Magnets produee ma Flowing in this sicaighe wite produces a ‘ef ron (iron “iings") wo align in the field i defined, and that the mognetie Held dizeetion is along the iron flings ‘The mognetie field lines due te the electric eucrent in this long wire ate in the shane of czeles around the wice We also discuss how magnetic fields exert forces on leetvie euents and on chaeged pastiles a8 well as useful applications of the internetion between magnetic fields ‘and elects currents and moving electric charges CHAPTER Magnetism FIGURE 20-1 horseshoe masnet stra pins tie fields, but 0) do electric currents. Aa electric eurrent vetie Field which causes the tiny pieces shall see inthis Chapter how magnetic Asia Minor known as Magnesia, rocks were found that could attract each other, These rocks were called “magneis” after their place of discovery, Not until the nineicenth century, however, was it seen that magnetism and electricity are elosely related. A crucial discovery was that electric currents produce magnetic effects (we will say “magnetic fields”) fike magnets do All kinds. of practical devices depend on magnetism, as we shall see: from compasses to motors, loudspeakers, computer memory, and clesirie generators, E EI Magnets and Magnetic Fields We have all observed 2 magnet a T: history of magactism begins thousands of years ago, In a region of ract paper elips, nails, and other objects made of iron, Fig. 20-1. Any magnet, whether it is in the shape of a bir oF 3 horseshae, has «wo ends 61 led poles, which is where the magnetic elfect is strongest. 1a bar magnet is suspended from a fine thread, it is found that one pole of the magnet will always point toward the north Ti is not known for sure when this fuct was discovered, but it is known that the Chinese were making use of it as an aid to navigation by the eleventh century ond perhaps earlier. This is the principle of a compass A compass needle is simply bar magnet whieh is supported at its venter ofgravity 0 that i€ ean rointe freely. The pole of a freely suspended ma that points toward geographic north is called the marth pale of the magnet. ‘The other pole points toward the south and is called the south pole, Tis a familiar observation that when two magnets are brougal near one another, each exerts st fore on the other. The farce ean he either attractive oF repulsive and can be fell even when the magnets don't touch. Ifthe north pole ‘of one bar magnet is brought near the north pole of a second mayyet, the force is repulsive, Similarly. if two south poles are brought close. the force is repulsive But when a north pole is brought near a south pal results are shown in Fig, 20-2, and are reminiscent of the forces between charges: like poles repel, and unlike poles attract. Bur do siot confuse magnetic poles with elecire charge. They are very different, One important difference is that a posiive or negative electric charge can easily be isolated But the isolation of a siagle magnetic pole has never heen observed. Ifa bar magnet is eut in half, you do not obtain isolated north and south poles Instead, lovo Tew magnets are produced, Fig, wach with north (N) and south (S) poles. Ifthe cutting operation is repeated, more magnets are produced. each ‘with a north and a south pole. Physicists have searched for isolated single iiagnetie poles ¢monopeles), Duc no magnetic monopote hus ever been observed. (Only iron and a few other materials such as cobalt, nickel, eadolinigm, and some of their exides and alloys, show strong magnetic effeets, They are said to be Ferromagnetic (from the Latin Word ferram for iton). Other materials show some sight magnetic effect, but itis Very Weak and can be deceeted only with delicate instruments, We will look in more detail at ferromagnetism in Section 20-12, In Chapter 16. We used the concept of an clectie field surrounding an clectrie charge. In the same way, we ean imagine a magnetic Held surrounding 2 riagnet, The force one magnet exerts on another can then be eescribed as the interaction between one magnet and the magnetic field of the other. Just as we drew electric field lines, we can also draw magnetie field lines. They can he drawn, as for electric Hield lines s¢ that (1) the ditection oF the magnet field is langent Co a field fine at any poing, and (2) the mamber of fines per unit area is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field The direction of the magnetic field ata given point can be defined as the ‘compass needle would point if placed at chat point, (A more precise definition will be given in Section 20-3.) Figure 20—4a shows how thin iron filings (acting like tiny magnets) reveal the magnetic Held lines by lining up like the compass azedles. The magnetic tield determined in this way for the field surrounding a bar magnet is shown in Fig. 20—4b, Notice that because of our definition, the lines always point out from the north pole loward the south pole of a magnet (Ihe north pole of a magnetic compass neudle is attracted to the south pole of the magnet) Magnetic field lines continue inside a magnet, ay indicated in Fig, 20-db. Indeed, given the lack of single magnetie poles, magnetic Feld lines always form closed loops. unlike electri fied lines that begin on positive eharges and end on negative net the foree is ltsactive. These direetion that the north pole ol ©) © SECTION 20-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields $56 —s oN Nn Repulse ay os) SNe Repulse N she-<+n s Atastive FIGURE 20-2. Like poles uf a magnet repel: unlike poles attrac. FIGURE 20-3. Ir you spita rmaynet, on won't get solace north and south poles instead. 19 ness mats are produced. enc dnth 3 noth and a south pole 8 N s Nos N s Nils wis Nils N @ CAUTION CAUTION FIGURE 20-4 (a) Visualizins magnetic lil ines anand bar ‘magic. using iro filings and ‘campass needles The ros ene of the bar magnet isis north po The N pole of seals compas needle paints assay am the noth pple of the magnet (hb) Magnetic Field fines fora bar magnetic Field The Earth's magnetic field is shown in Fig. 20-5. The pattern of field limes is tis if there were an imoginary bar magnet inside the Farth. Since the north pole (N) of compass needle poinis north, the Farih's magnetic pole whieh is in the geographic north iy magnetivally a south pole, ay indicated in Fig, 20-5 by the $ on the schematic bar magnet inside the Exrth, Remember that the north pole of one magnet is attraeted (0 the south pole of another magnet Nonetheless Earth's pole in the north is stil often valled the “north magnetic pole’ southern magnetic pole, which is near the geographic south pole, is ‘north pale (N), The Barth's magnetie poles do not evincide with the geographic poles, which are on the Earth's axis of rotation, The north magnetic pole. for example. is ia the Canadian Arctic. about 900 km trom the geograplhie narth pole, or “true north.” This difference must be taken inte account when you use a compass (Fg, 211-6). The angular difference between magnetic narth and true (geographical) north is called the magnetic declination. In the US FIGURE 20-5 ‘The Harth acis like it varies from 01 to about 20”, depending eH Roan Earth's Magn ermicrete tain Magnet .gomagnetic orth.” simply because it is ia the nosth. Similarly. the Earth's tically Magaetic / | wie Som ‘ecnzsaphie pote a huge magnet: but its magnetic Notice in Fig, 20-3 that the Earth's magnetic field at mest locations is not Redet are tat at the peagraphhe tangent to the Earth's surface, The angle that the Earth's magnetic field makes: poles sich ateon the rth ih he horizontal at any point i seterred to as the angle of dip, EXERCISE A (Docs the Earths menetc eld haven ge near the equator? Hint ote the eld inex in Fi Bieuvsics apevieo ae] FIGURE 20-6 Using a map and compass i the wildemess, Frnt yuu align the compass cease so the needle points away from tre noni (N) exact the number of deyrees of ‘ ‘ declination as stated on che map (15° for the place shown on this topozraphic map of a part fof California) Then align the map with trve non as shown, or with the compass needle Id fern wu side pues of magnet The simplest maigneti¢ field is one that is uniform—it doesn't change in FIGURE 20-7. Magnetic field Uniform Magnetic Field magnitude oF direction from one point to another. A perfectly unitorm field lover a large area is not easy to produce. But che field heween two Hat parallel arly uniform if the area of the pole faces is large es. the field pole pisces of 2 magnet isn compared co their separation, as shown in Fig. 20-7. Ac the ed {ringes” oui somewhat: the magnetic Field lines are no longer quite parallel rae a sand uniform,'The parallel evealy spaced field lines in the ceatral region af the { t {ty} ap indicate that the field is uniform at points not too near the edge, much PT rTiTy like the electric field hotween two parallel plates (Fig. 17-1), s Magnetic no moving many Kometors a yeor at presen: Magneto fn vocks suagsns hate Earth pce ve no only mons amr ol bot have aha eevee 586 CHAPTER 20 Magnetismwy rc) FIGURE 20-8 (2) Deflection of compass noedles near a eurtentctsrying Wire. shosing the presence and direction of the magnetic field. (b) Magnetic eld ines around an elecirie current in a sraight wit. (c) Right hand tule for remembering the direction of che magnetic field when the thumb point inthe direction of the conventional curren, the fingers wrapped around the Wize point in the dtcetion ofthe magnetic fel Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields During the eighteenth century, many scientists sought to find @ connection becween electricity and magnetism. A stationary clectrie charge and a magnet were shown to have so influence on cach other. But in 1820, Tans Christian Getsted (1777-1851) found that when a compass riedle is placed near an “the needle deflects as soon as the wire is connected to a battery and the wire carries an electric eurrent. As we have seen, a compass needle is deflected by a magnetie field, So Oersted's experiment showed that an electric ‘i current produces a magnetic field, He had found 9 connection between cleciticity and magnetism, A compass needle placed near a straight section of current-carrying wire experiences a foree, causing the needle to align tangent to a eirele around the wire, Fig, 20-a. Thus, the magnetic field lines produced by a current in a straight wire are in che form of circles with the wire at their center, ig. 20-8b. The direction of these lines is indicated by the north pole of the compasses in Fig. 20-8a. There is a simple way (© remember the diroction of the magnetic Field lines in this ease. Tis called a right-hand rule grasp the wire with your tight hand so that your thumb points in the tu fd ot direction of the conventional (positive) current; then your fingers will eneitcle the wire in the direction of the magnetic field, Fig. 20-Re, ‘The magmatic fick lines due to a eirculor loop of current-earrying wire ean be determined in a similar way using a compass. The cesult is shown in Fig. 20-9, FIGURE 20-9 Magnetic field lines Agaia the right-hand rule ean be used,as shown in Fig. 20-10, Unlike the uniform die toa circular loop of wire Field shown in Tig. 20-7. the magnetie Fields shown in Figs 20-8 and 20-9 are not uniform—the fields are different in magniqude and direction at different points, clectric win EXERCISE B A sus fare the ma ight wire caries « current diretly wward you. In what dieetion ele Held lines streaming the wize? FIGURE 20-10. Rin-hand ie far eterna cca th Irae tle tothe eran ‘f SECTION 20-2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields $57oy FIGURE 20-11. (0) Force on 9 ‘curtenlecarying wire plage in magnet field B: (b) same, but sed (e) ightchand role for setup in. FIGURE 20-12 Current carrying ‘yire im a magnetic Hild, Farce on the wite is directed into the page: 588 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism Force isu ") F 4 j NS E y 3 site o © Force on an Electric Current Definition of B a Magnetic Fiel In Section 20-2 we saw that an electri current exerts foree om & magnet, such a8 1 compass nee. By Newtons thi ln, we might expect the revere tbe tre ts well we should expec Inst nugget exert @ force on @curzeircarving tive periments indsed confirm this ctr, and it oo ws fst abserved by cre Suppose a straight wire is placed in the magnetic field between the poles of bhoredhoe magnet asshown in Fig: 20-11, When a curent flows the wires experi sen shows that fore exerted om The wie, Bal this fresno toward ame oF the wther pole of the magne. Instead, the fore fs dred at ish sles to the magnetic field direction, downward in Fig, 20-Ila. the current is reversed in direction, the foree isin the opposite ditection, upward as shown in Fig. 20-1Ib, Experiments show that she decom of the force is airave peypencitar 19 the dlvetion nf the current and aso penpendicadar io the direction of the nugnetic fe. B. “The direction of the force is given by andther righthand rule. a5 illustrated in Tig. 20-1 le Orient your right hand untl your outstretched fingers ean point in the direction of the conntianal current 7-and when you bend your Fingers they point in the diretion ofthe magnetic fei Hines, Then your outstretched huml wil point in the diretion ofthe force F on the wit, This right hand rule dssrites the direction of the force: What about the :naenituce ofthe force on the wir! Is found experiicntally tht the magnitude Ot fore directly proportional to the current in the wine, and tothe meth of wite-expened to the maanetie Fld (assimed uniform), Furhormen, i he snagncte fick B is me stionget the force ¥ Found ks be propentionaly greater. The foree also depends on the angle @ between the curent direction and the snagncte felt (Fig 20-12), eing proportional to sin, Tins, the forse on wire carving a current with length Jin a tnifor a siven by Fx Hsin When the current is perpendicular to the field lines (# — 90°), the forex is sirongest. ‘Whion the wines parallel to the mance lines (? ~ 0) there fs no foc at all Up to now we have not defined the mcgnetic Fick strength precisely Th fact, the magnet field 1 can be conveniemily defined in teri of the shove proportion so that the proportionality constant is precisely, This ve have F ~ IBsing, 20) Iethe direction of the current is perpendicular to the field B ( = 90°), then the force is Fray = 1B. [eurrent | B] (20-2) I the current is parallel tothe field (8 = 0°, the torce is zero The magnitude of B can be defined using Fg. 20-2a3 8 — Bogy!fl where Fy nitude oF the force on a sinaght length Fof wire carrying a current J when the wire i perpendicula to is the mi 4 our seus, se have assumed thal he magic Fl unin IAC me, than BE gs 20-1 al 30-2 ote sberage eld ser the neh of the wisThe St unit for magnetic field isthe tesla (T). From Tq. 20-1 or 20-2, iis that UT = 1N/Avm, An older name for the tesla is the “weber per meter squared” (1 Wo/m? — UT), Another unit sometimes used to specily magnetic field is es unit, the gauss (Gy: 1G = 10 'T. A Feld given in gouss should always be changed to teslas hefore using with other ST units To get a “feel” for these unis. qe note thatthe magnetie Field of the Earth at ts surface is about § G 0°05 * 10 “T. Op the other band, strong electromagnets ein produce fields on the onder of 2 T and supercondueting magnets can produce over 10. SEU Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire. A wire carrying a 30-A current has a length {= 12¢m between the pole faces of a magnet at an angle @ = 6ll° (Fig, 20-12). The magnetic field is approximately uniform at (,00°T. We ignore the field beyond the pole pieces, What is the magnitude of the force on the wire? APPROACH We use Eq. 20-1 to find the foree Fon the Tem length af wire within the uniform field 2 SOLUTION Using Bg. 20-1 with J = I2em, £=30A, B= 090T, and 0 = 60° gives F- EBsing {30 AY(0.12.m)(0.90-T)(0.866) = 2.8N EXERCISE C A stroight poster line carries 30.4 