hap. 1 985); 1986) 3) 115, Phys Dow. ird ed. 1, CT, rval ed, inder- Chap. 1 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. Problems PROBLEMS Section 1.1 Carry out the following conversions: In the American Engineering system of units, the viscosity can have the units of by (hry, while in the SI system the units are (gycm)(s). Convert a viscosity ‘of 20.0 (gy(mn)(s) to the given American Engineering units ‘The permeability K of flow through a porous packed bed of particles is defined where D, isthe particle diameter, Reis dimensionless (the Reynolds Number). f is dimensionless (the friction factor). What are the units of Kin the (a) American Engineering system? @) SP AA relation for a dimensionless variable called the compressibility (2) is 1+ pB + pC +p*D where p is the density in g mollem’ What are the units of B, C, and D? Convert the coefficients in the equation for z so that the density can be introduced into the equation in the units of Ib,/f thus: z= 1 + p* BX + (pt? C* + (p*) D* where pis in Iby/ft, Give the units for B*, C*, and D* and give the equations that relate B® to B, C* to C, and D* to D. In a article describing an oil-shale retorting process. the authors say the retort: “could be operated ata solids mass flux well over 1,000 lb/ft (48kPa/h)..” In several places they speak of the grade of their shale inthe mixed unit “34 gal (129L yton.” Does their report make sense? Convert (@) 0.04 g/(min)(in3) to Tbm/thr) 2), (b) 2 Lis to £3/day’ tine’ G18, A) ‘Thermal conductivity in the American Engineering system of units is: © toall SLunits Bu yee err Change this to ww GNMACCT om8 1s. 19. 1.10. 1.15. 1.16. 417. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations Chap. 7 ‘Water is lowing through a 2-inch diameter pipe with velocity of 31s (a) What is the kinetic energy of the water in (CBA Tb? (b) What is the flowrate in galmin? sree contents of packages are often labeled in fashion such as “net weight 250 grams.” Is it correct to so label a package? ‘The following test will measure your SIQ. List the eorrect answer (a) Which is the correct symbol? a) om Qk see 4) Nim (by Which is the wrong symbol? () MNim* (2) GHz!s (3) Kisjm) (4) CIMIs (e) Atmospheric pressure is about: (1) 100 Pa (2) 100 kPa. (3) 10 Mpa (4) 1 GPa {d) The temperature 0°C is defined as: ay 27315°K (2) Absolute zero (3) 27315K (4) The freezing point of water (e) Which height and mass are those of a petite woman? (y 1.50m.45 ke (2) 2.00 m. 95 ke () 150m, 75 ke (4) 1.80 m, 60 kz f) Which is a recommended room temperature in winter? ay 1s (2) 207C GB) WC VASE (a) The watt is (1) One joule per second (2) Equal to I kgm2Vs3 (3) ‘The unit for all types of power (4) All ofthe above (hy What force may be needed to litt a heavy suitease? a 4N (2) 280N (3) 25KN_ (A) 250 KN ‘A technical publication describes @ new model 20-hp Stirling (air eycle) engine that drives a 68-KW generator. Is this possible? tA freeze-dried coffee is advertised as "97% calfeine-tre.” Ts it possible for this coffee wo contain only 0.14% caffeine? Explain. ‘Your boss announced that the speed of the company Boeing 727 isto Be eu Foe 525 mishr to-475 mir to “conserve fuel.” thus cutting consumption from 00 gall to 2000 galt. How many” gallons are saved ina 1000-4 tip? “The heat capacity of SO i given i a handbook as C,= 6.948 + 1001 x 1007 Tie od 10-7? where C, isin (calyz mol) (K) and 7 is in K. Modify (he Savations0 thatthe units of C, are Bf bg, °F) and Tcan be inserted in he equation in °F. ‘What is meant by a scale that shows a weight of "21.3 kg"? vA tractor pulls Yoad with a force equal 10 $00 1b (4.0 KN) with 4 velocity of Jou ui 15 mis). What is the power required using the given American En- neering system data? The SI date? What isthe kinetic energy of a vehicle with a mass of 2300 kg moving at the rate of 1040 fuse in Btu? | Btu = 778.2 (ft) (1bp.D1 250 be cut from 087 fy the nthe sity of an En= atthe Chap. 1 Las, 1.22, Problems 73 A pallet of boxes weighing 10 tons is dropped from lift tuck From a height of 10 fect. The masimum velocity the pallet attains before hitting the ground is 6 Is, How much kinetic ener: does the pallet have in (ft) (1b) a this velocity? The velocity in pipe in turbulent flow is expressed by the following equation Where t isthe shear stress in N/m atthe pipe wall, p i the density of the fluid in kg/m’, eis the velocity, and & isa coefficient, You are asked to modify the ‘equation so thatthe shear stress can be introduced in the units of t! which are Ibgft?. and the density be p! for which the units are Iby/ft® so thatthe velocity! ‘comes out in the units of f¥s, Show all calculations. and give the final equation in terms of w’, t!. and p! soa reader will know that American Engineering units are involved in the equation, The American Petroleum Institute has published a correlation for determining