Chapter 2

Fundamentals of the World Wide Web

Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World

ObjectivesOverview

Discusstheevolutionofthe
Internet

DescribethepurposeofanIP
addressanditsrelationshiptoa
domainname

SeePage73
forDetailedObjectives

Identifyandbrieflydescribe
variousbroadbandInternet
connectionsandstate
differencesbetweenbroadband
Internetconnectionsanddial
upconnections

DescribethetypesofInternet
accessproviders

ExplainthepurposeofaWeb
browserandidentifythe
componentsofaWebaddress

Describehowtouseasearch
enginetosearchfor
informationontheWeband
differentiatebetweenasearch
engineandasubjectdirectory

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

ObjectivesOverview

DescribethetypesofWeb
sites

ExplainhowWebpagesuse
graphics,animation,audio,
video,virtualreality,and
plugins

Identifyandbrieflydescribe
thestepsrequiredforWeb
publishing

Describethetypesofe
commerce

Explainhowemail,mailing
lists,instantmessaging,
chatrooms,VoIP,
newsgroupsandmessage
boards,andFTPwork

Identifytherulesof
netiquette

SeePage73
forDetailedObjectives

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

TheInternet
TheInternet isaworldwidecollectionofnetworks
thatlinksmillionsofbusinesses,government
agencies,educationalinstitutions,andindividuals

Page74
Figure21

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

EvolutionoftheInternet
TheInternetoriginatedasARPANETinSeptember
1969andhadtwomaingoals:
Allowscientistsat
differentphysical
locationstoshare
informationandwork
together

Page75

Functionevenifpartof
thenetworkwere
disabledordestroyed
byadisaster

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

EvolutionoftheInternet
1986 NSF
connects
NSFnet to
ARPANETand
becomes
knownasthe
Internet

1969
ARPANET
becomes
functional

1984
ARPANEThas
morethan
1,000
individual
computers
linkedas
hosts
Pages75 76

1996
Internet2is
founded

1995 NSFNet
terminates
itsnetwork
onthe
Internetand
resumes
statusas
research
network
DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

Today More
than550
millionhosts
connectto
theInternet

EvolutionoftheInternet
Eachorganizationisresponsibleonlyfor
maintainingitsownnetwork
TheWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C)oversees
researchandsetsguidelinesandstandards

Internet2connectsmorethan200universities
and115companiesviaahighspeedprivate
network

Page76

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

EvolutionoftheInternet
Manyhomeandsmallbusinessusersconnectto
theInternetviahighspeedbroadbandInternet
service

Cable
Internet
service

Page76

DSL

Fiberto
the
Premises
(FTTP)

Fixed
wireless

Cellular
Radio
Network

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

WiFi

Satellite
Internet
Service

EvolutionoftheInternet
Anaccessprovider isabusinessthatprovidesindividuals
andorganizationsaccesstotheInternetfreeorforafee

Page77
Figure22

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

EvolutionoftheInternet
ISP (Internet
service provider)

Onlineservice
provider(OSP)

WirelessInternet
serviceprovider

RegionalISPs
provideInternet
accesstoaspecific
geographicalarea

Hasmanymembers
onlyfeatures

Provideswireless
Internetaccessto
computersand
mobiledevices

NationalISPs
provideInternet
accessincitiesand
townsnationwide

PopularOSPsinclude
AOL(America
Online)andMSN
(MicrosoftNetwork)

Mayrequirea
wirelessmodem

Page78

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

10

EvolutionoftheInternet

Page79
Figure23

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

11

EvolutionoftheInternet
AnIPaddress isanumberthatuniquelyidentifieseach
computerordeviceconnectedtotheInternet
Adomainname isthetextversionofanIPaddress
Topleveldomain(TLD)

ADNSserver translatesthedomainnameintoits
associatedIPaddress

Pages79 80
Figure24

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

12

EvolutionoftheInternet

Page80
Figure25

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

13

TheWorldWideWeb
TheWorldWideWeb,orWeb,consistsofa
worldwidecollectionofelectronicdocuments
(Webpages)
AWebsite isacollectionofrelatedWebpages
andassociateditems
AWebserver isacomputerthatdelivers
requestedWebpagestoyourcomputer
Web2.0 referstoWebsitesthatprovideameans
foruserstointeract
Pages80 81

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

14

TheWorldWideWeb
AWebbrowser,orbrowser,allowsusersto
accessWebpagesandWeb2.0programs

Internet
Explorer

Firefox

Safari
Page81

Opera

Google
Chrome

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

15

TheWorldWideWeb

Page81
Figure26

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

16

TheWorldWideWeb
Ahomepageisthefirst
pagethataWebsite
displays
Webpagesprovidelinks to
otherrelatedWebpages

SomeWebpagesare
designedspecificallyfor
microbrowsers

SurfingtheWeb

Downloading isthe
processofreceiving
information

Pages82 83
Figure27

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

17

TheWorldWideWeb
AWebpagehasauniqueaddresscalledaURL or
Webaddress

Pages82 83
Figure28

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

18

TheWorldWideWeb
Tabbedbrowsing allowsyoutoopenandviewmultiple
WebpagesinasingleWebbrowserwindow