and is perpendiculoy to the Earth's mojgnelie Hild of DSH 10-41, What magnitade farce is exerted on (01% of this passer ine? (On a diageam, when we want to represent an electric current or a magnetic Field that is pointing out of the page toward us) or into the page, we for X, respectively. The © is meant to resemble the tip. of an arrow pointing direelly toward the render, whereas the % or 8 resembles the tail of an arrow 20-13.) Measuring a magnetic fisld, A rectangular loop of wire Tangs vertically ax shown in Fig 20-13, tmognetic field Bis directed horizon talh, porpendicalar to the wire. and points out of the pike at all poinis ax represented by the symbal The magnetic field Bs very nearly uniform alo the horizontal portion of wire ab (eneth / = 10cm) whichis near the center of che gnp ofa large magnet producing the field, The top portion of the wire Toop is five of the field The toop hangs from a balance which measures n downward fore (in addition to the gravitational fore) of F ~ 38% WN wwe the Wire carrics a current 0.245 A, What is the magnitude of the magnetic field? APPROACH Three straight sections of the wire loop are in the magnetic field 48 horizontal section and two vertical sections. We apply Eq. 20-1 1 each section and use the right-hand rule SOLUTION The miisnetie force on the leit vertical seetian of wire points & the leit: the toree on the vertical seetion on the right points to the right, These lovo forces are equal and in opposite directions and so add up to zet0, Hence, the net magnetie force an the loop is that on the horizontal section ab, whose length is = 0,109m. The angle # heiween Band the wire is # = 90°. so sine = L, Thus Ey. 20-1 gives F348 WON pin 2 = SAB TN ay 8p Taaas ayo. my ' NOTE This technique con be a precise means of determining magnetic field sirengih, ' ‘ B cuaward siowen) \ Or FIGURE 20-13 Measuring rmagaetie field B, Example 20 SECTION 20-3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B S89att rr. Right-hand ule , FIGURE 20-14 Force on charaed paiicles due to a magnetic fold is perpendicular to the magnetic Held direction FIGURE 20-15 Example F pre treet (sea) 4 o uy 560 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism Magnetic Field We have sven that a current-carrying wire experienees a foree when placed i ‘magnetic lield. Since a current in a wire consists of maving electric charges we mig i Force on Electric Charge Moving in a expect that freely moving charged particles (not in a wire) would also experience a force when passing through a mignetc Feld. Aloagh fue electric charges are not as easy tv proce inthe lab asa carent ina wie, it ean be done, and experiments do show that moving s experience a force i 2 magnetic Fle ne what we asad Rr We ea pet the free om a snl eletre change snowing ino mignetic field B, TFN sich particles of erg «ps by a given pom in time ¢ chey constitute a current = Nat. We le be the time fora charge to travel a distance Zin ama lectrie char wetic field B then — ex where pis the magnitude othe velocity ¥ of the particle Thus the fore om these N particles is by Eq 20-1, F = Niisind = (Ng/t}(er)B sine ~ NgoBsiné, The force on one of the N pprtieles is then F = quBsings 0-3) This equation nude of the forse exerted hy a magnetic field on a particle of charge q moving with velocity v ata point where the magnetie field hhas magnitude 8. The angle between ¥ and Bis 8, Me force is greatest when the partile moves perpendicular to B (0 ~ 90°) Fins ~ a0 [618] 0-4) The forse is zero if the particle moves pallet to the field lines (# = 0°). The direction of the force is perpendiculas tothe magnetic Feld Band to the velocity # ofthe patie 11s again given by &ightchand rule: you orient your right hand so that your ousiretched fingers point along the drcction ofthe patil’: velocity () and When you bend your fingers they must point along the dtecton of B. Then Your thumb wil poin in the direction of the force This fs rue only far pose cha particles and wil be “down” for the situation shown in Fig. 20-14, For negatively charged particles, the fore isin exactly the opposite ditection, "op in Fig, 2-1 (TONCERTOADEREWALE POT) Negative charge near a magnet. A negative charge ~Q is placed al rest near a magnet, Will the charge hegin 1 move? Will i feel 2 force? What if the eharge were positive, +Q? RESPONSE No to all questions. A charge at rest has velocity equal to zero, Magnetic fields exert force only on moving elecivie charges (Eq. 20-3), [DETTE Magnetic force on a proton. A proven having a speed Of 5.0% 10" m/s in a magnetic field feels a force of 84 X 107 N toward the west when it moves vertically upward (Fig. 20-13a), When moving horizontally in a northerly direction. it feels zero force (Fig. 21-[Sb}. Determine the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field in this region. (The charge on a proton is g = +e = LOX IDC) APPROACH Since the proton feels no force when moving north, the field must be ina north south direction, Im order «0 produce a Toree ta the west when the proton moves upward the right-hand rule tells us that must point toward the north, (Your thumb points west and the outstretched fingers of your right hand point upward only when your bent tingers point north.) The ‘magnitude of B is found using Eq. 20-3. SOLUTION Equation 20-3-with # — 90° gives F 0x10 *N. .__80x10 "8 _____ quot. ge (6X 10 MEHS0% 1 m/s) ives the ma EXERCISE D Petormine the force an the proton of Example 20-4 if i headsFIGURE 20-16 Force eterted by ‘uniform magnetic field an a mowing charged patile (in this ease, an elecixon) pradces# erculae path, Path oreo Bis imo he page The path of @ charged particle moving in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetie field is a eircle as we shall now show. Tn Fig, 20-16 the magnetic fivid is directed me the paper, as represented by X's. An electron at point P is moving to the right, and the force on it at this point is downward as shown {se the right-hand rule and reverse the direction for negative charge). The electron is thus deflected downward, A moment later, say, when it reaches point Q, the foree is sill perpendicular to the velocity and isin the direction shown. Because the force is always perpendicular to ¥ the magnitude of ¥ does not change —the electron moves at constant spece. We saw in Chapter 5 that if the force on a particle is always perpendicular to its velocity ¥, the particle moves in a cirele and undergoes a centripetal acceleration a = p'/r (Fq.5=1). Thus a charged particle moves in a circular path with constant centripetal acceleration (sce Example 20-5) in a uniform magnetic Tield. The eleciton moves clockwise in Fig, 20-16. A positive particle would feel a foree in the opposite direction and would thus move counterclockwise Electron’s path in a uniform magnetic field. An clectron travels at 2.0 % 10" m/s ina plane perpendicular to a unifarm 0.010-T magnetic field. Describe its path quantitatively. APPROACH The election moves at speed » ina curved path and so must have a centripetal acceleration a — r"/r (Eq. 31). We find the radius of curvature using Newton's second lis. The fores is given by Eq. 20-3 with sind = LF = gob. SOLUTION We insert # and « into Newton's second law: ‘We solve for rand find Since F is perpendientar 1 ¥, the magnitude of ¥ doesn't change. From this equation we see that if B= constant, then + ~ constant, and the earve must, be a circle as we claimed above, To getr we put in the numbers (9.1 10" kgi(2.0 x 107 m/s) ae LL x 10% m = Lem, Ta 10 "Gono Ty SECTION 20-4 Force on Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field 61ECL ISUNG Magnetic Fields Magnetic fields are somewhat analogous to the clectrie Fields of Chapter 16, but there are several important differences to recall: L. The force experienced by a charged particle moving in. magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field (and to the diteetion of the velocity of the particle), whereas the force exerted by an electric field is parallel w the direction of the field (and umaffected by the velocity ofthe particle). TABLE 20-1 Summary of Right-hand Rules (= RHR) 2. The right-hunut rule. in its different forms, is intended to help you determine the directions of magnetic Field, and the forces they exert, and/or the directions of elecicie current or charged particle velocity: The right-hand rules (Table 20-1) are designed to deal with the “perpendicular” nature of these quantities. 3. The equations in this Chapter are generally not printed as vector equations, hut involve magnitudes only, Right-hand rules are tw be used to find directions of veetor quantities, ical Sia Example tla To 1, Maynetiefeld produced by (RHR) din Wrap fingers around swith thumb pointing in ‘Orient Right jee Fingers puintin divection o B rection of current 2, Force on electric eurvent 1 Fingers point straight along Thumb points in direction ‘due to mayne field f eortent Lthen heat along, of force [RHR.2) i ¥ ‘magnetic field B + Fig. 20-11 3. Furce un eectricchinge +a Fingers point slung partice’s “Thum points direction dus to magnetic field volocity then along of force iRHR) Fip 44 [COMCERTUAE FYAWPEE AOS] A heleal path. What is the path of « eh ved particle in 2 to the magnetic field? niorm magnetic field if is velocity is wor perpendicular FIGURE 20-17 562 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism RESPONSE The velocicy vector cin be broken down into components parallel and perpendicular to the field. The velocity component parallel to the field lines results in no foree, so this component remains consiant. The velocity component perpendicular 16 the tleld results in eixeular motion about the Fie lines. Putting these two motions together produces a helical (spiral) motion around the field lines as shown in Fig, 20-17. EXERCISE E Whit is thes drawn jan of the eurge in Fi it the sim were reversed? 2. 20-17? How would you modify theCharged pice | apoating Eur a) why * Aurora Borealis Charged ions approaeh the Earth from the Sun (the “solar wind”) and enter the atmosphere mainly near the poles, sometimes causing a phenomenon called the aurora borealis or “northern lights” in northern latitudes. To see why. consider Example 20-6 and Fig, 2-18 (see also Fig, 20-17), Tn Fig, 20-18 se imi stream of charged particles approaching’ the Earth, The velocity component perpendicular to the field for each particle hecames a circular orbit around the Fiold Hines, whereas the veloeity component paralle to the field entries the particle slong the field lines oward the poles As a purticle approaches the N pole, the magnetic field is stronger and the radivs of the helical path becomes smaller ‘The high concentration of charged pariicles ionizes the air, and as the electrons recombine with atoms light is emitted (Chapter 27) whieh is the aurora Auroras are especially spectacular during periods of high sunspot activity when the solar wind brings more charged particles toward Farth * Vector Product Equation 20-3 can be writen ina vector frm that incorporates the right-hand rule Pages 20-5) ‘The cross implies the right-hand rule: first point your fingers along. the velocity veetor ¥s0 that when you bend them, they point in the direction of the magnetic field B. Then your thumb gives the difection of the foree F. The crass % also implies the use of sind foe the magnitude of F: Equation 20-5 is a vector equation known as the eciar crass produ EZ )-5| Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire We saw in Section 20-2. Fig. 20-8, thut the mugnetie field surrounding the clectrie current in a long siraight wire is such that the Field lines are circles with the wire at the center (Fig. 2019}, You might expect that the field strength at a given point would be greater if ihe current flowing in the wire were ervoier: and That the field would be less at points farther [rom the wire. This is indeed the cease, Carelul experiments show that the magnetic field 8 due lo the current in a long straight wire is directly proportional to the current Tin the wire and inversely proportional to the distance 7 from the wire: L Bxt This relation is valid as long as ¥. the perpendicular distance to the wire, is much less than the distance 19 the ends of the wire (ie..the wire is long, FIGURE 20-18 (a) Diagram showing a charged pavticle Ut Approach the Earth and is eipred” hy the maunete Held of the Easth, Such pavicls follow the field Lines toward the poles as shown. (6) Photo of sir borealis Pienveres apruieo FIGURE 20-19 Susie as Fig. 201 Sh, magnetie tel lines avoid along staiaht wire an electric current F SECTION 20-5 Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire 5637 oem 8 FIGURE 20-20. Fxompl @ caution FIGURE 20-21 Eximple 20-8 Wire | carving current out torvaeds us and ice 2 carving current fo into the page. proehice magic filds whene lines are sires around their respective wiros hs ik ii aff ~ Hw hint Qsoem, soem \ \ f 564 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism The proportionality constant is written’ as a /2s7 thus, bo = 47 1 Temi, (TENTS Calculation of B near a wire, An electrié wire in the ‘wall of a building carries a de current of 25 A vertically upward, What is the magnetic field due to this current al a point P ID-em due north of the wire (Fig, 20-20)? APPROACH We assume the wire is much longer than the 10m distance to the point P so-we ean apply Eg. 20-6, SOLUTION According to Bq. 20-6 1 (4m x10 TsmsA\OSA) Gry@lm) & sox 1057 1 3 ‘0r 0.50G, By the right-hand rule (Pig, 20-8), the field points to the west {into the page in Fig, 20-20) at this point NOTE Te wire’ field has abous the same magnitude as Karth’s so a compass ‘would not point north but in a northwesterly ditestion. NOTE Most clectrical wiring in buildings consists of cables with two wires in teach cable. Since the two wires corry current in opposite direetions, their i rye extent, welic fields will cancel 10 a EXERCISE F At shat distance from the sire in Example 20-7 is its magnetic field Stimnes greater than the Easth’s? Magnetic field midway between two currents. Two Parallel straight wires 100m apart earry currents in opposite directions (Fig, 20-21), Current fy = SA iso of te page. and r= THA isinto the page. Determine the magniude and diteetion of the magnetic field hallway between the two wires APPROACH The m: wnitude of the field produced by each wire is calculated from Fq. 20-6, The direction of each wite's field is determined with the right-hand rule. The total field is the vector sum of the wo fields at the midway point SOLUTION The magnetic lield lines duc to current f, form circles around the wire of 4, and righhand-rule-1 (Fig, 20-Re) tells us they point counterclockwise around the wire, The Beld lines due w £ form circles around the wire of F and point clockwise, Fig. 20-21. At the midpoint, both fields point upward as shown, and so add together. The midpoint is 1.050 m from eneh wire, and from Eq. 20-6 the magnitudes of B, and By re woh, _ (ar 10 Pm/A)SOAY ‘1050 m) nox eT bs (4 X10 Tm/Al7OA) gay {0050 m) The total field is up with a magnitude of Be B+ Bast The Sms is chown ft xinpctd way 0 it Asp" aw [Seton 20-8). which ‘omadsted moe Hundersita i have sil ad slat form,COMCEPTUAT FXAMIPLE 0-5] Magnetic field due to four wires. Figure 20-22 shows four long parallel wites whieh carry equal curcents into oF out of the page as shiown, In which configuration, (a) oF (b), is the magnetic field greater at the center of the square? RESPONSE 1 is greater in (). The arrows illustrate the directions of the lield produced by each wire; check it out using the right-hand rule to confirm these results, The net field at the center is the superposition ef the four fields ‘which will point to the left im (a) and is zero in (i), EEG] Force between Two Parallel Wires We have seen that a wite carrying a current produces a magnetic field (magni ude given by Eq. 20-6 for a long straight wire), Also, a