the hydrocarbon emissions from fixed-root stor Fixed Roof Tanks, API Bulletin 2518, June 1962), e tanks (Evaporation from a2 fp _ | pirtyns7sop ¢ Loom 137=p J where: L, is breath temperature, psia: D i the tank diam bbUyr:p is true vapor pressure at the bulk: fi: H is the height in ft: Tis the aver: tank outage cormected for roof volume. ft F, isa dimensionless paint factor a function of the age and the color of the paint on the exterior of the tank): and Cis a dimensionless adjustment factor. For tanks larger than 30 ft dia,, C= 1 For smaller tanks: C= -0.001320 + 0.077140 - 0.13344 Is the emissions equation dimensionally consistent? Without integrating. select the proper answer for 'F Yaar arctan ¢xiasf * Constant Way arcan tax) | where x= length and a is a constant. Jn many plants the analytical instruments are located some distance from the equipment being monitored. Thus, some delay exists before detecting a process ‘change and the activation of an alarm, In a chemical plant, air samples from a process area are continuously drawn through a 1/4 in. diameter tube to an analytical instrument located 125 ft from1.23, 1.24, 128, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations Chap. 1 the process area. The 1/4 in. tubing has an outside diameter of 0.25 in. (6.35, 1mm) and a wall thickness of 0.030 in(0.762 mm). The sampling rat is 10 msec under ambient conditions of 22°C and 1.0 atm. The pressure drop in the transfer line can be considered negligible. Chlorine gas is used in the process, and if it leaks from the process, it can poison workers who might be in the area of the leak, Determine the time required to detect a leak of chlorine in the process area withthe equipment currently installed. You may assume the na- lytical equipment takes 5 sec to respond once the gas reaches the instrument ‘You may also assume that samples travel through the instrument sample tubing ‘without dilution by mixing with the air ahead of the sample. Is the time exces- sive? How might the delay be reduced? (Adapted from Problem 13, in Safety Heaith and Loss Prevention in Chemical Processes published by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York (1990) Jn 1916 Nusselt derived a theoretical relation for predicting the coefficient of heat transfer between a pure saturated vapor and a colder surface: - Ke p?ed. roan 0 = mean heat transfer coefficient, Bruty) (f?) (4°F) thermal conductivity, Brahe) (A) (8°F) Test acceleration of gravity, 4.17 10 far? enthalpy change, Btu length of tubo, f = viscosity Ibi) (8) AT = temp difference, A°F ‘What ate the units ofthe constant: 0.9437 ‘The equation for the velocity of a fluid stream measured with a Pitot tbe is where A k p 8 a L u = ? velocity pressure drop density of uid 1s the equation dimensionally consistent? Answer yes or no, and explain your answer. Ifthe pressure drop is 15mm Hg, and the density of the fluid is 1.20, ‘/om?, calculate the velocity in fs Explain in detail whether the following equation for flow through a rectangular ‘weir is dimensionally consistent. (Ths isthe modified Francis formula.) q= 0415 (L-0.2h KS VgChap.1 Problems 8 2.1 eas vlan oi 0 wires eee = acceleration of gravity, 32.2 fu(s)? cares 126, An esprinenalivesigton of he ate of mass easter of SO, from a i foe eee nono he foe fe A hee ksh masters sett ae sae ar hey? I the ely 1 10 Be expressed ns and we want 1 ‘Safety £, is till molf(em?)(s). where K” isthe new coefficient inthe Formula, scan Lan. A stu dimenviontessnumbercaled the Resnolsrunberis PUB where where D = diameter or length a p= Hh dens Wh = fli iso Cleat he Reynoks nue forthe ello Din 208 2am ots Omi dems p 62.4 Ibift* vibe Ive p03 dabei Dar 1x10" Tnythnnt) TH Ixtt)__ semipgise(eP)_cempoke 128, Computes are eed extensively automate plant process coal ystems, The sees xing the pogammed engineering uations. and then feed Bak the a appropriate control adjustments, The equations must be dimensionally consis- weal el val nto the oper une, Crd il pumped irom storage ree ner cane expressed non bot he Bel vabls of density and the volumetric flow rate are measured in Ibif@and gal/min, respectively. ie ld varabls tote dsied UP a 8 section 12 129, The flowing was eet Te Chemical Engineer (a British publication). cng Invelyt0Dr1.B. Misi he Pebrary sue, ofeourse the symbols gold kg mole used exist, and they till can if you want them to, but notin the S}. Any- ‘way, what is wrong with the mole (mol) and kilomole (kmol)? They are easier1.30, 131. 1.32. 1.33. 134. 1.38. 1.36. 137. