alias

Create an alias to display all files in the current directory. unalias cancels the alias.
Example:
$ls
#Display all files and directory in the current directory (note the format).
$ls al
#Notice on the differences.
$alias ls='ls -al'
#Create an alias to display all files in the current directory.
$ls
#Execute the ls command alias.
$unalias ls
#Un-alias the ls command.

at
Execute a command at a specified time.
Example:
$ls al > testjob
#Save ls al output into the testlsal file.
$echo cp testjob testjob2 > jobrun #Write a program to copy file and name it jobrun.
$chmod 700 jobrun #Give read, write, and execute access permission to owner.
$date
#Check the date assuming the time is 10:25.
$at f jobrun 10:30 #Schedule to run the job after 5 minutes.
$ls l testjob* #After 5 minutes, you should get the copy of your file.

cal
Display the calendar of the current month
$cal
#Display the current month calendar.
$cal 2003
# Display the calendar of the year 2003

cat
Display one or more files.
Example:
$touch test
#Create a file named test.
$ls al > test #Copy the output of ls al command into the test file.
$cat -n test
#Display the test file with numbers in ascending order in front of each line.

cd
Change the current directory.
Example:
$cd
#Change the current directory to the user default home directory.
$cd /u01/app/oracle/product/9.1.3 #Change the current directory to /u01/app/oracle/product/9.1.3

chggrp
Change group of the named file or directory.
Example:
$su root
#su to root.
$ls al > test #Write ls al output into the test file.
$ls l test
#Display all information about the test file.
$chgrp oracle test
#Change the group ownership of the test file.
$ls l test
#Display again the test file information using the long list format (-l)

chmod
Set file access permissions.
Example:
$ls al > test #Write ls al output into the test file.
$ls l test
#Note on the test file access permissions.
$chmod ugo+rwx test #Give read, write, and execute access to owner, group and other users.
$ls l test
#Note on the test file access permissions.
$chmod u+rw,g+r test #Give read and write access to owner, read access to group, and nothing to group
$ls l test
#Note on the test file access permissions.

chown
Change the owner of a file or directory.
Example:

$su root
#su to root.
$ls al > test #Write ls al output into the test file.
$ls l test
#Note that who owns the file.
$chown oracle test
#Give the ownership of test file to oracle user.
$ls l test
#Note that who owns the file.

chsh
Change the Unix shell you log into.
$chsh l
#List all of the installed shells in your machine.
$chsh s /bin/ksh
#Change the current user shell to the korn shell.

clear
Clears the display. Only the prompt is displayed.
Example:
$ls al
#Display all files name and directories in the current folder.
$clear
#Clear the screen.

cmp
Compares files.
Example:
$ls al > testlsal
#Save ls al output into the testlsal file.
$ls l > testlsl #Save ls l output into the testlsl file.
$cmp testlsal testlsl #compare the testlsal file with the testlsl file.
$cmp testlsal testlsal #compare the testlsal file with itself.

compress
Compress the named file. The compressed file gets .Z appended to the filename.
Example:
$ls al > testcompress #Save ls al output into the testlsal file.
$ls l testcompress #Check the file size.
$compress v testcompress #Compress the file and display compress messages (-v).
$ls l testcompress #Check the file size.
$more testcompress #Check the compress file.
$uncompress testcompress #Uncompress the file.

cp
The cp command allows you to copy files to new files, or copy files and directories to new directories.
-i - Ask before updating a file or directory that exists in the destination with the same name.
-r - To copy a directory including its contents to a new directory, recursive.
Example:
$ls al > testcopy
#Save ls al output into the testcopy file.
$mkdir copydir
#Create a copy directory.
$cp -i testcopy ./copydir
#Copy the testcopy file into the copydir directory.
$cp -i testcopy ./copydir
#Repeat this and see the difference.
$ls al ./copydir
#Check to see your file was copied.
$mkdir copydir2
#Create another directory.
$cp -r ./copydir/* ./copydir2 #Copy all the files from the copydir directory to the copydir2 directory.
$ls al ./copydir2
#Check to see your file(s) was/were copied.

echo
Echo argument.
Example:
$echo this statement #Display or echo this statement.
$GLOBLVAR=my 2nd test #Define a Global variable and assign a value to it.
$export GLOBALVAR
#Export the value.
$echo $GLOBALVAR
#Display or echo the content of your global variable.

date
List current date and time

Example:
$date
#Display time on the output device.
$date > testdate
#Write date on the created testdate file.
$more testdate #Display the testdate content.
$echo Date is in top >> testdate
#Append the Date is in top message in the testdate file.
$more testdate #Display the testdate file.

df
Shows disk space available on the system (-k Use 1024 byte blocks instead of the default 512).
Example:
$df k
#Display all space available on the system.

diff
Display the differences between two text files.
Example:
$ls al > testlsal
#Save ls al output into the testlsal file.
$ls l > testlsl #Save ls l output into the testlsl file.
$diff testlsal testlsl #compare the testlsal file with the testlsl file.
$diff testlsal testlsal #compare the testlsal file with itself.