current-carrying wite Feels a force when placed in magnetic field (Section 20-3, Eq. 20-1). Thus, we ‘expect that two current-carrying wires will exert a foree on each ather Consider two long parallel wires separated by a distance das in Fig. 20-24. ‘They carry currents fy and fy, respectively. Fach current. produces a magnetic Fiold that is “felt” hy the other, so each must exert a foree on the other. For exampl snutic field B, produced by J, in Fig 20-23 is given by Eq. 20-6, swhich at the locition of wire 2 is mah Baad See Fig the Fores F 3), where the field due only to 1 is showa, According 19 Ey ert by By cia length of mite 2,carying caren fy Fim hadi Note that the forse on fs duc only tothe Held produced by fy. OF ous, also produces afield, but lt does not exert a ores on isle We substitute B into the forma for Fy and find thatthe fase om 9 ena fof wie bath ond Uwe use dhe hand ule-T oF Fie 2U-Se. we see tha he Tnes of Be ws shaw in Fig, 20.236, Then sing ght hand rule2 of Fig 20- Ie, we ae thatthe force txeneid on de wil bet the ett in Fl 20-25h. Tat iF exons am attractive once oon Fs (Fl 20-24), This re as long a the eatrens ane in the same direction Ws inthe opposite direction, the rghihan rule nicates Ua the fore iin the opposite digstion. That 1, exert a repasive forse on fs (Fig. 20-24) Ressonins similar ro that above shows thatthe magnetic Hea produced by J, exertsan equal but opposite foree an Z)- We expect this be tue also fom Newton’ third lof course Thus. 9s shown in Fig. 20-24, parallel curents in the sme directions attset cach other, whereas parale! currents in opposite ‘rections repel fe 0-7) FIGURE 20-22 FIGURE 20-23 Example 20-9 (9) Boo paral oanduetorscacrying eurtentF and {h) Magnetic field Ty pened bd (Field prexliced by Ps snot shorn) bt Wire! Wired @ pines inte page at position of Z FIGURE 20-28 (a) Pucallelcurcents in the same diection fore on exch other. (o) Antipavalel eurtents (in opposite diveotions) excita - r i e repubive forge on each ether, @ o SECTION 20-8 Force between Two Perallel Wires S65=sa I d=2060 FIGURE 20-25 Example 20-11 566 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism Force between two current-carrying wires, The io wires of a 20-m-long appliance cord are 30mm parc and eutry a current OF SHA de Calculate te force one wire exerts on the othe. APPROACH Each wire is in the magnetie field of the other when the current = 20% 10 Temi. is on,so we ean apply Eq, 20-7. We can write ju’ SOLUTION Fauation 20-7 gives (20 x 1 Tm/ANOA)'O.0m) = 851026, (3.0 M1? m) aS. ‘The currents are in opposite directions (one toward the appliance, the other away fram it), 80 the force woud be repulsive and tend to spread che wires, ay Suspending 9 current with » current. A horizon wite eartis a current f.-SDA” dc. A second paral wite 20cm Below i (Fig, 20-25) mast cary how nmuch current fy so that it doesn't fall dae to rivily? The lower wine has a mass of €.12 per meter of fength APPROACH If wire 2 is not to fall under gravity, which acts downward, the ard. This means thal the current inthe two magnetic foree on iL must be aps wires must he in the same diteetion. We can find the current fe by equating the imaignitudes of the mignetie farce and the gravitational foree on the wire, SOLUTION The fore of gravity on wire 2 is downward. For each Lm ef wire length, the gravitational force has magnitude F = ng = (0.12. 1 kg/em)(1.0 my(O.8 m/s!) = L181 N, wtie force on wire 2 must he upward, and Eg. 20-7 gives ty Wh where 020m and fy — SDA, We solve this for ds and set the two force ‘magnitudes equal (letting — 101m) dnl { F) 27 (0.200 = dat (FY __ 20209) __ 0.35 3¢ Nim) = 15. wot \T) ~ Gar 10 TomsAQSOA) Definition nf the Ampars eid the Contomh, ‘You may_have wondered how the constant yx in Eq. 20-6 could be exielly da < 10° m/A. Here is how it happened. With an older definition of the amperé, py was measured experimentally to be very close to this value, Today, however i i defined to be exactly 47 % 1. 'T-m/A, This, of course, could not he done if the ampere were defined independently. The ampere, the unit of current, is now defined in terms of the mayietie field B it produees using the defined vale of Tr particular, we use the force between wo paralel eurrent-earying wires Ey, 20-7, wo define the ampere precisely. If, — Fs = 1A exactly. and the two Wires are exactly I apart, then bts Kyl _ (A 107 -m/A} CAYLLA) a Tay (my 2x 10°'N/m 7 X n. Ths ove ampere is defined as thar current flowing in euch of two long paralfet vires dun apes, which resus in a force of esuctly 2 x 10” Nim of length of euch wire This is the precise definition of the ampere. The coulomb is then defined as boing exactlv one umpere-second: LC = | AcsE E Solenoids and Electromagnets A long coil of wire consisting of many loops (or turns) of wire is called a solenoid. ‘The magnetic field within a solenoid can be fairy large because it is the sunt of the fields due to the current in each loop (Fig. 20-26). A solenoid nets like 0 magnet: one end ean be considered the north pole and the other the south pole depending on the direction of the current inthe loops {use the right-hand rule}, Sinee the magnetic field lines leave the north pole of a magnet. the north pale ‘of the solenoid in Fig. 20-26 ison the righ, As we il see inthe next Setion, 2 yvleneld Me nea poe ot the maynotie field inside a tightly wrapped solenoid swith curs of wine in a SCPE Hewele oL a mae length J, eaeh carrying current fis ae BANS (20-8) Tha pices of iron is placed inside 1 solenoid, the magnetic field is inereased greatly because the iron becomes a mignet. The rosuliing magnetic field is the sum of that due to the current and that due to the iroa,and ean be hundreds or thousands of times that due to the eurrent alone (see Seetion 24-12), Such an iron-core solenoid is an electromagnet Electromagnets have many practical applications, front use ia motors and {generators to producing large magnetic fields for research. Sometinies an iron FIGURE 20-26 Magnctie fold of a solenoid. The north pe of this using matsral tops below ibe wavation tanpavature Guten 9 YEH) high las ‘can he produced wie supereondueting wie uithou using a on dite is rere parle novisd re ciomis aye ence sapennecueeg aisipatc bail ly iseted Mik combina eaho sefered naa slag: Ons cmp {oe & & 4 doorbell (fg, 20-27), Won the caout i Sosa! by yacing te “CRY PMY SNES: APPLIED The rod ped into the cil and sre The Ball A Tare slome sthes f Se nein ny doce TH hav the AGLOMNDES aris eal porteqolcely aad snuttey en ee estes 4 snd tre contin not only a “thermal part foimetale stp by desriod In soe Beaton 18'6, Me. 18-19) bu aoa mognete sense I He even abave sees evel Ne magne ld poder pole rai ot nea BE SS SSals pte fp. 6-9) ede. pore phate rats inching ground Trl drut itrruplon (GFCTe—-deeed in Sect 3-8) 9 solenoid ee To gn 10d of Fp. 20-27. reo fring Bll sks one peakea and fr bullies ae designed ore och Leo fon rad = (ps8 i SECTION 20-7 Solencids and Electromagnets S67 FIGURE 20-27 Solenoid wed av Spring doorbell, ‘Switch novatfa FIGURE 20-28 Arbitsay path tenelosing electri currents for Ampere’s hse: The path is broken Chased path eosin segments of ual length AL. nade up of peo wii The tool cirsunt enolase hy the path Semonts.of| hepa shown is feast = A Iongh gg alfa FIGURE 20-29 Cizeular path of 568 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism £ Er J Ampére’s Law In Section 20-5 we sar thai Eq 20-6 gives the relation between the current in Tong straight wite and the magnetic Feld it produces. This equation is valid onty-for'a longsiraght wire Is there a:general relation belwven ‘sire of any shape and the magnetic Field around it? Ves: the French scents Anda Marie Ampire (1775-1836) proposed such relation shortly slter erste’ discovers: Consider any (arbitrary) elosed pau around a eurrent, ax showin in Fig, 20-2, and imagine this paths being made up of shor! segments finch of length AV. We take the product of the length of each segment times the camponenc of magnetic field F paralel vo that segment fe now sum all chee terms the real (sid Ampere) Wil be equal fo Lies Ube niet erent fn tha passes through the surface enclosed by the pat. This s known as Ampare' Lae tind ean he written SB) AL poder (20-9) The symbol Y means “the sum of and BH, meuns the component of TE parallel {o that particular AY. The lengths SI are chosen small enough so that Bis essentially constant on exch length, The sum must be made over & closed path, and f.,4 is the tatal net eurrent enclosed by the closed path, Field Due to a Straight We can check Ampare’s law by applying it to the simple ease of a long straight Wire carrying a current £ Let us find the magniiude of B ac point A.a distance r fom the wire ia Fig, 20-29. The magnetic field lines are citcles with the wire at their center (as in Fig, 20-8). As the path to be used in Eq. 20-9, we choose a convenient ane: a circle of radius r, because at any point on this path, B will be tangent to this circle. For any short segment of the circle ¢Fig. 20-29), B will be parallel to that seyment, so B) — B. Suppose we break the eireular path down into 100 segments” Then Ampére’s Inv states that (BAN, + (ADs + GRAN b+ (BAD ay = Hole ‘The dots represent all the terms we did not write down, All the segments are the same distance from the wire. 0 by symmetry we expect JF to be the same ai jsich segment, We can then factor out B Ira the sum BUSI + Sk + A + + boa) = nF. we sum OF the Segment lengths A/ is just the cireumference of the circle, 2rr. Actually, Amptie'c lw ie pravselyuccurte when these sa nite wus of iiesnaly sth seventh thu eid nt calculus‘Thus we have Bidar) ~ pol pol Ine “This is just Eq. 20-6 for the field near a Tong straight wire, so Ampore’s law agrees with experiment in this case ‘A areal many experiments indicate that Ampere’s law is valid in general However. it ean he used 10 calculate the magnetic field mainly for simple oF symmetie situations. es importance is that it relates the magnetic field te the current in a direct and mathematically elegant way. Ampere’s law is thus considered one of the basic aws of electticity ané magnetism. I is valid for any situation where the curcents and fields are not changing in time, * Field Inside a Solenoid We now use Ampere’ law to calculate the magnetic field inside a solenoid long coil ‘of wire sith many loops or turns, Fig. 20-30, Fach loop praducesa magnet lield as shown in Fig 2-9, and the total fied inside the solenoid will be the sum af the fields due to each current loop as shown in Fig. 206308 lor a few loops the loops of the solenoid are many and are closely spaced, the field inside will be essentially parallel lo the avis except a the ends asshown in Fig, 20-20b, Outside the solenoid the field lines spread out in space. so the magnetic feld is much weaker outside te solenoid than inside. For applying Ampere’s Las, we choose the path abed shown in Fig, 20-31 Tae from either end. We consider this path as made up of four straight segments, the sides of the rectangle: ab, be, ed, da, Then Ampore’s lis, Ey, 20-9, heeomes (By Ally (By ADge + (Bh Atha + (BAI) ‘The tirst term in the sum on the left will be (nearly) zero sinee the field ‘outside the solenoid fs negligible compared to the field inside. Furthermore, Bs perpendicular to the segments be and da, so these terms are Zero, too, Thus the left side of our eyuation above is simply (2, Al}ay ~ Bf, where B is the field inside the solenoid, and Fis the length ed. We set BP equal to jy times the current enclosed = Hahn (b) FIGURE 20-30 (a) Monet field dc to sera lop of lend () For many closely spaced loops, the fields ery meucly uniter, Croseseetional siew into ‘except at the ens Red dashed Fines and & ave eleciie current tom (im the wie loops) oul of the page coro out! ©G8OGOOOOOO Opin FIGURE2-3 = - a solenoid. Te magnetic ld inside i é i= z fnicave the path ehaven for use in @ @ BO @ BO BB OB cua ind ints the pase by our ehosen rectangular loop: if a current F flows ia the wire of the soleneid, the total current enclosed by our path ahed is NV where Nis the mumber of loops (or turns) our path encireles (five in Fig, 20-31), Thus Ampere’s law gives us BH wy NI. and pal 7 which we quoted in the previous Section, This is the magnetic field magnitude inside a solenoid, 8 depends anly on the muniber ef loops per unit length, Nand the current 4 The field does net depencl on the position within the solenoid, so B is uniform inside the solenoid, Ths is strictly true only for an infinite solenoid, but it isa good approximation for real ones for paints not close {o the ends, The direction of the magnetic field is Found using right-hand-rule-1 (Fig, 20-8e), and is as shown in Fig. 20-3 B [solenoid] (20-8 reac “SECTION 20-8 Ampare's Law 569FIGURE 20-32 Civ tore on a enerent leap in a magnetic field B. (a) Loop face parallel B field lines (6) sop ew (¢) loop makes an angle to B. reducing the torque singe the lever amis reduced. 51 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Moment When an electric current flows in 9 closed Inop of wire plac magnetic field as shown in Fig. 20-32, the magnetic force on the current cin produce a torque. This is the principle behind « number of important practical dovioes neuding volimeters ammaters, and motors. (We disuse these appli tions in the next Section.) The interaction between a curren field i important in other areas as well including atomic physics Current flows though the oop in Fig, 20-32, whose face we assume f parallel (o BE and js roctangular, B exeris no force and no torque on the horionial segments of wine because they are paleo Ue eld and sin # — 0 in Eg, 20-1, But the magnetic Feld does exerta force on each ofthe vertical sections of wire a show, ) and F; (sce ako top view, Fig 20-32). By righ-hand-rule-2 (Fig. 20-I1c) the Aireetion of the foree on the upward eurrent cn the lef isn the opposite decton fiom the equal magnitude force Fy om the descending current on the right. These forces give ise toa net torque that tends ts rotate the coil about its Vertical ax Lei us alvulute the magnitude of this torque. From Eq. 20-2 (current LB), the force F ~ JB, where a is the length of the vertical gem of the evil, The lever atm for each Fore is b/2, where Bis the width of the coil and the “axis™is at the midpoint, The torques produced by F, and Fy actin the same divecton, so the total ior isthe sunt af the Bve lorgues: in an external b b r= B+ WB? = fabB = LAB, fob? + ia = tabs tab where A ~ afl i the area of the coil, IT the coil consists of ¥ loops of wire, the current is then Nf, so the torque becomes r= MAB, Ihe coil makes an angle # with the magnetic field, as shown in Fig, 20-32e, the forces are unchanged, but each lever arm iy reduced {rom sin. Note that the angle (is taken 1 he the angle hetween Band the perpendicular to the face of the coil, Fig. 20-32e. So the torque becomes 7 = MAB sina. 20-19) ‘This formula, derived here for-4 rectangular coil, is valid for any shape of fat coil The quantity NTA is called the magnetic dipole moment ofthe coil M= NIA 20-11) and is considered a veetor perpendicular to the coil Torque on a coil, A circular coil of wie has a diameter fof 20.9em and contains 10) loops The current in each loop i 300A. and the oil is placed in u 2.00-T external magnetic field. Determine the maximum and ‘minimum torgue exerted on the ceil by the fel APPROACH Equation 2 loops: Maximum and minimum torque are determined by the makes with the magnetie field SOLUTION The area of one loop of the coil is 0.100 my! = 3.14 107 The maximum torque ovcurs when the coil’s face is parallel 10 th field, so 6 ~ 90° in Fig, 20-32e,and sin = 1 in Eq, 20-10 1 MABSing ~ (IDROVA)(314 > 1 w')(2.00 T)(L) =~ 1.88N-m, The minimum torque occurs if sin# = 0, for which # = 0°. and then + = 0 trom Eq, 20-10. NOTE Tithe cal is free to turn, it will rotate toward the orientation with & = 07 |-1i