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations Chap. 1 both to say and to write, We are all aware of the apparent inconsisteney in the choice ofthe mole rather than the kilomole as the basic ST unit for amount of sub- stance, but the controversy is over now and tis sterile to pursue the mater. Dr Morris is reading on dangerous ground when he atempts “to remind us that the mile has the dimensions of mass”. The mole is certainly related to ‘ass, but this does not confer dimensions of mass on it, The amount of sub- stance is proportional to mass divided by the relative molecular mass a dimen- sionless ratio formerly known as the molecular weight, If ST units are involved, 4 dimensional constant of proportionality numerically equal ro 10° normally ‘chosen, but there is no fundamentally compelling reason why we should do so. Explain what is correct and what is not correct about this letter. (a) What is the molecular weight of CaCO,? (b) How many g mol are in 0 g of CxCO,? (©) How many Ib mol are in 20 1b of CaCO,? (@) How many g are in 21 mol of CaCO,? Explain the differences between mole, molecule, and molecular weight. What is wrong, or correct, about each of What is a mole? (a) A mole is found in a certain number of em, of one substance or another, (b) A mole is the weight of a molecule expressed in grams. (©) A mole is the number of molecules in one gram of a substance. (@) A moleis the sum of atomic weights (©) A mole is the molecular weight of an element, ¢ following answers to the question: Conver the following: (a) 4 g mol of MgCl, tog (b) 2 Ib mol of CH, 10 8 (©) 16 gof N2 to b mol (@) 3 bof C,H,0 t0 g mol [A textbook states: “A mole is a quantity of material whose weight is numeri cally equal 0 the molecular weight.” State whether this statement is correct, in- correct, or partially correct and explain in no more than three sentences the rea- soning behind your answer. ‘What docs the unit mol“! mean? Can a unit be mot"? ‘A solid compound was found to contain 42.11%C, 51.46% O, and 6.43% H. ts molecular weight was about 341. What isthe formula for the compound? The structural formulas in Figure P1.37 are for vitamins (a) How many pounds of compound are contained in each of the following (do for each vitamin} @) 200gmal 2) 16g (b) How many grams of compound are ccntained in each ofthe following (do for each vitamin) (@) 1.001bmol —@)_ 121Chap. 1 in the of sub- remind ated to of sub. dimen- nvolved, jormally do so. her. ect, in- ine rea : Hts ing (do ng (do Chap.1 Problems 83 ion Sra toms ry sees Decor opts Fe great in gun ete, ech She Figure P1.37 Si 1.38. The specific gravity of acetic acd is 1,049. What is the density in Ib, /10? 1.39, The specific gravity of a fuel oil is 0.82. What is the density of the oil in lb/ft? Show all units. ¢ asked to decide what size containers 19 use to ship 1,000 Ibs of cotton avity equal to 0.926, What would be the minimum size ion 13 1.40. drum expressed in gallons? 141. You are asked to make up « laboratory solution of 0.10 molar H,S0, (0.10 mol H,S0,/L) from concentrated (96.0%) H,S0, You look up the specific gravity (0, and find itis 1.2 tof 96.0% acid needed per L of solution 58. Calculate (a) the weig (b) the volume of 96.0% acid used per L of solution (©) the density of the 0.1 molar solution . (@): the ppm of H2SO4 in the 0.1 molar solution. I brand of rum is so strong that ice cubes sink 1442. A bartender claims that his spec in it Is this possible? 143, The specific gravity ofa solution of KOH at 15°C is 1.0824 and contains 0.813 Ib KOH per gal of solution. What are the mass fractions of KOH and H,O in the solution? 144, The density of benzene at 60°F is 0.879 g/om?. What isthe specific gravity of benzene at 60°F/60°F?84 145. 1.46, 147, 1.48, 1.49, 1.50, 151. 1.52. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations Chap. 1 A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.90 at 25°C. What is its (a) Density at 25°C in kg/m3? (b) Specific volume at 25°C in ft3/Ibm? (©) Ifthe liquid is placed in a 1.5-L bottle that has a mass of 232 g, how much ‘will the full bottle weigh? Given a water solution that contains 1.704 kg of HNO,/kg H,O and has a spe- cific gravity of 1.382 at 20°C, express the composition in the following ways: (a) Weight percent HNO3 (b) Pounds HNOS per cubic foot of solution at 2 (©) Molarty (gram moles of HNOS per liter of solution at 20°C) ‘The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, P.L. 92-500, specifies legally accept- ble methods for wastewater analysis. Analysis for cyanide is done according to the method outlined in "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water Waste- water.” Mercurie chloride is used in this method to decompose complex ccyanides, and 200 mg are used per analysis. ‘The Illinois Pollution Control Board has established Water Quality Standards that limit mercury (as Hg) to 0.0005 ppm in any effluent. Permit holders are re- quired (o submit daily reports on their effluent. Will a permit holder discharging 100,000 gal/day be in violation ofthe cited standard if one analysis is made? OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) has established limits for the storage