du
Display how much disk space is being used by directories.
-a - Shows counts for all files encountered, not only directories.
-k - Use 1024 byte blocks instead of the default 512.
Example:
$du k /u03/app/oracle
#Display disk space used in the /u03/app/oracle directory by directories.
$du ak /u03/app/oracle
#Display disk space used in the /u03/app/oracle directory by files and directories.

ftp
FTP to a site (or IP address)
Example:
ftp 205.204.23.176 #Copy a file from one machine to anothers.
ftp> get myfile.txt /u03/oradata/myfile.txt
fpt> put myfile.txt /u05/oradata/myfile.txt
fpt> bye
/opt/sfw/bin/wget http://...... #copy or ftp file from one server to another using the URL address.

grep
Searchs for a string in a file.
Example:
$ps ef|grep ora_
#Show only those process that start with ora_
$ls al |grep oracle #Display all the lines that has oracle word in it.

gzip
Compress a file.
Example:
$ls al > testcompress #Save ls al output into the testlsal file.
$ls l testcompress #Check the file size.
$gzip testcompress #Compress the testcompressfile.
$ls l testcompress #Check the file size.
$more testcompress #Check the compress file.
$gunzip testcompress #Uncompress the file.

jobs
Display active processes.
Example:
$jobs
#Show the list active jobs.

ls
Show files in the current directory ls, ls -l (Displays the file details), ls -a (Displays hidden files), (hidden files in
UNIX begin with a dot (.)), the current directory and parent directory entries (. and .. respectively).
Example:
$ls
#Show all files and directories.
$ls l
#Show all files and directories in long format.
$ls al
#Display all files and directories plus the hidden files.

make
Compile a source code.
Example:
$make your_source_program #Compile your source program.

man
Read the help man command
Example:
$man cp
#Help information for cp command.

mkdir
Create a directory.
-i parameter will make the system prompt you before deleting a file or directory.
Example:
$cd /u03/oradata
#Change the directory to the /u03/oradata directory.
$mkdir i userdata #Make a directory called userdata and prompt if exist.
$ls al
#Check that the directory was created.
$rmdir userdata
#Remove the directory.

more
View a file.
Example:
$more testcopy

$Display a file and pause. Enter space key to go to next page.

mv
Rename or move a file.
Example:
$ls al > testmove
#Save ls al output into the testmove file.
$mkdir movedir
#Create the movedir directory.
$mv -i testmove ./movedir #Move the testmove file into the movedir directory. Prompt if it is duplicate.
$ls al ./movedir
#Check to see your file was moved.

passwd
Change password.
Example:
$passwd
#Change the current password to the new password.

ping
Ping an IP address.
Example:
$ping mymachine
$ping 127.0.0.1

#Ping using dsn name.

ps
Display processes status.
Example:
$ps ef|grep ora_
#Display all the processes that start with ora_

pwd
What is the current directory.
Example:

$pwd

#Display the current directory name.

rm
Delete/remove a file.
Example:
$ls al > testremove
$ls l testremove
$rm testremove
$ls l testremove

#Save ls al output into the testremove file.

rmdir
Remove a directory.
Example:
$cd /u03
#Change directory to /u03
$mkdir myfolder
#Create the myfolder directory in the current folder.
$cd myfolder #Change the current folder to the new created folder.
$df k > myfirstfile #Create a file.
$cd ..
#Go back to /u03
$rmdir myfolder
#Notice that when you remove the directory, it must be empty.
$rmdir r myfolder #Use r parameter that to remove files or directories recursively.

tail
Show last lines of a file.
Example:
$ls al > testtail
#Save ls al output into a file named testtail.
$ls al >> testtail
#Append the output one more time.
$ls al >> testtail
#Append the output again.
.. do the above step number of times. May be 3 more times.
$cat n testtail #Get a feel that how big your file is now (-n option will print the line number).
$tail -5 testtail #Print only the last 5 lines of the testtail file.

tar
Archive files.
Example:
$ls al > test_tar
#Save ls al output into a file named test_tar.
$ls al >> test_tar
#Append the output one more time.
$ls al >> test_tar
#Append the output again.
.. do the above step number of times. May be 3 more times.
$ls l test_tar #Check the size.
$tar cvf
test_tar.tar test_tar
#Create a tar file and name it test_tar.tar.
$ls l test_tar* #Check to see that the tar file was created (-c option will create tar file).
$rm test_tar #Remove the test_tar file.
$tar xvf test_tar.tar #Un-tar the test_tar.tar file.
$ls l test_tar #Notice that the file is back.

telnet
Connect to a server by hostname (using dns) or IP address.
Example:
$telnet 155.55.143.12 #Telnet to a server using IP address.
$telnet hostname
#Telnet to a server using dns hostname.

whereis
Locate the binary, source, and manual page files.
Examples;
$ls al > findme
#Save ls al output into a file named findme.
$cd /
#Change the directory to root.
$whereis findme
#Find the created file.

who / Who am i

Who are loged in?

zip
Compress to zip for IBM files.
Example:
$ls al > test_zip
#Save ls al output into a file named test_zip.
$zip test_zip #Compress to zip for IBM files.