is valid for any shape of coil, including circular le 8 the coil A=n magneticApplications: Galvanometers Motors, Loudspeakers + Galvanometer “The basie component of analog meters (those with pointer and dal) inclu analog ammeters voltmeters and ohmmeters, is salanometer, We have already seen how these meters are designed (Section 19-8), and now we ean examine hoss zalvanometer works. As shown in Fig, 20-33.a galvanometer consists of a cai of wire (With attached pointer) suspended in the magnetic field of 8 permanent magnet, When current flows through the loop of wins, the maynetie Field exerts torque on the loop. as given by Eg. 20-10, = NIABsin ‘This torque is apposed by a spring which exerts a torque 7, approximately propor tional to the angle d though which itis turned (Hoake's law). That is, 1 = ke, where A is the sliffness constant of the spring. The coil and altached pointer rotate to the angle where the torques balanee. When the needle is in equilibrium a1 rest, the torques are equal: ki ~ NEABsind, or NIABS\ E ‘The deflection of the pointer, is directly proportional to the current FHlssing in the coll, but also depends on the angle # the coil makes with B, For a useful meter ‘ne need 4 to depend only on te current f.independent of # To solve this problem, magnets with curved pole pieces are used and the galvanometer coil is wrapped around a eslindrical iron core as shown in Fig. 20-34, The iron tends © concentrate the magnetic Field lines so thot BF alsvays points parallel 10 the face of the eo at the ‘wire outside the core, The force is then always perpendicular to the face of the eal and the torque will not vary with angle."Thus ¢ will he proportional to J,as required. + Electric Motors. An eleotric moror changes cleciric energy im (rotational) mechanieal ener motor works on the same principle asa galvanometer, except that there is no spring s0 the coil can rotate continuously in one direction. The coil is larger and is mounted ‘on a large eylinder called the rofor or armature, Fig. 21-35, Actually, there are several cols although only one is indicated in the Figure. The armature is mounted fon a shaft or axic. When the armature is in the position showen in Fig, 20-35, the nignetie field exerts forees on the curtent in the loop as shown. Flowever, when the soil, suhich is rotating clockwise in Fig, 20-35, passes beyond the vertical postion, the forves would then aet to relurn the coil back to vettcal ifthe current remained the same, But if the current could somehow be reversed at tht critical moment, the forees would reverse, and the coil would continue rotating in the same direction, ‘Thus alternation of die current is necessary ia motorist turn eamtinuously in one direction. This can he achieved in a de motor with the use of commutato Jpmshes: 9s shown in Fig. 20-36, the brushes re sationary contacts that rub against, the conducting commutators mounted dn the motor shall, AC every half revolution, each commutator chinges ils connection ever to the other brush, Thus the current in the coil reverses every half revolution as required for cantinnous rotation. the crucial elem and Commatater Brshes remain stationary + Battery (le Prat Spring FIGURE 20-33 Cialvanomoter. FIGURE 20-34 Gialvanomoter evil ‘wrapped on a iron core Epnysics apesien FIGURE 20-35 Pinyrum of « simple de mater Asnmature N ( } or FIGURE 20-36 The comautanoetash uurangement ita de niotor ensures alteznation of the current inthe armatu cumtinuous The eosnnautaers a lo Keep rotation sttached tthe moter sa and turn with it. whereas the brushes SECTION 20-10 Applications: Galvanometers, Motors, Loudspeakers $71FIGURE 20-37 Motor with many windings Dlenysics apptieo Rigid /f Coitotwice frame f {atcha to Speaker sme) * Lead in Cone FIGURE 20-28 Loudepwnker Birnvsics avevieo FIGURE 20-39 Buinbridgeype ‘miss specometer. The maametic fickls B and. point out of the by the dots Deveeia cet 572 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism Most motors contain several evi, called windings, eaeh located ina ditferent place on the armature, Fig. 20-37, Current flows through each coil only during a small part of a revolution, at the time when ils orientation results in the maximum torque. In this way, a motor produces a much steadier torque than can be obiained from a single coil An ae motor, with ac eurrent as input, can work without commutators since the current itself alternaces, Many motors use wire coils to produce the magnet fiuld (electromagnets) instead of a permanent magnet. Indeed the Ucsign of most motors is more complex than deseribed here. but the general principles remain the same Loudspeakers A loudspeaker ako works ou the prineiple that a magnet exerts a force on a current-carrying ive, The electrical output of a stereo or TY set is connected to the Wire leads of the speaker. The speaker leads are eonnceted internally te coil oF wire, which is isell attached co the speaker cone, Fig. 20-38, The speaker cone is usually made of stiflened cardboard and is mounted so that it ean move back and forth freely: A permanent magne! is mounted direetly in line with the coil of wire. When the allernating current of an audio signal flows through the Wire coil, whic is free 6 move within Uke magnet, the evil experiences a fore due to the magnetic field of the magnet. As the current alternates at the frequency of the audio signal, the coil and attached speaker cone move back and forth at the Sime Trequeney, causing alternate compressions and rarefue tions of the adjacent air.and sound waves are produced. A speaker thus changes lectrical energy into sound energy. and the Ieequencies and intensities of the emitted sound waves ean be an aceunite reproduction of the electrical input E 9-11 Mass Spectrometer A mass spectrometer is a device to measure masses oF atoms. I is used teday ‘not only in physies but also in chemistry, geology, and medicine, eften to identify atoms (and their concentration) in given samples. As shown in Fig, 20-39, ions are produced by heating, or by an electric current, in the souree or sample S They pass rough slits, and enter @ region where there are erossed eleetri¢ and magnetic fields. [ons follow a straight-line path in this region if the electric fore GE (upward on a positive ion) is jst Balanced by the magnetic force ged (down: Ward on a positive fon): that is, gE — go, or Only those ions whose speed is» = £/B will pass through undeflected and emerge through slits. (This arrangement is called 31 velocity selector.) In the semicircular region, alter ©, there is only a magnetic field, B, so the tans fallow «circular path. The radius of the eirculae path is found from their mark on tilm (or detectors) if B’ is fixed: if instead + is fixed by the position of a detector, then BY is varied until detection oceurs, Newton's sceond law, EF = ma applied to an jon moving in-a circle under the influence only of the magneticField B gives godt" = mé/r. Since » = E/B, we have aBir _ qBBr E All the quantities om the right side be determined. Historically, the masses of many atoms were measured this way. When a pure substance Was used, if was sometimes found that Ov0 or more closely spaced marks would appear on the firs, For eximple, neon produced twes marks whose radii corresponded 10 atoms of mass 20 and 22 aunie muss units (u) [Impurities were ruled out and it was concluded that there must be 10 types of neon with different masses. These iflerent forms were called isotopes. Hy was soon found that most elements are mixtures of isotopes, nd the difference in mass is due to different numbers of neutrons (discussed in Chapter 30), fe known or ean be measured, and thus can Mass spectrometry. Carton atoms of atomic mast 12.0u are found 10 be mixed with another. unknown, element, In a mass spectrometer with fixed B. the earbon traverses a path of radius 224em and the unknown’s path has a 26.2-em radius. What is the unknown element? Assume they have the same charge APPROACH ‘The carbon arid unknown atoms pass through the same electric and magnetie felis Henee their masses are proportional ce the dius of their respective paths (sce equation above), SOLUTION We write a ratio for the masses, using the eq) this page: ion at the tap of ty gBB rE Wie QB r/E 2Acm ‘Thus m, = 117 ¥ 1200 = 1400. The other vlement is probably nitrogen (see the periodic table inside the back cover) NOTE The unknown could also he an isotope such as carbon-t4 (HC). See Appendi B. Further physieal or chemieal analysis would he needed. /20-12| Ferromagnetism: Domains and Hysteresis ' | | ' =UI7, We saw in Section 20-1 that iron (and a few other materials) can be made into strong magnets. These materials are said to be Ferromagnetic Z IP Sources of Ferromagnetism feo seca a on coeur Tin iain or ead Cace doeee : piece of iron, che domains are arranged randomly, Fig. 20 Ma, ‘The m ellects of the domains cancel each other out, so this piece oF iron is not a magnet. In a magnet, the domains are preferentially aligned in one diveetion as ra ro} shown in Fig 20) 40b (downward in this ease). A magnet can be made from an unmagnetized piece of iran by placing it in a strong magnetic field. (You can make a needle magnctie, for example, by stroking it with one pole ot a strong magnet.) The magnetization direction of domains may actually rotate slightly to be more nearly parallel 10 an extemal field, or the borers of domains mae se domains with magnetic orientation parallel to the external field grow larger (compare Figs 20-40 and bj. This explains how a magnet eam pick wp Ummag- ty N pole thy na magne the netized pieces of iron like paper elips The magnets field enuses a slight ilignment — Gomaine ate preferentially liane in ‘of the domains in the unmagyetized object, which becomes a temporary magmet pe divection (dawn inthis case} and FIGURE 20-40, (a) An unmagnetized Piece of ian te made up af domains that are randomly avtanged. Each main is ikea tiny magnet: the crows represent the masnetization itcction, with the arrowhead being with its north pole facing the south pole of the permanent magnet versa; thus, aicraetion resus Similarly, clo and vice _may’be altered in size by the magne caved iron filings in-a magnetic field ization process SECTION 20-12 Ferromagnatism: Domains and Hysteresis $73permanent mage @ caution i f + - FIGURE 20-42. Iron-cure tori 5M CHAPTER 20. Magnetism ‘acquire aligned domains and all magnetic field, Fig. 0-1, See also this Chapter's opening photograph p. 554. An iron magnet ean remain magnetized for a long time, and is relerred to Sa “permanent magnet.” But if you drop a magnet on the floor or strike it ‘with hammer, you can jar che domains into randomness and the magnet loses some or all of is magnetism, Heating permanent magnet eu also cause 19s af magnetism, for raising the temperature mereases the random thermal motion of ‘toms, which tends to randomize the domains, Above a certain temperature known as che Curie temperature (/(043 K for iron),a magnet cannot be made at all ‘The striking similarity between the fields produced hy 9 bar magnet and by « loop of electric current oF 1 solenoid (Figs. 20-4b, 20-9, amd 20-30) offers a clue that perhaps the magnetic Geld produced by a current may have something to do with ferromagnetism. According to modern atomic theory, the atoms that make up any material can he roughly visualized as having cleetrons that orbit around a central nucleus. The electrons are charged, and so constitute an electric current and therefore produce magnetic field, Electrons themselves produce an additional magnetic field, ulmost as if they and their electric charge were spinning about Civir oxn axes, [Lis the magnetic field due to eleciren spin’ that is believed to produce ferromagnetism in mest ferromagnetic materials, 11 is believed today that aif magnetie fields are coused by electric currents. This means that magnetic field Tines always form elosed loops, unlike eleetrie field lines which begin on positive charges and end on negative eharges, Magnetic Permeability a pieee of irom is placed inside # solenoid co form an electromagnet the mi field inereases greatly over thal produced by the eurrent in the solenoid coils alone, The total magnetic field Tis then the sum of two terms, B= Th, + Fhy where By is the field due to the current in the wire and By isthe additional field due to the iron (or ather magnetie miatetial inserted instead). Olten By => By, The total field can abo be written by replacing the eonstant yy in Eg. 2-8 (B= py NI/T for a solenoid) by the magnetic permeability 4, which is char- acteristic of the magnetic material inside the coil, Then B= NT/I, For ferromagnetic materials gis much greater than uo. For all other materials its value is very close to ye The value of , however, i not constant for ferromagnetic materials: it depends on the strength of the “external” field Bas the following experiment shows. Hysteresis To make measurements on magnetic materials, a toroid is used, which is essentially a long solenoid ent into the shape of » don (Fig. 20-82), so practically all the lines of B remain within the toroid. Consider a toroid with ‘an iron core that is initially unimagnetized and there is no current in the wire loops. Then the current Fis slowly inereased, The total magnetic lield Whiel isthe sum of the field due to the current alone (4) plus the field due lo the iron, also inereases, but follows the curved line shown in the graph of themselves te reveal the shape of the Th ae Sp” cans fr hs ety agin th opti fell avin fo the etic sng” cn bs (an ell oy “bing” the mlews) to: enduce Une ery Gel inwevexs this view of pining bitin oversimptticl and a val (tee Chap 23), All mats are sigh magatic Nonicrromagneic materia fl ini ww peinsp hase 1) piramsanetic rails somes I sity th exer Fs 8 he ji bie 9 Hel mMhenclie poke Mime ich a thar tent align (2) Alamagmerte mara have atoms with Hot dipole tome 9 te sence of an extoial Geld elctams revolving in one diction lacrease In sped lightly thsteaselesizay cewving in he opente deci ure reduced in spoed tbe sul fy a igh Faget ese that opposes tbe esta! Feldam 2 b Lo on eal FIGURE 20-43 Total mapnetic field 8 in an a iton-core toroid ss a function of the external fold il 1, (Uys eased by the current Fim the eal) 2a oo oh Te 8,007) Fig, 20-43, (Note the different scales: B > By.) At the initial point a, the domains are randomly oriented. As By increases, the domains become more and mare aligned until at point b, nearly all are aligned, The iron is said to be approaching saturation. Nexi, suppose current in the eoils is reduced, so the field B, decreases. If the current (and B,) is reduced to zero, point ¢ in Fig. 20-4, the domains de nor become completely random Instead, some igietism remains in the iron core, Ifthe current is inereased in the opposite direetivn, enough domains can he turned around so the total B permanent m becomes zero at point d. As the reverse curremt is increased further, the iron approaches saturation in the opposite direction, point © Finally, if the current is again reduced to zero and then inereased in te original direction, the total fiid follows the path efh, again approaching saturation at point b. Notive that the field did not pass through the origin (point a) in this eyele, The fact that the curve does not retrace itself on the same path is called hysteresis, The curve bedetxb is called a hysteresis loop. In such a gyele, much energy is transformed to thermal caeeay (Friction) due te realigning of the domains Note chat at points ¢ and f, the iran core is magne lized even though there is no current in the coils, These points correspond to A permanent magnet summary FIGURE 20-44 Hesteress curse A evagnet has 1% pales: north andl south, The north pole fs that end which pomnts toward geographic north. when the magnet is freely suspended, Like poles of 1 magnets repel each ote. whereas unlike poles attract We cain immagine thal 8 mayetie field Surrounds ee magnet The ST unit for magnetic teld is che tesla (7), lecicie currents prodiice magnetic fields. For example: the lines of magnetic Fickd de tn 8 curtent in straight wine fom circles around the wire, and Uhe field exerts a forse on magnets (nr eurrents) ne it A magnetic eld exerls a foce on a electric erent, Far a suaight ire of length f easving a current J-the foses has magnitude F = UBsin‘. 