of various toxic or hazardous chemicals (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119, Appendix A). The limit for acetaldehyde is 113.0 kg and for nitrogen dioxide 110 kg. What is the maximum size spherical vessel that can be used 10 store each of these respective liquids at room temperature? ‘The table lists values of Fe, Cu, and Pb in Christmas wrapping paper for two different brands. Convert the ppm to mass fractions on a paper free basis. Concentration, ppm Fe cu Pb BrndA 1310 2000-2750 BrandB 350 50 5 For the purpose of permit compliance, all hazardous materials are categorized into three hazard categories: toxicity, flammability, and reactivity, and assigned ‘numbers in each category from 0 to 4 (most severe). Methyl alcohol (methanol, CH,O¥ has the code 1,4, Oin the liquid state. or the toxie category, any amount of stored toxie material of category 1 over 0.35 oz. must be reported by city ordi- nance. Must a one-half liter bottle of methanol (sp.gr. = 0.792) be reported? ‘The density of a certain solution is 8.80 Ib/gal at 80°F. How many cubic feet will be occupied by 10,010 Ib of this solution at 80°F? How many ppb are there in 1 ppm? Does the system of units affect your an- swer? Does it make any difference if the material for which the ppb are mea- sured is gas, liquid, or solid?0 Chap.1 Problems 85 1.53. Five thousand barrels of 28°API gas oil are blended with 20,000 bbl of 15°API fuel oil. What is the density of the mixture in Ib/gal and lb/ft"? Assume that the volumes are additive, | bbl = 42 gal, The density of water at 60°F = 0.999 glem’, err oF Specific @ 1.84, In a handbook you find that the conversion between °API and density is 0.800 density = 45.28°API. Is this a misprint? 1.85. Harbor sediments in the New Bedford, Massachusets, area contain PCBS at levels up to 190,000 ppm according to a report prepared by Grant Weaver of the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office (Environ, Sci. Technol., 16(9) (1982):491. What is the concentration in percent? NIOSH sets standards for CCl, in air at 12.6 mg/m? of air (a time weighted av- erage over 40 hr). The CCI, found in a sample is 4800 ppb (parts per billion billion = 10°), Does the sample exceed the NIOSH standard? Be careful! 1.57, The following table shows the annual inputs of phosphorus to Lake Ere: Short tonsiye Source Lake Huron 2.240 Land drainage 6.740 Municipal waste 19,090 Industrial waste 2,030 30,100 Outttow 4.500 Retwined 35.600 fa) Convert the retained phosphorus to concentration in micrograms per liter g that Lake Erie contains 1.2 x 1014 gal of water and thatthe aver age phosphorus retention time is 2.60 vr. (b) What percentage of the input comes from municipal water? (©) What percentage of the input comes from deter sent 70% of the municipal waste? (@) I 10 ppb of phosphorus triggers nuisance algal blooms, as has been reported in some documents, would removing 30% of the phosphorus in the municipal waste and all the phosphorus in the industrial wasie he effective in reducing. the eutrophication (ie. the unwanted algal blooms) in Lake Erie? (€) Would removing all the phosphate in detergents help? 1.58. Solubility of formaldehyde in a solvent is measured by a spectrophotometer op- crating at $70 nm, The data collected are optical density versus concentration expressed in grams per liter cts. assuming they repre-86 1.60. 1.61. 1.62. 1.63. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations Chap. 7 Concentration. (Optical Dens 100 x00 500 600) 700 Based on Beer's law. obtain the best estimates of the coefficients fora linear re- lation and plot the equation so obtained together with the data, Refer to Appendix M Section 14 1 of the following composition: 40% Ny, 30% CO, and 30% CH, in a tank. What is the average molecular weight of the was? followi 80% Los ene lon What is the average molecular w (mass) fraction of each of the components inthe mixt ‘composition Int of the mixture? What is the weight You analyze the the following! Oy, 19.3% Ny 72.1% 05 65% H,0:2.1 What isthe averag in J00 kg of gas in a tank at atmospheric pressure, and find molecular weight of the gas? Two hundred kg of liquid contains 40% butane, 40% pentane. and 20% hexane. Determine the mole fraction composition of the liquid and the mass fraction ‘composition on a hexane free basi. “The proximate and ultimate analysis of a coal is ven in the table. What is the ‘composition of the "Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM)" Present your an- ‘wer in the form of mass percent of each element in the VOM. Proximate Analysis (8) Ultimate Analysis () Moisture 32 Carbon 79.90 Volatile Combustible Hydrogen 4.85 ‘matter (VCM) 21.0 Sulfur 0.69 Fixed Carbon 693 130 Ash 65 650 6.76 Total 100.0 Total 100.00M. and Chap. 1 164, 1.66. 1.67 1.68, 1.69, 1.70. um. Problems 7 A fuel gas is reported to analyze, on a mole basis. 