Page84
Figure29

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

19

TheWorldWideWeb
Twotypesofsearchtoolsaresearchenginesand
subjectdirectories

Search
engine
Findsinformation
relatedtoa
specifictopic
Page85

Subject
directory
ClassifiesWeb
pagesinan
organizedsetof
categories

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

20

TheWorldWideWeb

Page85
Figure210

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

21

TheWorldWideWeb
Asearchengineishelpfulinlocatingitemssuch
as:
Images

Videos

Maps

Page85

Audio

Peopleor
Businesses

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

Publications

Blogs

22

TheWorldWideWeb

Page86
Figure211

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

23

TheWorldWideWeb
SomeWebbrowserscontainanInstantSearch
boxtoeliminatethestepsofdisplayingthesearch
enginesWebpagepriortoenteringthesearch
text

Page87
Figure212

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

24

TheWorldWideWeb
Searchoperatorscanhelptorefineyoursearch

Page87
Figure213

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

25

TheWorldWideWeb
TherearethirteentypesofWebsites

Portal

News

Informational

Business/Marketing

Blog

Wiki

OnlineSocial
Network

Educational

Pages88 91
Figure215

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

26

TheWorldWideWeb

Entertainment

Advocacy

Content
Aggregator
Pages91 92
Figure215

Web
Application

Personal

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

27

Video:TellYourStoriesviaVlog

CLICKTOSTART
DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

28

TheWorldWideWeb
Informationpresented
ontheWebmustbe
evaluatedforaccuracy
Nooneoverseesthe
contentofWebpages

Page92
Figure216

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

29

TheWorldWideWeb
Multimedia referstoanyapplicationthat
combinestextwith:

Page92

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

30

TheWorldWideWeb
Agraphic isadigital
representationof
nontext information
Graphicformatsinclude
BMP,GIF,JPEG,PNG,
andTIFF

Page93
Figure217

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

31

TheWorldWideWeb
Athumbnailisasmall
versionofalarger
graphic

Page94
Figure219

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

32

TheWorldWideWeb
Animation istheappearanceofmotioncreated
bydisplayingaseriesofstillimagesinsequence

Page94

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

33

TheWorldWideWeb
Audio includesmusic,speech,oranyothersound
Compressedtoreducefilesize

Youlistentoaudioonyourcomputerusingaplayer
Streaming istheprocessoftransferringdataina
continuousandevenflow

Pages94 95
Figure220

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

34

TheWorldWideWeb

Page95
Figure221

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

35

TheWorldWideWeb
Video consistsofimagesdisplayedinmotion

Page96
Figure222

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

36

TheWorldWideWeb
Virtualreality (VR)istheuseofcomputersto
simulatearealorimaginedenvironmentthat
appearsasathreedimensionalspace

Pages96 97
Figure223

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

37

TheWorldWideWeb
Aplugin isaprogramthatextendsthecapability
ofaWebbrowser

Page97
Figure224

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

38

TheWorldWideWeb
Webpublishing isthedevelopmentand
maintenanceofWebpages

Plana
Website

Page98

Analyze
and
designa
Website

Createa
Website

Deploya
Website

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

Maintain
aWeb
site

39

ECommerce
Ecommerce isabusinesstransactionthatoccurs
overanelectronicnetwork
Mcommerce identifiesecommercethattakesplace
usingmobiledevices

Page98

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

40

ECommerce
Business
to
consumer
(B2C)

Ecommerce
Business
to
business
(B2B)

Pages98 99

Consumer
to
consumer
(C2C)

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

41

ECommerce

Page99
Figure225

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

42

OtherInternetServices
Email isthe
transmissionof
messagesandfilesviaa
computernetwork
Anemailprogram
allowsyoutocreate,
send,receive,forward,
store,print,anddelete
emailmessages
Page101
Figure226

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

43

OtherInternetServices

Page102
Figure227

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

44

OtherInternetServices
Amailinglist isagroupofemailnamesandaddresses
givenasinglename
Subscribing addsyouremailnameandaddress
Unsubscribing removesyourname

Page103
Figure228

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

45

OtherInternetServices
Instantmessaging(IM)isarealtime Internet
communicationsservice

Page104
Figure229

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

46

OtherInternetServices
Achat isarealtime
typedconversationthat
takesplaceona
computer
Achatroom isa
locationonanInternet
serverthatpermits
userstochatwitheach
other
Page105
Figure230

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

47

OtherInternetServices
VoIP (VoiceoverIP)
enablesuserstospeak
tootherusersoverthe
Internet
AlsocalledInternet
telephony

Page106
Figure231

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

48

OtherInternetServices
Anewsgroup isan
onlineareainwhich
usershavewritten
discussionsabouta
particularsubject
Typicallyrequiresa
newsreader

Amessageboard isa
Webbasedtypeof
discussiongroup
Page107
Figure232

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

49

OtherInternetServices
FTP (FileTransferProtocol)isanInternetstandard
thatpermitsfileuploading anddownloadingwith
othercomputersontheInternet
ManyoperatingsystemsincludeFTPcapabilities
AnFTPserverisacomputerthatallowsusersto
uploadand/ordownloadfilesusingFTP

Page107

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

50

Netiquette
Netiquette isthecodeofacceptableInternet
behavior

Page108
Figure233

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

51

Summary

Historyandstructureof
theInternet

WorldWideWeb

OtherInternetservices:
email,instant
messaging,chatrooms,
VoIP,newsgroupsand
messageboards,andFTP

Page109

Browsing,navigating,
searching,Web
publishing,and
ecommerce

Rulesofnetiquette

DiscoveringComputers2012:Chapter2

52

Chapter 2
Fundamentals of the World Wide Web
and Internet

Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World

Chapter2Complete