0-1) where 8 is the angle between the magnetic field Hand the current. The divection of the force is perpendicular tw the surrentcariyiae wire and to the magnetie field and is given hy a ight-hand cule. Equation 20-1 serves as the definition netic fo B. Similarly « maynotic field exerts & force an a ehneye moving with Velocite of aagmitade # = gettsinn where # isthe angle hetween ¥ and The direction of Fis perpendicular « ¥ and to B (again a righthand sule). The path of a charged pnnicle moving perpendicular to 9 uniform magietie field is 9 cielo The magnitude of the magnetic field produced by a ccurvent Fin along straight wire, aa distance + from the wires ~mt 4 (20-6) Two currents exert a foree on eae other via the magnetic field eseh produces: Parallel currents in the same dirsetion attract exch ation currents in opposite diteetions repel The magnetic field inside a long tightly wound solenbid is B= pyXIit 20-8) where V's the numer of oops ina length Joel. and Fis the | each hop, Summary $75[SAmpére’s law states that around any chosen eloved loop pathy the. stm of each path segment Af times the component of B parallel wo the segment equals, Uimes the current J enelosed hy the closed pt SA AI shen 1-941 [tie torque + field Bis con N loops of curvent Jina magnetic NIAB Sind 20-10) The foree om torque exerted on a current earying wire by a ragnicic fel i the boss for operation vl many device, such as meters moiors, and loudspeakers [Questions [6A mass spectrometer uses electri and magnetic elds to determine the masses if atoms ‘ram and a few other materials hat are feeromagnetie coun ho made into sicong permanent magnets Ferromagnetic materials are made up of tiny deamains—cich a tiny magnet— ‘which ave preferentially aligoed in @ permanent mayne [eWhen iron or another ferromagnetic: material is placed ina magnetic field. B due tos current. the ino hecomes magnetized, When the current is turned oll the material vemains magnetized: when che eurrene ineveased in the opposite direction. graph of the tal field FF sens 38 a hysteresis loop, sind he fact thal the curve dues not retrsce itget is ealled hysteresis | 1. A compass needle is not always balanced parallel to the Earth’ surfice hut one end may dip downward. Explain 2. Drasr the magnetic field lines around a straight section off ‘sire carrying a current horizomally to the let A. In swhat dircotion are the magnetic fel lines suesuuding a straight wise carrying a current that is maving dizeety way From you? 4. A horseshoe magnet is held vertically withthe worth pole on the Fete and south polo om the right. Awire pasing hetwoon the poles equidistant trom them. caries @ ourent dest ‘way fom sou. In what dzwoton isthe onee on the wire? 5. Will a magnet atcract any metalic object. or only those made of io? (Tey W and sce ) Why i this 90? 6. Th irom bars airaet each other no matter which ends are lnced Hoar together Are bothnenagnctil Epa 7. Thy magnet field due wo current in wires in Sour home can affect a eomposs, Diese the effect in terms of ursentsincing they ate ac oF de {8 Ia nogatively charged partilo enters a region of uniform magnetic field which i pespendicular to Uke particle's ‘elects. will the kinetic energy of the partite increase, decrease «say dhe same? Explain your answer. (Nesleet gravity and assime there te no eloetie fel) 9, In Fig, 20-45, charged particles move in the vicinity of & current-carrying wite, Fir each charged partite. the arrow indicates the aiteetion of motion of the pacticle, and magnetic force due to the miznotie fold produce hy the wire | 10. Tuzee particles, a b, and e, euter a magnetic field as shown in Fig. 20°46. What can yom ey about the chanson tach partie? FIGURE 20-46 Quesiin 1. 576 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism 1. A positively hanged particle fm a nonuniform magnetic field follows the trajectory shown in Fig. 21-47. Indicate the direction of che magitctie field everywhere ia space assuming the path is abways in the plane of the page. and inieno the relative magnitudes ofthe Held in each region - S| FIGURE 20-47 o-—-- <2 Question I 12. Can an iron rod attract a magnec? Can a magnet attract an icon vod? Whit must You consider to answer these ‘questions? 13, Explain why a sirmg magnet held near a CRY television screen (Ssetion T=) causes the pistire to becime distorted. Algo. explain why the picture sometimes gies completely Wick where the field is the strongest [But dot ssk damage to your TV by teying this] 14, Suppose you have three iron rods. 18 of which are magne Hed but the thie not Hew would You determine w hie twerare the magnets withouc using any’ additional ohjees? 1S, Cam you seta resting electron inl motion with a magnetic fell? With an electte field? Explain, 16. A chaesed particle is moving in a ciele under the infu cence of a unifos magnetic fed. IF an electri field that points inthe same aivection as the magnetic Field fs tumed son.desere the path the charged particle wil ake 17. The force on a particle in a magnetic fields the idea behind eeerumagnenic pumping. Ik is used wo pump metalic lvids (sch as Sodim) and to pomp lowe anficial heart machines. The basic design is shown ia 20-48. Am elecitie felis applied perpendicular fo & blood vessel and to. mingnetie Feld. Explain how ions ars caused lr aoe Do positive and negative ins feel a force in the same direetion? FIGURE 20-48 Fleciremagnetic pumping in a blood vessel. Question 17,1%, boum of elestrons i directed toward w hora wine Garcying 9 cnrrcnt from elt sight (Fig 20-49) In what Aicection isthe heam deflected? — FIGURE 20-49 ‘or magnetic fields that suround a 20, changed particle moves ina straight line thowgh a partic. Ulur repion of space. Chuld there be a norvere magnetic fick inthis region” Iso, give tm posse stations 21, Ifa moving charged pariicle is defeted sideways in some euion of space, can We coiaelude fr certain. that Ik + 0 in chac region? Explain 22, In a particular region of space there is a niorm sagnetic field B. Gulside this region, B = 0. Can you ijt an electcon from outside into the field perpendicw larly so that it wll move im a closet crear pth in the figld? What ifthe election i injected 28. How could you tell whether moving electrons in a certain Jon of pase are being deflected by an eleeire Held or boy a magnetic Held (or hy both)? 24, Hows can vou make a compass withowc using ison oF other fecromagnetic material? 2S. Two long ites carrying equal eurtemts 7 are at abt es (0 each other, hut don't quite touch, Deseribe the magnetic farce one exerts om the other 26, A horizontal current-canying wire. free ta move in earth's gravitational field, i suspended diveetly above a sevund, parallel, eurrentcicrying wite. (a) In what diree tion i the cuztont in the laser wite? (hy Can the upper ‘sive he held in stable equilibrium duc to the magectic Force of the lower wire? Explain, 1) Problems at. 1 Why wll ther ie of mage mew am whemagtiaed Piece of ion? An ummignetized nal sil noe attract an unmagnotized paper elip- However sf emeend of the nail sin eomtact with, A male the other nel wil att a paper li, Explain, Tie uns ave the same mass, bul one i singly ionized and the other is doubly Tonized, How will their positions ‘on the film of & mass speetrometer (Fg, 20-39) difer? 1. What would be che effect oi A imide a long suena if (a) the diameter of ull tho loops was doubled, (5) the spacing hetwzen loops Was doubled. or fe) tRe solenoid's Jongth was doubled along wish s doubling in the cota number of ops? A type uf magnet siteh Similar ws a solenoid isa relay [Fie 20-51), relay is an electromagnet (the iron cod inside the coil does not move) which, when activated, auracis & piece of iron on a pot. Design a relay co ose an electrical siteh. A relay fs used when yo need lov owitch om a cirenit carrying a very large current fut yout do not Want tha large cutzent Howing thvouxl the main switch. For example, the suiter switch of a ear is fomnected to relay so thatthe large current needed fo the starter dues" pass to the dashboard switeh FIGURE 20-80 Question 31 0-3. Fores on Elect 1 Ub a) What i the magnitude of the foree per meter af Fength on a scraight wine carrying an 840-A current when perpendicular io a ONT uniform magnetic field? (dh) What ifthe angle betwen the wire and tld is 4507 (1) Calevlate the magnitude of the ms Totem length of straight wite siretched between two tae, carving 150A eurrent. The Earth's magnetie field of 50.5 1D makes an angle of 63° ith th (1) How much current is Mowing in a wire 4.80m Teng if the maximum force on itis BTS0N. when placed i a ‘iferm OANWT Feld? © GIA LS. length of wire enerying 48.4. of current fs briented horizontal: At that paint on the Baths susface the dip angle of the Barth's mogneti Field makes an ungle of a8 to the wire. Fstimale the magnitide of the fuagnetie force on the wise due to the Earth's magnetic field of SS HO" at this point (1D) The force an a wire ex:tying 893 A is a maximum of LIEN when placed between the pole faces of a magnet, I the pole faces are 35.Sem in diameter. what 4s the of the magnetic Field? (the magnets Fores per meter on a wire fe measured ‘of is maximum possible value, Sketch the relationsbip of the wire and the fiekd i the fo had been a maximum. and sketch the relationship as it actually is caletlating the angle between the wie and. ihe magnetie field [Ny The free om a tice 489 maximum wf 3 MIEN. thea placed between the pole faces of a magnet. The jgurrent Bows horizontally the right and the magnetic fields vertical The wire b ensorved to “jump” wrsard the sohssiver whe the curved & tuted on. (4) What type ot magnetic pols i che top pale fave? (0) If the pole Faees have a dinmeter of 11]Dem. esimaco the cursont in the wine ifthe Fld #8 0.16°T (e) I he wire is tipped thar it makes an angle of 110° wid the horizontal, what forew Wil it now feel? [My Suppere a straight LOma-diameter capper wine ‘sould just “That” horizontally in air hocanse of the force due 16 the Earth's magsetie field I which is hesizomtal perpendicular tthe wire, ancl of magnitude 0% 1° Whas current would the Wire cary? Does the answe seem feasible? Explain beet sm Problems20-4 Force on Charge Moving in Magnetic Fld ©) Alpha particles of charge q= +2¢ and mass m= fo Why are emitted fram) a radiouetive source al & spood of 16 > AN m/s. What magnetic field steength would be reguited 0 bene! them inio a eitculsr path of radius 7 = 0250 ©) () Determine the magnitude and direction oft fan electoon traveling 825 % 10° m/s hosizunally tthe ‘as in a vertically upward muignetic Fed of srangih 0.78" ©) (Find the dirwetion of he faree on 3 negative charge for taeh diagram shown in Fig. 20-Si. where ¥ (groon) is the Gelvety ofthe change and B (ble) isthe ditectios of the magnetic Feld (3 means the vestor points inward, meas it pots usa toward you.) : +e pf ii ko vF | ® 68 wo _— | uf ® 0 FIGURE 20-61 Psublem 11 ©) Determine the direction of Bor each ose in Fig. 20-32. sshere P represen the masimum magpetic forse bona pasty charged particle moving with velocity ¥ at @ oo a FIGURE 20-52 Problem 1 UD) An clcetoon ix. projected vertically upward with a speed of 1J11>© 10°m/s into a uniform magnetic field of 1380 Unit dizosted horizontally away fromthe tahserver, Describe the eleetron’s path i this Bld (A SOMeY (kinetic energy) proton enters 2 0.20-F ed ina plane perpendicular to the Fekl. What ithe radius al its path? 1 (UI An electra experiences the greatest free as it travels 20% 10°ms ina magnetic field when it fs moving noth bard. Te foe fs upside of mayritude 2.2 10" N, What are the magnitude and direction ofthe magnetic ile? © UN What & the velocity wf a heam of electrons that go lindeflected when passing through peependivulae electric and magnedie fields of magnitude 88 2 1U"V/m_and BS x 10''T, respectively? What i the radius of the fleetton ori if the elestne field is aemed tf? © AD. A doubly charged helium atom whore mass is fox 10 ke is aceclerated by a voliage of 2INDY, fa) What will be ils radius of curvature Lat moves in a plane perpendicular wo a uniform 0.4 field” (b) What isits poviod of revolution? (Hi). prowan (mays sph @ deuteton {= 2m, O= e) tnd an alpha petite (= ii. Q = 2e) are acclorated hy the same poten diffrence I” and then ester a unitorm magnetic field, where ther mone in eeular paths perpene Uieular ww B Determine the radius of dhe paths for the !lenteron an alpha piles terms of that foe the pra S78 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism | (A) Show dh the time P required for a punile of charge g Toning sith constant speed # to oink one eit rex on ina ifm magnetic fehl B LV) is rr [ine see Example 20-$ and Chapter 5] HD A partite of charge ¢ moves in-a circular path of radius rin a uniform magnetic Held B. Shoo that its momentum isp — br [ID A patie of mass mv and change ¢miaves in a circular path in a mageete field @. Stowe that is kinetic energy is propartional to r! the square of the radius of curvature cits path (M1) Show that the angular momentum af the particle fa Prabem 21 gfe? abut the center of the circle (IN) A Sag bullet moves with «speed of Initm/s Pesnendicuay ip the Farths magnetic field of S001 1) 7 the bullet possesses a net charge of 135 % 10C. by what distance lithe deflected from its path dug 10 the Earth's magneti field after it has traveled 1 00K? 25 {IID Suppose the Easths rmagnetie field at the equator hs magnitude 0:4) LOT and a northery direction at all poiats Estimate the speed a siasly ionized uraniun jon ~ 238 u.g = ¢) would need eet the Baxth 31)km ovo the equator Can you ignore gravity? ILD) A proton moxing with speed r= 20% 10% mys in fields repion abruptly enters an sentially tniferm magnetic teld FIGURE 20-53 Problem 25, oI 20-5 amd 20-8 Mogner Field of Straight Wire, Force © (1) A jumper cable used costae a stalled vehiele caries a 65.4 current. Huw sirong is the magnetic field 6.1em sway Tron i€? Compare ta the Barth's magnetic Field (1) If an electric wire is allowed to produce a magnetic felt no kuser than that of the Earth (033 ©) P)atadistange ‘of 254mm, hat the masimum curent the wire ein eury? ©) In Fig, 20-54.a omg straight wire caries current Fout of the page toward you. Indicate wih appropriate arrows the direction of at ‘each of the points € eS D. and Ein the plane af the pawe » te FIGURE 20-54 Problem 28, (WA vertical straight wire carrying an upward 24-4 current exerts am attractive forte per unit length of RS 210 Nit fon a sevomd parallel wire Tillem aay. What eurrent (mugnitude and divection) flows in the second Wire? {By Determine the magninide and direction of the fewee herween two parallel wires 38m long and 6.0em apart, ‘each carrying 25.4 inthe same direction +“GD Amexpeviment on dhe Banh’ mantic i is bein Garied ost hy fo an electric cable. What is the ‘scxinum allowable currat in the cable fhe experiment isto he accurate wo = LAV? CIN) A per tine casi a current of S.A akane the tops Saf NSumsbah ples What isthe magnitude ol the ‘magnetic field produced hy this wite at the ground? Hose dogs this compare wi the Fars Held of about 2G? a To Jone thin pra) wires 132m apse cary 25-4 urns nthe same ietion, Deter the magnetic Rk at pin 120m from ee wire and Sem fom the thor (Fig. 20 FIGURE 20-55 Q1)A horizontal compass slaved IMem eve south trom 4 straight vectical wire cazcying @35-A current downward Im what dizeotion dues the compass needle point a this location? Assume the horizontal component of the Farth’s eld at this point i DASSC107T