20% and the remainder CO,, Caleu! ag e the analysis of the fuel gis on a mass as mixture consists of thre analysis of this mixture is g components: argon, B, and C. The following 40.0 mol % 18.75 mass % B 20.0 mol % C ‘The molecular weight of argon is 40 and the molecular weight of C is $0. Find: (a) ‘The molecular weight of B (b) The average molecular weight of the mixture TS are calculating the average molecular weight of a yas mixture containing oxygen and other gases. One of them uses the corr Weight of 32 for oxygen and determines the ave: The other uses an incorrect value of 16 and determi weight as 32.8. This is the only error in his ealeulations, What is the percentage of oxygen in the mixture expressed as mol Section ‘Japan, US. Aim for Better Methanol-Powered Cars.” read the he: the Wall Street Journat. Japan and the U.S. plan to join in develop than will work with the EPA to develop a methanol car that will startin temperatures, as Jow as minus 10 degroes Celsius, W sarees Rank ine. kelvin, and Fahrenheit? to improve cars that run on methanol. a fuel that eauses less air pollution soline. An unspecified number of researchers from Japanese companies is this temperature in ds Can negative temperature measurements exist? The heat capacity C, of acetic ac equation in Hig mol(K) can be calculated trom the Cy = BAL + 2.4346 x LOST isin K. Convert the equation so that T'can be introduced into the equa tion in °R instead of K. Conver the Following temperatures to the requested units (a) 10°C10°F (b) 10°C 10°R (©) 25°F oK (@) 150K @°R Heat capacities are usually given in terms of polynomial functions of tempe ture. The equation for carbon dioxide is G, = 84448 + 0.5757 x 1077 ~ 0.2159 10°72 + 0.3059 x 107172. 173. 414. 478, 1.76. 477. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations Chap. 1 Where Tis in °F and C, is in Brw(Ib mol)(°F). Convert the equation so that T can be in °C and C, will be in H(g mol)(K). In a report on the record low temperatures in Antarctica, Chemical and Engi neering News said at one point that “the mercury droppéd to ~76°C." In what sense is that possible? Mercury freezes at ~39°C. “Further, the degree Celsius is exactly the same as a kelvin. The only difference is that zero degree Celsius is 273.15 kelvin. Use of Celsius temperature gives us one less digit in most cases” from [Eng. Fduc., (April 1977):678]. Comment on the quotation. Is it correct? If not, in what way or sense is it wrong? Calculate all temperatures from the one value given: Cy) Oe) a “F140 1000 R 500 1000 K 298 1000 -40 1000 ‘The emissive power of a blackbody depends on the fourth power of the temper- ature and is given by w are where W = emissive power, Buul(ft?)\(he) ‘A. = Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 0.171 x 10-* Bru?) T= temperature, “R ‘What isthe value of A in the units Jm2)s)(K*) ? Section 1.6 “Holiday drivers stranded, Icicles blossom in Florida; 50 cities set record ows” was the headline in the December 26 newspaper. After citing all of the cities with new low temperatures, the paper went on to say: “As the full force of the cold wave descended on the East it was 5 degrees Sunday morning in New York City. As one example of the strength of the cold air mass flowing from northwest Canada, the highest pressure ever recorded in the United States— 31.42 inches of mercury—was measured on Christmas Eve in Miles City, Mont.” Can this last statement be true? ‘Suppose that a submarine inadvertently sinks to the bottom of the ovean at & depth of 1000 m. It is proposed to lower a diving bell to the submarine and al- tempt to enter the conning tower. What must the minimum ait pressure be in the diving bell atthe level of the submarine to prevent water from entering into the bell when the opening valve at the bottom is cracked open slightly? Give your ‘answer in absolute kilopascal, Assume that seawater has a constant density of 1.024 g/em’. f96 1.106, 1.107. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations Chap. 1 = B te | I y + | A | He oi j ee in i Figure P1.104 AgNO, + NaCl ~ AgCl + NaNO, (a) How many grams of silver nitrate will be required 10 react with 5.00 g of sodium chloride? (b) How many grams of silver nitrate are required for the precipitation of 5.00 g of silver chloride? (© How many grams of silver nitrate are equivalent t0 5.00 g of sodium ni: trate? (@) How many grams of sodium chloride are necessary for the precipitation of the silver of 5.00 g of silver nitrate? (©) How many grams of sodium chloride have been added to silver nitrate if 5.00 g of silver chloride is precipitated? (© How many pounds of sodium chloride are equivalent to 5.00 Ib of sodium nitrate? (g) How many pounds of silver chloride are precipitated by 5,00 Ib of silver ni uate? (h) How many pounds of silver chloride are precipitated by 