperature conditioners provide both analog and
digital outputs for alarming or emergency shutdown. The modules also provide local
and remote indications in case of wire break.
Cost
Savings:RTDwiresconnected
directlytotemperaturecardsareexpensive,
especiallywhenlabor,maintenance, and troubleshooting are added to the system cost. The use
of
temperature
signal
conditioners
in
conjunctionwithstandardanalog
and/ordigitalinputcardscan reduce that cost considerably.
b.Levelsensor
Selected Level Sensor Type: Capacitance
The electrostatic capacitance between electrodes varies with the dielectric constant of the
material between the electrodes. Assuming that the liquid between concentric cylindrical
electrodes changes in level. In this process, we used Capacitance liquid-level detector.
This sensor is selected for the following reasons:a)Simple construction b) No moving parts for long service life
c) Changesindielectricduetovariationsintemperatureorobject density results in measurement
errors.

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