and the magnetic declination is (ID, A tong horizontal wite caries 22.11 of eurvent due rth, Wht is the met magnetic fed Mem due west ofthe Wire if the Farh's field there points orth but dows 37 helo te borizntal and has magnitude 80 > 10° T) © GD A straight stroam of pro space'at a rate of 15% 10 ons passes given poi in protons/s. What magnetic field do they produce 20m front the beam? GN) Determine the magnetie eld midway beeween 160 Fong straight wires 2.0 em apart in Germs of the eursemt # in ene when the ther caries ISA. Assume these curremts are (a) i the same direction, and () in ‘opposite directions, © (HDA lone pair of wines conducts 280.4 of de eurtent 1 and from, an instrument. It the insulated wires are of epligini diameter but are 28mm apart, what the ign fekd HNlom from their midpaint, in their plane (Fig. 20-56)? Capare tothe magnetic field ofthe Earth, {ity r 10.081 . FIGURE 20-56 si Proflems 38 and 39 28mm “ a (11) A hind sire is placed in the plane oF the eve wines shown in Fig, 20-56, parallel and jsst to the Fight Wie carries 2500 upward, what force per meter of length dogs it exert on engh of the ther wo wires? Assume it is 28mm trom the nearest wire, center 10 center (11) compass needle points 28°F of N outduors Hemtever ‘she its placed 120m to the east ofa vertical wire inside 8 filing. it points 58°F of N What ave the magnitude and slveesion ofthe curront in the wite? The Earth’ field there is()90 10 #7 and is hoszomtal [1D A rectangular loop of wire ties im tne same plane as 1 straight wite.as shown in Fig, 20-57. There is 3 curren ‘of 25. in hoth wires Determine che: magnitude and dircetion of the net fosee om the les sen <1 FIGURE 20-57, Prolem 41 (HDA long horizontal wice carries @ eurrent of 48 A. \ second wire, made of 2.5-mm-diameter copper wire and parallel ter the first, i Kept in suspension magnetically 1S.cm below (Fg. 20-38), (ey Desermine te magnitude and diveetion of the current in the lower Uh) Is the loses fe) Repeat pants (a) and qh) if dhe second vite is suspended |S em above the fist die tothe latter's fel pass sem FIGURE 20-98 Pruilem 42 [ID Two long wires re oriented so that they are perpendicular ta cach other, At their denest, they are 2ngem opaet (Fis. 2-59). What is the musnivude of te magnetie field st a point midway hetween them if the tap ane caries 4 current af 20.0 and the bottom fone carries SMA? D h= 2A 10 em aot Loo em Sey =508 Bir wire FIGURE 20-59 Prolen 43, 579 Problems© (UI Two tong sigh parallel wives are 1S em apart Wire A farres 241A cursent Wire B's current is 411 in the some direction. (a) Determine the magnetic field magnitude dus to wire A at the postion af wire B. (6) Determine the magnetic fickd duc to wire Hat the position of wire A, {e) Are these 90 sgnotic fields equal and opposite? Why or chy not? (4) Determine the foree on wire A dus lo Wire Band the force on wire B duo to wie A. Ate these (we Favees equal and opponite? Why or why not? © Ub Maes tong parallel wires are 38cm from one another. (Looking along them. they are at three comers ff an equilateral triangle.) The current in each wire is NOVA, hut ie direction in wire Mis orpenite to that in twos Nand P (Fig. 20-61). Determine the magnetic forse Pet uait length on each wire due to the ater two. i, J % f J i N sete ——S> 2. UD) tn Fig. 20-60, determine the mapnitude and direction of the magnetic feld at the midpoint oF the side of the Iviangle hetseon wine M and wire N (11) Let exo tong parallel wires. distance apart. earry qual currents J in the same direction. One wite ix at Y= 0. the other fs y ~ a, Fig. 20-01, Determine B long the + axis hetween the wires as a function of FIGURE 20-61 Psoblem 4? 20-7 Solenoids and Electromagnots © (YA thin. L2emlong solenoid has a fatal of 420 curso Wire and carries a current uf 20.A, Caleulace the field inside nae the center 9 (1) A 30.0-cm long solenoid 12 oduce a feld of 0385 T at is ceacer. How muck curcent Should the solenoid ery i has 975 tums of the wire? © (1.A 530-turm solenoid is [Sem long. The erent in it is BAA 30-enrlong siraight wire euts trough the conter af the solenoid. alone 8 diameter. This Wine sarcies 9 22-A current dewnward (and is connected by ther wizes that don't concerns). What isthe force on this wiro ussuming the solenoid’ field poinis due east? 580 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism (IN) You have LOkg of vopper and want 1 make a Practical solenoic that produces the greatest pursible magnetic field for a given voltage, Should you make your capper wire long and thin, short and fa. ar some Thing ele? Consider other variahles, sch as solenoia ameter, length, and so on, +8 Anpire's Law ©) (M1) A toroid is a solenoid in the shape of a circle Lig. 20-52). Use Amplze’s law along the eireular path shorn dashed in Fig 20-82a, to determine that the rmagaetic field (2) inside the toroid is B ~ wy NE 2a, there isthe total number of turns and () outside the foroid fF = Il. (e) Is the field insie toroid tnitorm like-a solenoids? HF ot how dacs it vans? e820 e2e © oy FIGURE 20-62 Problem 52.(a) A tori. (0) A section ofthe tozpid showing dzzetion ofthe turzent for thrve loop: 2 means eurrent toward YOU. fd © menns enzcent away frat Yat © (119) (a) Use Ampere’ taw to show that the magnetic Field heiween the conductors of cable (Fig. 20-63) is B= pof/2ar if ris wreater than the rugius of the inner wire and loss vhin the radias of the slindrical bvaid. (0) Show that B= () outside the coaxial cable 2 eowaial Cancale A Seis wie FIGURE 20-63 Coaxial cable. Problem 20-9 nd 20-10 Torque on Current Loop, Appriomt © UD) A single square loop of wire 222m ona side is cl ko the magnetic Held between an 6.1) flows in meN. What is the placed ith its Face ps the pole pieces of large magnet. Wi the soil the toryue on its 032 magnetic fold strengeh?© CI) gallumometer nese deflects full scale for a S.0-p.A Goren, What current will give fllscale detection the tagnetic field weakens to 860 ofits cxiginal value? (1) If the sestoring spring of a galvanometer weakens by over the yours what current will give fullacale dofection if it orginally required 3641.\? (Tr the current ta motor diaps by 12%. by what faewor dows the outa wirgue ehanze? | (1) Show that the magnetic dipole moment M of an electron ‘orbiting he proton nuciens of x hylrogen akon is related 10 the oslical angular momentum Jaf the electson by w= (IDA cirevlar coil 140emt in diameter and containing nine Fogps fies atom the ground. The Bacth’s magnetic fill at this location has magnitude 530) > LT and points ino the Enth at an angle of S60 below a line painting due horth. a 220.A clockwise current pases thn the eo (a determine the torque on the coi. and (4) which edge of he coll rises up: rth ast south, or West? (1) Protons move in a tele radius 5.0)em in #1 885°7 Iaignetic field. What value of elect Field come) make theie paths straight? En what dzeetion mus it point? (1) In & mass spectrometer. germanium atoms haye radi fof curvature equal 21.0. 21.6, 2.9, 222, and 22:em. The largest radios corresponds to an alomic mass af To What are the atoanie moses uf the wher otapes? |) General Problems 25 (Uy Suppose the electric Feld berween the eect plates in temas spectrometer of Fig, 20-39 8 248% 10" V oy and the magictc tells B= 2 = 68 cxchon isotopes of mays sumbers 12, 13, ond 14 fram a long-dead piece of tree, (Ho estima multiply by Lo? > 10°" uy How far apact are the Hines formed by the singly charged ions of exch type on the ‘nhotoaraphie film? Whar if fhe ions were doubly charged? The souuce contains IN) A mass spectrometer is being used to monitor air polluisats Te ditficule, however. w separate molecules ‘with measly equal mas seh as CC QNO6n) and Ny ONAL y), How large a radios of sureature must a spectrometer have if these vu molecules are wo be Separated on the it by Umm? © (11) One farm of mass spectiometer asvelerates hans by a voltage V before they enter a magnetic field BL The ions are assumed to start from rest. Shove that the mass fof an jon is om = gBR/2V, where R is the radius of the ions’ path in the mammetie field and y is their charge Ferromagnetism. Hysteresis: (HLA tong thin solenaid has 420 loops of ire per mete and a 25.\ current Hows through tie wite, IF dhe perme: ity of the ion is 30, va i the Cal Feld inside the solenoid? 66 (Mly An iron-core solenoid is em long and LSem in ameter. and hus 640 wurns of wis The magnetic file inside the solenosd is 22 when 48.0 flows ia the wits What is the permeability at this high Field strength? 5 Protuns with momentum 48% 10°! kg-m/s are magne igally steered clackwise in a citeulae path 20km in diameter ot Perm National Accelerator Labsratory in Ulinois. Determine the magnitude and dicection wf the field in the magnets surriunding the beam pipe 8 proton and an electron have the sine kinetic ener ‘upon entering # region of eunstant magnetic ied Whats the ratio ofthe radi of ther eieular paths? “The poser cable for an elestiie wlley (Fig. 20-68) artes a boricmtal curtent of 330A text the east The Earth’ nage Fields a strength 5.0% 10 © and makes an ‘angle of dip of 22" at cis lestion.Cakulate the magnitude and let othe mignetie fence ona Som length o this cable 308, Prablen 68 -Calowlate the force om an neplane wil fas neque a net charge uf 1580 uC and moves wilh a speed of 12iin perpendicular to the anth'smngnetie field af 5) > 10°" 7 FIGURE 20-64 © Neat the equator. the Earth's magnetie field points ‘almost horivenilly tn the north sind fs magnitude = 030» AIN'T, What should be the magnitude and direelion for the velasity of an electron if iis weight is to he exactly balanced the > “A double charged helium atom, whose mass is 66% 10 Thy. i accelerated by a vollage of MOOV, a) What sill be te rads of eurwalure im a nsform (0201-1 field? (4) What ists peviod of revolution? |X sort of “projeetle launder” is shown in Fig, 20-68, ¢ current runes in a closed lao componed of fied nals @ poser supply and a very light. almost fitness har touching the rails A mognetic fcld fy perpendicular to the plane the sisi, H the har bas a length E = 22 em, ‘amass of 5 g-and is placed ina eld of 17 T. wat eoaseane current How 6 needed! to neelerate the har fram rest to 2Kal/s ina eistance of LOm? tn what dice fen ost the agetic field poine? FIGURE 20-65 Problens 78 | In Fig, 20-60 the top Wiee is 1.00.amm-iameter copper ize and 6 suspended in air due to the two magnetic frees from the bottom (0 wines ‘The current flow thvough the two bottom wices is 85 A iw exch, Calculate tho roquired cureent flow in the suspended wire se General ProblemsTwo sll parallel ites a cisuance / apart ina hosizomtal plane act as rails to sappart a light metal rod of mase mt Ipespendicularw each sap. ig. 26. maynetie field By Uireted vertically upward (outward in the diagram). acts throughout ACF = 0, connected co a constant current souree and a eurent J hegins to flow through the system, Determine the speed of the ru. which Starts Rom rest at = Hh as 8 Function wf ‘sires connectes to the fils ake lime (a) assuming no retin hetween the rd and thera tnd (D) if th eoclicint of fhietion isu. (e) Dogs the rod rove esto West f the chrrent those it ends noth? FIGURE 20-66 Look ‘on rails Problem 5 dow on a rod sliding Estimate the approximate maximum deflection of the bleetron heam neue the center of aT sereen due 10 the Earth's SO 1051 field Assume the CRT [Section 1710) i 22 co fan the lectson gun, where the slecitons are aevelorated (a) ty 208Y. or ch) by 30KV Note that ia color TV sets. the CRT eam must be rected securately to within less than mm in order te suike the eovreet phosphor. Because the Earth's field is Significant hore. murmetal shields are used to redhee the Earth’ field in the CIR The eyelotrom (Fig. 20-67) is a device used «0 accelesate lementary piles ch os protons to beh peels Burt fles starting at pont A ith Some initial velocity travel in ticcular orbs in the magnetic fekl &.'The particles ate secoleraced to higher spoods ese time they pass throgh the gay between the metal “dees” whore thete i an electric Field F (There is no elect field inside the hollow: metal dees) The electric field changes ditection each halF-cyee, Dosing te an ae vollnge Vim Vsin2aff. 80 that the particles are increaned in speed al each passage thraigh the sp. (a) Show that the Freuueney J of the vellage must be f= fia a0. here a the charge on the parties ond mm thei mons (8) Show thatthe hincic ens of the particles ‘nereases by 20, each revolutin. asuming tha the pa is Sonal. (e) He the ras of the ejeloiron is 200m and the rage field strength is 5 Ts shat willbe the maximum kinetle eneagy of accelerated protons in MeV") FIGURE 20-67 A egelotron, Proilom 77 582 CHAPTER 20 Magnetism Baur very long stenight anal wires, Ioeated at the cmners of & square uf side J cam equal currents jy perpendicular ty the page as shown in Tig. 20-08, Determine the magnitude nd diectin of H 01 the comter € of the square 1 1 a 1 S FIGURE 20-68 Problem 78 Manet fields are very useful in particle accelerators for em steering": that i the magnetic felds cam ho used to change the beam's diveetion without alleting its speed Fig. 20-69). Show how this works with Protons. Wht happens @ protons that are not moving ‘with the speed that the magnetic field i designed fo? It ihe field extonds over a region Sem wide and hs a magnitude of 337. by approximately what angle will 2 heam ot proteins traseling at 10% 1'm/s be bent? Magnet eho Eee tubes, side fof which he protane mone wil velit iafcined by (he green arto FIGURE 20-68 Problem 7 9) The magnetic field B at the center of a dirculur coil at wire carving a current / {asin Fig, 20-9) is 7 a= tN ‘shee N48 the umber of boop im the coil and i ils radius. Suppose hat an electzomagiet uses a gol Lunia ameter made from square copper wite 1.6mm ona side The power supply produces 120V at a maximum power ‘output of AW. (a How qany turns are needed to rut the poster supply at maximum power? (6) Wha is the magitctic field strength at the center of the coil? (c} IF You use a greater number of rors an this same power supply [so the vollage remains a¢ 120, will a greater magnetic fold strength result? ExplainNear the Fans poles the magnetic fell is about 1G (1 10-F), Imagine a simple model in whic the Earths field is produced hy single current loop atund ‘the oquater. Roughly estimate the current this loop would farcy [aie use the fornia aiven in Peohiem 80] Yow want to get an ides of the magnitude of magnetic ficids predduced by overiead porver lines. You estimate hac the two wires are each about 301 aove the ground ‘and are aout 3m apae. The local power company tolls feu thas the lines operate at 1OKV and provide a wasimunn af AAU MAW to the local re. Estimate the masimiam magnetic fiold you might experience walking under these power lines. andl eomipare to the Earths field, [Fie an ae eurzemt, values are rmand the magnet feld will be changing | © (a) What value of magnetic field would make a beam of Cleotrans traveling tthe fight at a peed af 48% IPs. yo undetloeted through a texian where theve is a uniform electric fied) of 11.000 Vm pointing vertically up? c) What is the dizetion of the magnetic fioid if 1 6 Known to he perpendicular to the clestne field? (c) What is Uhe requency of the eiceular ocbit of the electrons Ifthe eloetric Held ie turned otf? 55 proton follows a spiral path thsovsh a gas in a niagnetie field of 0.0117, perpendicular fo the plane af the spiral. 