5.00 Ib of sodium chloride? (@ How many pounds of silver chloride are equivalent to 5.00 Ib of silver ni trate? A plant makes liquid CO, by treating dotomitic limestone with commercial sul- furie acid. The dolomite analyzes 68.0% CaCO,, 30.0% MgCO,, and 2.0% SiO); the acid is 94% H,SO, and 6% HO, Calculate: (a) Pounds of CO2 produced per ton dolomite treatedap.1 \¢ of 5.00 on of ate if dium dium | sul 2.0% Chap. 1 1.108, 1.09, Lau10, Lan, 1412, Problems 7 (b) Pounds of commercial acid required per ton of dolomit ‘Assume the reactions are complete ‘The formula for vitamin C is as follows; How many Removal of CO, from a manned spacecraft has been accomplished by absorp- tion with lithium hydroxide according to the following reaction: ) + Li,CO,(s) + H,0() ounds of this compound are contained in 2 g mol? 2LIOH\s) + C¢ °. H coe= c= C—F— CHO T © OH OH H OH Figure P1108 (a) If 1.00 kg of CO2 is released per day per person, how many kilograms of LOH are required per day per person? (b) What is the penalty (1... the percentage increase) in weight if the cheaper NaOH is substituted for LiOH” Sulfuric acid can be manufactured by the contact process according to the fol- lowing reactions: (@)S+0, + 80, 2) 280, +0, — 280, (8) S0,+H,0 — H,S0, You are asked as part of the preliminary design of a sulfuric acid plant with a design capacity of 2000 tons/day of 66° Be (Baumé) (93.2% H2SO4 by weight) tocaleulate the following: (a) How many tons of pure sulfur are required per day to run this plant? (b) How many tons of oxygen are required per day? (©) How many tons of water are required per day for reaction (3)? Seawater contains 65 ppm of bromine in the form of bromides, In the Ethyl- Dow recovery process, 0.27 Ib of 98% sulfuric acid is added per ton of water, together with the theoretical Cl, for oxidation; finally, ethylene (C,H,) is united with the bromine to form C;H,Br,. Assuming complete recovery and using a basis of 1 1b of bromine, find the weights of acid, chlorine, seawater, and dibro- mide involved. Br. sly 3 2c +Bry Bry + CH 9 CH,Bry ‘Acidic residue in paper from the manufacturing process causes paper based om ‘wood pulp to age and deteriorate, To neutralize the paper, a vapor-phase treat ment must employ a compound that would be volatile enough to permeate the fibrous structure of paper within a mass of books but that would have a chem-98 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations Chap. 1 istry that could be manipulated to yield a mildly basic and essentially non volatile compound. George Kelly and John Williams successfully attained this objective in 1976 by designing a mass-deacidification process employing ‘gaseous diethyl 2ine (DEZ). At room temperature, DEZ is colorless liquid. It boils at 117°C, When itis ‘combined with oxygen, a highly exothermic reaction takes place: n+ 70; > ZnO + 4CO, + SHO Because liquid DEZ ignites spontaneously when exposed to ait, a primary ‘consideration in its use is the exclusion of air, In one case a fire caused by DEZ ruined the neutralization center, Is the equation shown balanced? If not, balance it. How many kg of DEZ must react to form 1.5 kg of ZnO? If 20 cm® of water are formed on reaction and the reaction was complete, how many grams of DBZ reacted? 1114, BIDEVALUATION TO: J. Coadiell DEPT: Water Waste Water DATE: BID INVITATION: 0374-4V REQUISITION: 135949 COMMODITY: Ferrous Sulfate DEPARTMENT EVALUATION COMMENTS It is recommended that the bid from VWR of $83,766.25 for 475 tons of Ferrous Sulfate Heptahydrate be accepted as they were the low bidder for this product. It is further recommended that we maintain the option of hav: ing this product delivered either by rail in a standard catload of $0 tons or by the alternate method by rai in piggy-back truck trailers, ———————————————— ‘What would another company have to bid to match the VWR bid ifthe bid the: submitted was for ferrous sulfate (FeSO, - H,0)? For (FeSO, 4H,0)? Three criteria must be met if a fire is to occur: (1) There must be fuel present (2) there must be an oxidizer present; and (3) there must be an ignition source For most fuels, combustion takes place only in the gas phase. For example. ‘gasoline does not burn as a liquid. However, when gasoline is vaporized, bums readily A minimum concentration of fuel in air exists that can be ignited. Ifthe fue ‘concentration is less than this lower flammable limit (LFL) concentration, ign/ Chap. sentially non- attained this employing ©. When itis air, @ primary aused by DEZ. ny kg of DEZ, d on reaction, 75 tons of bidder for jon of hav- 50 tons or ithe bid they oy? fuel present; nition source. For example, vaporized, it ed. If the fuel tration, igai- Chap. 1 Ls, 1.116. Problems 99 tion will not occur, The LFL can be expressed as a volume percent, which is equal to the mole percent under conditions at which the LFL is