8/28/2010

CONTROL UNIT
CPU is partitioned into Arithmetic Logic Unit

(ALU) and Control Unit (CU).

The function of control unit is to generate relevant
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timing and control signals to all operations in the

computer.
It controls the flow of data between the processor

and memory and peripherals

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FUNCTIONS OF CONTROL UNIT

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DESIGN OF CONTROL UNIT

The control unit directs the entire computer system to carry out
stored program instructions.

Control unit generates control signals using one of the

two organizations:

The control unit must communicate with both the arithmetic

logic unit (ALU) and main memory.

Hardwired Control Unit

The control unit instructs the arithmetic logic unit that which
logical or arithmetic operation is to be performed.

Micro-programmed Control Unit

The control unit co-ordinates the activities of the other two units
as well as all peripherals and auxiliary storage devices linked to
the computer.
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HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

ADVANTAGES

decoders etc.) in the hardware.

Hardwired Control Unit is fast because control signals

This organization is very complicated if we have a large

are generated by combinational circuits.

control unit.
In this organization, if the design has to be modified or

The delay in generation of control signals depends

changed, requires changes in the wiring among the various

components. Thus the modification of all the
combinational circuits may be very difficult.
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HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

It is implemented as logic circuits (gates, flip-flops,

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upon the number of gates.

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ARCHITECTURE OF HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

I

HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

Opcode

Address

DISADVANTAGES
More is the control signals required by CPU; more complex

will be the design of control unit.

Modifications in control signal are very difficult. That

means it requires rearranging of wires in the hardware

circuit.

It is difficult to correct mistake in original design or adding

new feature in existing design of control unit.

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HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

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HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

Control unit consist of a:

An instruction read from memory is placed in the

Instruction Register

The instruction register is divided into three parts: the I

instruction register (IR).

bit, operation code, and address part.

Number of Control Logic Gates,

First 12-bits (0-11) to specify an address, next 3-bits specify

the operation code (opcode) field of the instruction and

last left most bit specify the addressing mode I.
I = 0 for direct address
I = 1 for indirect address

Two Decoders
4-bit Sequence Counter
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HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

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HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

First 12-bits (0-11) are applied to the control logic gates.

The 4-bit sequence counter SC can count in binary

from 0 through 15.

The operation code bits (12 14) are decoded with a 3 x 8

decoder.

The counter output is decoded into 16 timing pulses T0

through T15.

The eight outputs ( D0 through D7) from a decoder goes to

the control logic gates to perform specific operation.

The sequence counter can be incremented by INR

Last bit 15 is transferred to a I flip-flop designated by

input or clear by CLR input synchronously.

symbol I.
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8/28/2010

TIMING DIAGRAM
HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT
For example:
Consider the case where SC is incremented to provide
timing signalsT0, T1, T 2 , T3, and T4 in sequence. At time
T4 , SC is cleared to 0 if decoder output D3 is active.
This is expressed symbolically by the statement:
D3 T4 : SC 0
The timing diagram shows the time relationship of the

control signals.
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MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT

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A micro-instruction consists of:

using programming approach. A sequence of microoperations are carried out by executing a program
consisting of micro-instructions.

One or more micro-operations to be executed.

Address of next microinstruction to be executed.

Micro-Operations: The operations performed on the data

stored inside the registers are called micro-operations.

Micro-program, consisting of micro-instructions is

stored in the control memory of the control unit.

Micro-Programs: Microprogramming is the concept for

Execution of a micro-instruction is responsible for

generating control signals using programs. These programs

are called micro-programs.

generation of a set of control signals.

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MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT

A micro-programmed control unit is implemented

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MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT

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MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT

ADVANTAGES

Micro-Instructions: The instructions that make

The design of micro-program control unit is less complex because

micro-program are called micro-instructions.

micro-programs are implemented using software routines.

The micro-programmed control unit is more flexible because design

Micro-Code: Micro-program is a group of micro-

instructions. The micro-program can also be termed as

micro-code.

modifications, correction and enhancement is easily possible.

The new or modified instruction set of CPU can be easily implemented

by simply rewriting or modifying the contents of control memory.

Control Memory: Micro-programs are stored in the

The fault can be easily diagnosed in the micro-program control unit

read only memory (ROM). That memory is called

control memory.
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using diagnostics tools by maintaining the contents of flags, registers

and counters.

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8/28/2010

ARCHITECTURE OF MICRO-PROGRAMMED
CONTROL UNIT

MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT

DISADVANTAGES
The micro-program control unit is slower than hardwired control unit.

That means to execute an instruction in micro-program control unit

requires more time.
The micro-program control unit is expensive than hardwired control

unit in case of limited hardware resources.

The design duration of micro-program control unit is more than

hardwired control unit for smaller CPU.

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ARCHITECTURE OF MICRO-PROGRAMMED
CONTROL UNIT
The address of micro-instruction that is to be executed is stored in the

Micro-instruction corresponding to the address stored in CAR is

fetched from control memory and is stored in the control data register
(CDR).
This micro-instruction contains control word to execute one or more

micro-operations.
After the execution of all micro-operations of micro-instruction, the

address of next micro-instruction is located.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN HARDWIRED AND

MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT
Attributes

control address register (CAR).

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Hardwired Control

Micro-programmed Control

Speed

Fast

Slow

Cost of
Implementation

More

Cheaper

Flexibility

Not flexible, difficult to modify for new Flexible, new instructions can
instruction
easily be added

Ability to Handle
Difficult
Complex Instructions

Easier

Decoding

Complex

Easy

Applications

RISC Microprocessor

CISC Microprocessor

Instruction Set Size

Small

Large

Control Memory

Absent

Present

Chip Area Required

Less

More

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