2s shown in Fig 20-70. (1 two successive loops, at points P and Q, the radii are 10.0mm und 8S mm, respectively Cale the change inthe kinetic energy of the protom as it travels from P to FIGURE 20-70 Prcblem s sn long solenvid, 18cm in diameter. fs to produce 2 O.0-E magnetic field at ts center If the maximum current ie 3.7 A. how aiany tums must the solenoid have? Two lone strate aluminum wines each of diometer mm, carry the same current but in oppanite directions Whey are suspended by 0 50-m-long stings as shown in Fig, 20-71 It the suspension strings make am angle at 30? with the eal, sha the cursent im the wites? a iB FIGURE 20-71 Problem 86, | An-electron enters a unifirm magnetic Held # = 1123°T ata 45° angle to HB Determine the radius » and ph p [distanee between loops) of dhe eleciron's helical ph assuming is speed is 340 Mm. Sev Fig. 2 3 FIGURE 20-72 Proiblem 87 Answers to Exercises Az Near the poles where the Field fines are closer tewether: Br Counterdlockise WISN Zon Bz Negative: the direction ofthe helical path would be revered, F 20am, General Problems $83‘Ome of the great lass a physies is Faraday’s law of induction, which sous that a changing magnesite lax proces am induced emt Ths pho shows a far magnet moving inside a ceil of wire. and the galvanomete fpister an induced cusrent. ‘This Phenomenon of elecieomagnetie induction is the bass for many prac eal devices, fram generators to Alternators to transformers. tape recording. and computer memory urea d ] Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday’s Law lated: (1) an electric current produces « magnetic field: and (2) a magnetic field exerts a force on an electric current oF mioving electric charge. These liseoveries were made in 1820-1821. Scientists then began to Wonder: if electric currents produce a magnetic field, is it possible that a magnetic eld ean produce an clectrie current? Ten years later the American Joseph Henry (1797-188) and the Englishman Michael Faraday (1791-1867) independently found that it was possible, Henry neiually made the diseovery fis), But Faraday published his results earlier and! investigated the subject in more detail. We now discuss this phenomenon and some af ils world-changing applications such as the electric generator. Bel Induced EMF attempt 16 produce an electric current from a magnetic Feld, Faraday used sn apparatus Hike that shown in Fig. 21—1. A coil of wire to a battery. The current that flowed through X produced a m: Was intensified by the iron core around whieh the wire was wrapped. Faraday hoped that a strong steady current in X would produee « great enough magnetic J fn Chapter 20, we discussed (vo says in which electricity and magnetism are In wus comncetei netic field that— Gavanometr f bron = > | swien ler oe ae (© [7% eouRE 21-1. Faraday’s experiment Fad 3 CL te induee an emt i ery x Y pe 2 ee eT 5 Field to produce a eurrent in 9 second eoil'Y which shared the same iron eore ‘This second cireuit, ¥, contained a galwanometer 10 detect any current but contained no battery. Hz met no suecess with constant currents. But the long: Sought elfeet wis finaly observed when Faraday’ noticed the galvanomieter in circuit ¥ deflect strongly at the moment he closed the switeh in eireuit X And the galvanometer deflected strongly in tie opposite direction when he ‘opened the switeh sn X.A constant current in X produced a constant magnetic field which produced no current ia Y, Only when the current in X was starting ‘or topping Was & current produced in Y. Faraday eonchided that although a constant magnetic field produces no @ CAUTION curent ina conductor, a ohmging magnetic field can produce an electric ar eurront. Such a current is culled an induced current, When the magnetit field through eoil ¥ changes. a current exeus in Y as if there were a source of em in circuit ¥, We therefore say that a changing magnetic field induces an em. rin i Fucaday did further experiments on electromagnetic induction, 5 this phenomenon is called, For example, Hig, 21-2 shows that if a magnet is moved quickly inte a coil OF Wire, 9 eurrent is induced in the wire, If the magnet is quickly removed, a current is induced in the opposite direction (B through the coil decreases). Furthermore, if the magnet is held steady and the coil of wire is moved toward oF away from the magnet, again an emf is induced and a current > CAUTION lows, Motion or change is requited co induce an emf. It doesn't matier whether ol the magnet or the coil moves, [tis their relauive motion that counts mos i FIGURE 21-2 (2) A curveat i induced when a magnet is moved toward a col omental ineveasing the magnete ield through the coil. (b) The induced current is oppesive when the magnet is moved say Irom the coil (B decreases), Note thatthe galsanometer zeta is atthe center of the scale and the needle Uaflees lett or right depending on the drcetion ofthe eurtent, Ine), no current is indeed if the magnet des nol move relative (o the svi, Ii the relative mation thal counts here: the magnet ean be held steady and che evil moved. whieh also induces an emt Magnet miaves up No vad Magnet moveremt Ub neo roses inci ‘toon ‘eta wo S) iersin iby bin cit I) § | deaeasing) SECTION 21-1 Induced EMF 585FIGURE 21-3 Determining the fu through a flat loop of wire This lop i square, of side Find atea A= FIGURE 21-4 Magnetic tus dy is proportional tthe number of Hines «f Be vhat pass through the Tewp, oor Bas U0 dye y= mar hy) FIGURE 21-5. Example 2) Wire np. BH Faraday‘s Law of Induction; Lenz's Law uaday investigated quantitatively what factors influence the magnitude of the emf induced, He found first of all that the more rapidly the magnetic field changes, the greater the induced emf in a loop of wire, But the emf is not simply proportional t the rate of change of the magnetic field. B; it éepends also on the loop’s area and angle. Taat is, the emf is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic lus, Dy, through che loop, Magnetic ux for a uniform magactie field hrough a loop of area A is defined as Be BLA ~ BA ouse. [8 uniform] (21-1) Here B, is the component of the magnetic field B perpendicular to the face ff the loop. and @ is the angle between B and a line perpendicular to the face of the loop. These quantities are shown in Fig. 21-3 fora sure loop af side 1 whose area is AF, When the face of the loop is parallel to B, @ — 90" and. 4b, ~ 0, When Bis perpendicular to the loop, # = 0. and by = BA, [uniform BL loop face] As we saw in Chapter 20, the lines of B (like lines of E) can be drawn such that {the number of lines per unit area is proportional to the field strength. Then the flux @, can be thought af as being proportional to the soral aumber of tines passing drrough the area enclosed! by te loop. This is illustrated in Fig, 21-4, Where the loop is viewed from the side (on edge). For # = 90’. ag magnetic field lines pass through the loop and ,, = 0, whereas isa maxinsum when & = 0) The unit a magnetic Muy is the teslo-meter*: this sealed a weber, | Wh = 1T. [COMCESTOAL EXAMPLE S17) Determining flux. A square Inop of wine encloses area Ay as shown in Pig, 21-8. uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to the loop extends over the area >. What i the magnets Hux through the loop 4, RESPONSE We assume that the magnetic field is zero outside the area A, "The total ‘magnetic Mux through area A is the flux through area Az, which by Eq. 2L-1 fora uniform field ie Fils. plus the thus through the remaining aten(= Ay — A) Which is zero because #F 0. So the tokal uxis by, — Babs + OLA, ~ Ay) — Bay Is noi equal to BA, because Bis not uniform aver A. Sz Calculate the flux. A square loop of wire 1D.em on a side is im a 125-T magnetic fiekt B, What are the maximum and minimum values of fu that can pass through the loop? APPROACH The flux is given by Faq. 21-1. Th is a maximum for # = 0%, which occurs when the plane of the loop is perpendicular to B. The minimum value oveurs when @ = 90° and the plane of the loop is aligned with By SOLUTION From Fq.21-1, the maximum value is, iy = BA cond ~ (1.25 T}(O.AIN m)(0.100.m) eos” = (140125 Wh, ‘The minimum value is DWb when @ — 99° and eos 90" ~ D. EXERCISE A ind the flux in Example 21-2 when the perpendicular (the soil makes with B With our definition of fus, Fg. 21 1.we can now write clown the results af Far day's investigations, the flux through a loop of wire changes hy om amount AP, lover a very brief time interval Af, the induced emf al this instant is Ady ar U loop} 21-24) This fundamental result is known 9s Faraday’s law of induction, and it is one of the basic laws of electrom: 586 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's LawFIGURE 21-3 Determining the fu through a flat loop of wire This lop i square, of side Find atea A= FIGURE 21-4 Magnetic tus dy is proportional tthe number of Hines «f Be vhat pass through the Tewp, oor Bas U0 dye y= mar hy) FIGURE 21-5. Example 2) Wire np. BH Faraday‘s Law of Induction; Lenz's Law uaday investigated quantitatively what factors influence the magnitude of the emf induced, He found first of all that the more rapidly the magnetic field changes, the greater the induced emf in a loop of wire, But the emf is not simply proportional t the rate of change of the magnetic field. B; it éepends also on the loop’s area and angle. Taat is, the emf is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic lus, Dy, through che loop, Magnetic ux for a uniform magactie field hrough a loop of area A is defined as Be BLA ~ BA ouse. [8 uniform] (21-1) Here B, is the component of the magnetic field B perpendicular to the face ff the loop. and @ is the angle between B and a line perpendicular to the face of the loop. These quantities are shown in Fig. 21-3 fora sure loop af side 1 whose area is AF, When the face of the loop is parallel to B, @ — 90" and. 4b, ~ 0, When Bis perpendicular to the loop, # = 0. and by = BA, [uniform BL loop face] As we saw in Chapter 20, the lines of B (like lines of E) can be drawn such that {the number of lines per unit area is proportional to the field strength. Then the flux @, can be thought af as being proportional to the soral aumber of tines passing drrough the area enclosed! by te loop. This is illustrated in Fig, 21-4, Where the loop is viewed from the side (on edge). For # = 90’. ag magnetic field lines pass through the loop and ,, = 0, whereas isa maxinsum when & = 0) The unit a magnetic Muy is the teslo-meter*: this sealed a weber, | Wh = 1T. [COMCESTOAL EXAMPLE S17) Determining flux. A square Inop of wine encloses area Ay as shown in Pig, 21-8. uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to the loop extends over the area >. What i the magnets Hux through the loop 4, RESPONSE We assume that the magnetic field is zero outside the area A, "The total ‘magnetic Mux through area A is the flux through area Az, which by Eq. 2L-1 fora uniform field ie Fils. plus the thus through the remaining aten(= Ay — A) Which is zero because #F 0. So the tokal uxis by, — Babs + OLA, ~ Ay) — Bay Is noi equal to BA, because Bis not uniform aver A. Sz Calculate the flux. A square loop of wire 1D.em on a side is im a 125-T magnetic fiekt B, What are the maximum and minimum values of fu that can pass through the loop? APPROACH The flux is given by Faq. 21-1. Th is a maximum for # = 0%, which occurs when the plane of the loop is perpendicular to B. The minimum value oveurs when @ = 90° and the plane of the loop is aligned with By SOLUTION From Fq.21-1, the maximum value is, iy = BA cond ~ (1.25 T}(O.AIN m)(0.100.m) eos” = (140125 Wh, ‘The minimum value is DWb when @ — 99° and eos 90" ~ D. EXERCISE A ind the flux in Example 21-2 when the perpendicular (the soil makes with B With our definition of fus, Fg. 21 1.we can now write clown the results af Far day's investigations, the flux through a loop of wire changes hy om amount AP, lover a very brief time interval Af, the induced emf al this instant is Ady ar U loop} 21-24) This fundamental result is known 9s Faraday’s law of induction, and it is one of the basic laws of electrom: 586 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's LawTe the circuit contains V closely wrapped loops, the emfs ineuced in exich loop add together. sa Ay ar LY loops] (21-2b) ‘The minus sign in Eys. 21-2 is there to remind us in which direction the induced emf aets. Experiments show that 2 current produced by an induced emf moves im a direction so that ity ‘magnetic field opposes the original change in fh ‘This is known as Lena's law, Be aware that we ore now discussing «wo distinet magnetic fields: (1) the changing magnetic field or Hux that induces the current, and (2) the magnetic ficld produced by the induced current {all currents produce a field). The second field appases the change in the frst. Let us now apply Len’ law 10 the relative motion between a magnet and a soil, Fig. 21-2, The changing tus through the coil inguces. an emi in the ceil producing a current. This induced current produces its own magnetic Held, 19 Fig. 2124 the distance between the coil and the magnet decreases The magne’s magnetic field (and number of field lines) through the ceil inereases, and therefore the thax inorcases, The magnetic field of the magnet points upward. To oppose the "upward inerease, the magnetic field inside the coil produced by the induced current needs to point dowarrant. Thus, Lene’ law tells uy thal the eurrent moves as shawn (use the right-hand rule). In Fig. 21-2b, the Mux sleereasey (Iecause the magnet is moved away and B decreases), so the induced current in the coil produces an Lupteard magnetic field through the eoil thot is “trying” to moinain the status quo, ‘Thus the current in Fig. 2|-2h is in he opposite ditection tron Fig, Tis imporiant lo note that an emt is induced whenever ther in flux through the call, and we now consider some more possibilities isa change Fhe through coils decreased hrecause UinwWand) « o Since magnetic ux thy = B. that an emf ea three ways: [1) by a changing magnetic field B, (2) by changin the loop in the field: or (3) by changing the loop’s orientation # with respect to the field, Figures 21-1 and 21-2 illustrated ease 1, Eximples of cases 2 and 3 are illustrated in Figs, 21-6 and 21-7, respectively n be induced in the area A of cos), eS - & ata ( } rt FIGURE 21-7 ) cesrasin \ ) * fe ea Zero ux o SECTION 21-2 Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law caution FIGURE 21-6 induced by changing the ar of the nil, eventhough B doesnt change Tn bath this save and that of Fig, 217. he fa though the cls exiee a8 We 80 0m {a} WD). Here the brit ined curren ats in he dizection shown 48 @ ry to maintain the original ux (? ~ 24) by predcing ts omen masnetie Held in the page. That in as the area A docreases. the curren aes 19 inereass Tin the oniginal (inwara) direction, A cutieat can be ‘A euent cin fe induced by rotating a coil in.a magnetic Field. The 2h the cul changes om (a) eo (bo) hecause # (in Fy. 27-1) went fom 0 (2080 = 1) 100" (eos = 1. a7CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLES GIS] Induction stove. Tn an induction stove (Fig, 21-8). an ac curvent passes around a coil that is the “burner (a burner that never gels het), Why Will it heat a metal pan but not 4 glass container? RESPONSE The se curent sets up a changing magnetic feld that passes dhrough the pan bottom, This changing magnetic field induces a eurrent in the pan botton, and Since the pan offers resistance, electric energy is transformed to thermal ene ‘hich heats che pot and its contents. A glass container offers such high vesis that litte current is induced and litle encryy is transferred (P = V"/R) FIGURE 21-8 Example 21 3.