measured (at- mospheric pressure and 25°C). There is also a minimum oxygen concentration required for ignition of any fuel. I is closely related to the LFL. and ean be eal culated from the LFL. The minimum oxygen concentration requited for ignition ‘can be estimated by multiplying the LFL concentration by the ratio of the num ber of moles of oxygen required for complete combustion to the number of ‘moles of fuel being burned, ‘Above the LFL, the amount of energy required for ignition is quite small. For example, a spark can easily ignite most flammable mixtures, There is also & fuel concentration called the upper flammable limit (UFL) above which the fuel-air mixture cannot be ignited. Fuel-air mixtures in the flammable concen tration region between the LFL and the UFL can be ignited. Both the LFL and the UFL have been measured for most of the common flammable gases and volatile liquids. The LEL is usually the more important ofthe flammability con= centrations because if a fuel is present in the atmosphere in concentrations above the UFL. it will certainly be present within the flammable concentration, region at some location. LFL concentrations for many materials can be found in the NFPA Standard 325M, “Properties of Flammable Liquids.” published by ‘he National Fire Protection Association, Estimate the maximum permissible oxygen concentration for n-butane, The LFL concentration for n-butane is 1.9 mole percent. This problem was origi nally based on a problem in the text Chemical Process Safes: Fundamentals with Applications, by D.A. Crowl and LF. Louvar, published by Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NI, and has been adapted from Problem 10 of the AICHE publication, Safety, Health, and Loss Prevention in Chemical Processes by LR. Welker and C. Springer, New York (1990), Odors in wastewater are caused chiefly by the products of the anaerobic reduc tion of organie nitrogen and sulfur-containing compounds. Hydrogen sulfide is 4 major component of wastewater odors; however, this chemical is by no means the only edor producer since serious odors can also result in its absence. Air ox- idation can be used to remove odors, but chlorine is the preferred treatment be- cause it not only destroys HS and other odorous compounds but it also retards, the bacteria that cause the compounds in the first place. As a specific example HOC! reacts with H,S as follows in low pH solutions HOCI+H,S 3S +HCI+H,0 IF the actual plan practice calls for 100% excess HOCI (to make sure of the de- struction of the H,S because ofthe reaction of HOCI with other substances), how much HOCI (5% solution) mast be add to IL. ofa solution containing 80 ppm HS? In a paper mil, soda ash (Na,CO,) can be added directly in the causticzing process to form, on reaction with caeium hydroxide, caustic soda (NaOH) for Dlping. The overall reaction is Na,CO, + Ca(OH), ~» 2NaOH + CaCO, Soda100 1.17, 1.118, 1.119. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations Chap. 1 ash also may have potential in the on-site production of precipitated calcium ‘carbonate, which is used as paper filler. The chloride in soda ash (which ‘causes corrosion of equipment) is 40 times less than in regular grade caustic soda (NaOH) which can also be used, hence the quality of soda ash is better for pulp mills, However, a major impediment to switching to soda ash is the need for excess caustcization capacity, generally not available at older mills Severe competition exists between soda ash and caustic soda produced by electrolysis, Average caustic soda prices are about $265 per metric ton FOB (free on board, i.e, without fees for delivery to or loading on carrier) while soda fash prices are about $130/metric ton FOB. To what value would caustic soda prices have to drop in order to meet the price of $130/metric ton based on an equivalent amount of NaOH? ‘The burning of limestone, CaCO, > CaO + CO,, goes only 70%% to completion in a certain kiln. (a) What is the composition (mass %) of the solid withdrawn from the kiln? (b) How many kilograms of CO2 are produced per kilogram of limestone fed? Assume that the limestone is pure CaCO3. In the semiconductor industry, integrated cireuit (IC) production begins with the mechanical slicing of silicon rod into wafers. Once the wafers are sliced, the surfaces are lapped and polished to uniform flat surfaces. Contaminants and mi eroscopic defects (work damage) are then removed chemically by etching. A traditional etching solution consists of a 4: 1: 3 volumetric ratio of 49% hydro. Auoric, 70% nitric, and 100% acetic acids, respectively. Although work damage is usually only 10 pm deep, overetching to 20 um per side is common. The reac- tion for dissolving the silicon surface is 3Si + 4HNO, + ISHF — 3H,SiF, + 4NO + 8H,O Calculate the flow rate of the etching solution in kilograms per hour if 20 ym per side is to be etched for 6000 wafers per hour of 150 mm diameter. What is the limiting reagent? Data ‘Mol. wt ‘Si—2.33 glem? 28.09 Sp gr 49% HF is 1.198 2001 Sp gr 70% HNO, is 1.4134 63.01 Sp gr 100% CH,CO,H is 1.0492 60.05 ‘One method of synthesizing the aspirin substitute, acetaminophen, involves « three-step procedure as outlined in Figure PI.119. Fist, p-nitrophenol is catalyt- ically hydrogenated in the presence of aqueous hydrochloric acid to the acid chloride salt of p-aminophenol with a $6.9% degree of completion. Next the salt is neutralized to obtain p-aminophenol with a 0.98 fractional conversion,Chap. 1 C4H,O,Ntissue) + S4NOy + 52H,0 + 109H" If 20,000 kg of wastewater containing 5% ammonium ions by weight flows through a septic tank inoculated with the bacteria, how many kilograms of cell tissue are produced, provided that 95% of the NH,* is consumed? L121. One can view the blast furnace from a simple viewpoint as a process in which the principal reaction is Figure P1119 Fe,0, +3C > 2Fe +3CO but some other undesired side reactions occur, mainly Fe,0, +C > 2FeO +CO {After mixing 600.0 1b of earhon (coke) with 1.00 ton of pure iron oxide, Fe;Os. the process produces 1200.0 Ib of pure iron, 183 Ib of FeO, and 85.0 Ib of Fe,O;, Calculate the following items: (a) The percentage of excess carbon furnished, based on the principal reaction (b) The percentage conversion of Fe,0, to Fe (©) The pounds of carbon used up and the pounds of CO produced per ton of Fe,0, charged (a) What is the selectivity in this process (of Fe with respect to FeO)?102 1.122. 1123. 124, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations Chap. 1 ‘A. common method used in manufacturing sodium hypochlorite bleach is by the reaction Cl, + 2NaOQH NaCI + Na0CI + HO Chlorine gas is bubbled through an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide after ‘vbich the desired product is separated from the sodium chloride (a by-product Of the reaction), A water-NaOH solution that contains 1145 Ib of pure NaOH is ‘eacted with 831 Tb of gaseous chlorine. The NaOC! formed weighs 618 1b (a), What was the limiting reactant? Ab) What was the percentage excess of the excess reactant used? {@)_ What is the degree of completion ofthe reaction, expressed as the moles of NaOCl formed to the moles of NaOC! that would have formed ifthe reac- tion had gone to completion? (@) What is the yield of NaOCI per amount of chlorine used (on a weight basis)? {in the sulfate pulp process the alkaline cooking liquor is produced by the reae tions: NaS, +4C + Na,S + 4CO. Na,S + CaO + H,0 + NaOH + CaS After the first reaction occur, the sodium sulfide is leached from the mass and the solution treated with lime (CaO) in the form of a milk of lime suspension se that Ca(OH), i actually the reactant, The precipitate of CaS and any unreastee Ca(OH), is washed during filtration and removed tis Found that 12.7 1 of re. cipitate are formed for every 100 Tb of cooking liquor prepared. The precipitate snalyze CaS: 70.7%, Ca(OH),: 23.4%, and CaCOx: 5.9%, the later being pre- Sent as an impurity in the lime used. ‘The cooking liquor analyzes NaOH 10.0%, NaS: 2.0%, and H,0: 88.0%, Calculate (a) the percent of excess lime used, {b) the percent completion of the reaction. (©) the composition of the lime used. “Ammonium sulfate is used as fertilizer. One method of manufacturing the con: pound is by the following sequence of reactions in water Ont 1, + H,0 + CO, + (NH,);CO5 (NH),CO, + CaSO, + (NH),8O, + C2CO5 [After the reactions take place, the water slurry is filtered. The analysis show ihe respective weight peroents a5 Filtrate: 0.8% (NH,),COy 5.5% (NH) SC. 040% HO and Filter Cake: 8.2% CaSO,, 91.8% CaCO,, For the overs process, calculate iChap. 1 sch is by the rowide, ater . by-product ure NaOH is 618 Ib, the moles of Jif the reac- on a weight by the reac: he mass and ispension so ny unreacted Tb of pre- > precipitate + being pre- -2e8 NaOH ng the com- lysis shows (NH,),S0, che overall Chap. 1 1.126, Problems 103 (a) the limiting reactant (b) the der Ce) the In a process for the manufacture of chlorine by direct oxidation of HCL with air over a catalyst 0 form C12 and H20 (only). the exit product is composed 0! HCI 4.441, C12 D (19.8% 1, O2 4.05 (a) the limitin by the percent exc {c) the degree of completion oF the reaction’? A well known reaction to generate hydrogen from steam is the so called water 1 shift reaction: CO + HO = CO, +H,, Ifthe gaseous fee sists of 30 moles of CO. £2 moles of COs. and 35 moles of st 800°C. and 18 moles of H, are produced per hour, calculate (a) the limitin b) the excess reac {c) the fraction coinsersion of steam to toa reactor con. i per hour at {d) the degree of completion of the reaction. (e) the kg of H, vield (1) the moles er CO, produced by the reaction per mole of C per kg of steam fed.