\n nee induetion stove PROBLEM SOLVING [RErret Lenz's law is used to determine the direction of the field if the flux is decreasing: (b) points in the (conventional) eleetrie current induced in a loop due to osite direetion ais the external field if the flux. ‘change in magnetic flux inside the loop. To produce is inereasing; ar (e) is vero if the flux is: not an induced eurrent you nved changing, (a) a closed conducting loop, and 3. Once you know the direction of the indu (b) an external magnetic Hus through the loop that is magnetic field, use rightshand-rule-l (p. $62) t0 find changing in time, the direction of the induced current 1. Determine whether the magnetie lux (db = BA.cos#) 4, Always keep in mind that there are two magnetic Inside the loop is decreasing, increasing, or umehanged. Fields: (1) an external field whose flux must be 2. The magnetic field due to the induced current: changing if it is 10 induee an electric current, and (a) poinis in the same direction as the external (2).a magnet Feld produced by the induced eurrent w(—*) ( a) ( 7 J @ © @ © Polling ie loup to die Shinking a loop N magnetic pole Nunagnetic pole Rotating the oop by palling Ciaceer iaehig = “ich Sehase sean yanteteran est fn gh toe (COMCERIUAL EXAMPLE SE) Practice with Lena's law. In which direction is the current induced in the loop for each situation in Fig. 21-9? FIGURE 21-8 Example 21 4 RESPONSE (0) {nitially, he magnetic field pointing eut of the page passes through the loop. IF you pull the loop out of the field, magnetic thu @ caution through the lap decreases; so the induced current will be in a direction to r maintain the decreasing flix through the loop: the current will be coun terclockwise to produce a magnetic Lield outward {toward the reader) (0) The external field is into the page. The coil area gets smaller, so the flux will decrease; henes the induced current will be clockwise, producing its own field into the page to make up for the Mux deeresse, (©) Magnetic field lines point out from the N pole of a magnet, so as the magnet moves toward the loop, Uke magnet's field points into the page and is getting stronger. The current in the loop will he induced in the coirierelack- wise direction in order to produce a field B ou of the page (0 The field isin the plane of the loop, so ne magnetic field lines pass through the loop and the flue through the loop is zero throughout the proess; hence there is no change in external magnetic Qux with time. and there sill he m0 induced emf or current in che loop, (e) Initially there is ao tux through the loop. When you start to rotate the loop, the external fivld through ihe loop begins increasing tw the tefl, To eounteract this change in flux. the loop will have current induced ina counterclockwise dircetion so as to produce its own field 10 the right, 588 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's LawPulling a coil from a magnet field. A. squore coil of wire with side ?—5,\Jem contains 100 loops and is positioned perpendicular to a uniform 0.600-T magnetic Field as show in Tig. 21-10. It quickly pled from the field at constant speed (maving perpendicular to B) to a region where B drops abruptly to zero. AUT ~ 0 the right edge of the cull sat the edge of the ficld, I takes 0.1005 for che whole coil to reach the field-ree region, The coi’ total resistance is 10022. Find (a) the wate of change in Fin through the oil and (>) dhe emt and current indiced () Mos rch enerey i dissipated in the coil?) What was the average fores required? APPROAGH Wie star: by finding how the magnetic ux, ¢y = BA, changes luring the time interval 7 = D.UNs, Faraday’s law then gives the induced emf and Ohm's law gives the current SOLUTION (2) The area of the cuil is A= FP DO 10 my = 2.50% 10 Sm? The flux is initially , ~ BA = (0.600T}\2.50 % 10m?) = 150 x 102 Wh, Afi 0.1095 the thx 7e70. The rate of ehange inf is eonstant ¢becaise the coils square), equal vo By Leon's law the current must he clockwise to produce more B into the page and thus oppose the decreasing uy into the page: {(c) The total energy dissipated in the coil isthe product of the power (— /°R) and the time: F = Pi = PR = (1.50 x 102A) LONAy(NL.10Ns) = 2.25 x LOT, (a) We can use the result of patt (¢} and apply the work-energy principles the ccnergy dissipated F is equal to the wark WV niceded 1 pull the cil out af the licld (Chapter 4), Because W — Fal where d— 5.00.0m, then W 225 x 10"F a 500 =m Alternate Solution (c)) We can also caleulaie the force directly using F = HB, Eq, 20-2 for constant B The force the magnetic field exerts on the top and bociom sections of the square coil ef Fig, 21-10 are in apposite direc tions and cancel each other. The magnetic Fores Fy exerted on the left vertical section of the square coil acis fo the [elt as shown because the current is Up (clockwise). The right side of the loop is in the region where Be 0, Hence the exicrnal force, o the right, needed (o just overcome the magnetic fores te the leit (on XN 100 loops) is Fog. = NUIB = (100) ((0150.4}(0.0500.)((,600T} = D450, which is the same answer, confirming eur use of energy conservation above: a.04s0N, EXERCISE B Wha isthe direction ofthe induced current in the ereular loop due the current showin in each part of Fig, 21=11? 1 decreasing Fiero wo ow © Jeonsiant ——Finersising B= 06007 peo Seem FIGURE 21-10 Example 21-5 The square coil ia’a magnetic eld f= OUT is pulled abrupaly to the right to a eegion where B= 0 FIGURE 21-11 Exercise B @ SECTION 21-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz's Law 589is FIGURE 21-12. {2) A conducting rod is mosed to the eight on a shaped conductor ia @ uniform aunts field B that points ct of the paper. (by Upward focee en an electron in the metal tod (auoving To the right) due to B pointing out alps FIGURE 21-13 Psumple 21-6 o Diewvsics apetieo FIGURE 21-14 Messurement of ‘Hood veleely from the induced ert. Example 21-7 Vom BE EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor Another way to induee an ent is sown in Fig. 21-12a, and this situation helps illuminate the nature of the induced emf, Assume that a unilorm magnetic Field Bis perpendicular to the area bounded by the U-shaped conductor and the mosuble rod resting an it, TE the rod is made 1 move ata speed 1, i travels a distance Ax = Af in a time Af, Therefore. the area of the loop imereases by an amount AA =/Ax = fw Ar ina tine Ar, By Faraday’s law here is an induced emf @ whose magnitude is given by Ady BAA Blwat a a Equation 21-3 is valid as long as B, and are mutually perpendicular. (If they components of ech that are mntually perpendicular.) An emt induced on n conductor moving in 11 magnetic Feld #8 sometimes called modional em. ‘We ean also abain Eq, 21~3 without using Faraday’s kw We saw in Chapter 20, that u charged particle moving perpendicular 10 a magnetic Feld B with speed experienees a force F = quB (Eq, 20-4), When the rod of Fig, 21-(2a moves 1 the right with speed v. the electrons inthe tod also move with this speed, Thetelore, singe ¥ 1 Beach electron feels a foree F — ged, which aets up the page as shown in Fig. 21-12. Tf the rod was not in contaet with the U-shaped conductor, electrons ‘would collect at the upper end of the rod, leaving the lower end positive (see signs in Fig, 2l—12h), There must thus be an induced emt, [f the rod dogs slide ea the U-shaped conductor (Fig. 21—12a), the electrons will flow into the U. There Will then be a clockwise (conventional) current in the loop. To calculate the emt, We deiermine the work TY needed to move a charge q fram one end oF the rod 1 the other against this poteatial difference: W = foree % distance = (qvl)() ‘The emf equals the work done por unit charge, so & = W/g = qomt/q = Bln the sume result os from Faraday’s lay above, Ex 21-3 EXERCISE © Jo what direction will che electrons flow in Fig 21-12 ithe rod moves ww the left, dsereasing the atea of the eurent loop? Blo as) tre not, e Use only Does a moving airplane develop a large emf? An airplane ayels [dX km/h ina region Where the Earil’s magnetic elds 5.0 10 *1 and is nearly vertical (Fig. 21-13), What is the potential differ- tence induced between the wing lips that are 7D m apart? APPROACH We consider the wings to be a 7-ni-long conductor moving through the Earth's magnetic field, We use Bq. 21-3 10 get the emt SOLUTION Since» 1000km/h ~ 280) m/s, and ¥.LB. we have € = Ble ~ (5.0% 10 9170 m)(280m/s) — LV. NOTE Not much to worry about Electromagnetic blood-Hlow measurement. The rie ‘of blood low in oir body's vessels can be measured using the apparavas Shown in Fig. 214, since blood contains charged ions, Suppose that the Blood sessel is 200 mm in diameter, the magnetic eld i QOS0 T, and the measured emis U1 mV, What isthe flow velocity ofthe Blood? APPROACH ‘Ihe magnetic field B points horizontally trom lett 10 sight (8 pole toward § pole) The induced emf acts over the width | ~ 200mm of the Blood vessel (Fig, 21-14). perpendicular to B nnd ¥, just os in Fig 21-12. We ean then use Fg. 21-3 10 gett SOLUTION We solve for rin Eg. 21-3 € oxiy) Bi (aR TIAD 10m) NOTE In actual practice, an alternating current is used to produce ain alter nating magnetic fel, The mdused emt then alternating 0.63 m/s, 590 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's LawAdditional Example Force on the rod. To make the rod of Tig, 21 2a move lo the right at speed &, you need to apply an external force on the rod the Hight. (@) Explain and dcterntine the magnitude of the required forve. (b) What external power is needed lo move the tod? (Do not confuse this external foree con the rod with the upward force an the electrons shown in Pig. 21- 12h.) APPROACH Wien the rod moves to the right, electrons flow upward in the rod aveording 10 right-lund-rule-3 (p. 562). So the conventional current is down! ‘urd in the rod. We can see this also from Len?’s ls the outward magnetie Mux through the loop is inereasing, so the induced current must oppose the inerease Thus the current is clockwise so as to produge a magnetic field inua the page (sight-hand-rule-1}, The magnetic foree on the movin constant B (Eq. 20-2), Right-hand-rule-2 tells us this magnetic force is to the Jett and is thus 0 “drag force” apposing, our effort wo move the red to the right SOLUTION (a) Tae magnitude of the external force, to the right, needs to balance the magnetic fore F = dB. The current = €/R~ Ble/R (sve Eq, 21-2), and the resistance R is that of the whole cireuil: the rod and the Usshaped conductor. The force F required to move the rod is thus (Be Poa (Ep aw IV B.4.and & are constant, thea a constant speed v is produced by a constant foree. (Constant R implies that the parallel rails have negligible resistance.) (Ui The external power needed to move the rad for constant Ris Bre! Pog = Fo * R The power dissipated in the resistanee is P — PR With f— F/R — BlU/R, . BRE mo PR- ae se the power input equals that dissipated in the resisiance at any moment Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field We have seen that a changing magnetic flux induces an emf; there also is an induced current. This implies there is an electric field in a wire, causing the elec Irons 9 start moving. Indeed, this and other resulis suggest the important conclusion that 1 changing magnctie field induces an electre field. This applies not ony ta wires ané other conductors, but is 9 general result chat applies to any region in space: an elecirie field will be induced ot any paint in space where there is a changing magnetic fel. ‘We can get a simple formula for £ in terms of # for the case of electrons in ‘9. moving conduetor, as in Fig. 21-12, The electrons feel a foree (upwards in Fig. 21-12h); and if We put ourselves in the reference frame af the conductor this force accelerating the electrons implies that there is an electric field in the conductor. Flecivie field is delined as the force per unit charge, F = Fig where here F = qrB (Eq. 20-4). Thus the effective field # in the rod must he Fab OB. a4 oa SECTION 21-4 Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field 81Qs Amare Sliprings 2— nis FIGURE 21-15 An ac generator FIGURE 21-16 (0) A de zener Mor with one sel of commutators and (b) a de generator with mans Seis of eommitaters and windings «€ FIGURE 21-17 The ont is induces inthe segments ah and ed, whose velocity components perpendicular the fekd are win ay "ii Be Electric Generators We discussed alternating eurremts (ac) in Section 18-7, Now we examine how ae erated, by’ aa electric generator or dynamo, oie of the most important practical results of Faraday’s great discovery. & generator transforms mechan- just the opposite of what a motor does. simplified diagram of an ae generator is shown in Fig, 21-15. A generator consists of many loops of wie (only ane is shawn) wourid on an armanure thot can rotate in @ magnetic field, The axle is turned by some mechanical means (falling water, steam turbine, ear motor belt), and an emf is induced in the rotating coil, An electric eurtent is thus the ouput of a generator, Suppose in Fig, 21-18 that the armature is rotating clockwise: then tight hand-rule 3 ipplicd 0 charged particles in the wire (or Lene’s lay) tells us that the (conven tional) current in the wire labeled b on the armature is outward: therelore the cursent is outward at brush b, (Each brush is fixed and presses against a continuous slip ring that rotates with the armature.) After one-half revolt tion, wire b will be where wire « is now in the drawing, and the current then at brush b will be inward. Thus the current produced is alternating. The troqueney f is ll H for general use in the United States and Canada, whereas 50Hz is used in many countries, Most of the power generated in the United States is done at steam plants where the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oll, hatural gas) boils water to produce high-pressure steam that turns a turbine connected 10 the generator axle (Fig. 15-21). At nuclear power plants, the ay released is used u produce steam co turn turbines. Indeed, « heat engine (Chapter 15} connected to a generator is the principal means ef nerating electric power. The froqueney af 60H or SH? is mainiained very precisely by power companies A de generator is much like an ac generator, except the slip rings are ical energy into eleetrie enerzy, replaced by split-ring commutators, Fig. 21-160, just as in a de motor The fatput of such 21 generator is as shown and ean he smoothed out by placing «i capacitor in parallel with the oulput (Section 19-6). More common is the use of ‘many armature windings. as in Fig. 21—16b, which produces a smoother output. Automobiles used {9 use de generators. Today they moinly use alternators, \shich avoid the problems of wear and vlevirieal arcing (sparks) acrass the split ring commutators of de generators, Alternators eifler Irom generators in that an electromagnet, ealled the rotor, is fed by current from the battery and is made fo rotate by a belt from the engine, The magnetie field of the turning rotor passes through a surrounding set of stationary coils ealled the sawor.indueing ai alternating eurvent ia the stator coils, which is the output, This ac output is changed to de for charging the battery by the use of semiconductor diodes, hich allow current flow in one direction only Deriving the Generator Equation Figure 21-17 shows the wire loop on a generator srmature, The loop is being made to rotate elockwise in a uniform magnetic Feld B, The velocity of the two lengths al and ed at this instant are shown. Akhough the sections of wire he and da are nioving, the force on electrons in these sections is toward the side of the wite, not along the wie’s length, Phe emt generated is thus dite only Uo the Foree on charges inthe sections ab and ed. From righ(-hand-rile-3, we see thatthe direction of the inxluced current in ab is rom i toward b, And in the lower section its trom ¢ to dso the How is continuous inthe loop The magni tude of the emf generited inal is given hy Fy. 21-3, except that we must take the component of the velocity perpendicular cB = te. whete dis the length of ab, From Fig, 21-17 we ean see that e, = esin@, where ‘is the angle the face ofthe loop makes with the vertical. The emt induced in ed has the same magnitude and is n the same direction. Therefore their emfs add, 582 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Lawand the total emt is emf = 2NRIv sing, ay Where we have multiplied by N, the number of 1oops in the ceil the coil is rotating with constant angular velocity then theangle or —o| Time We also have trom the angular equations (Eq. 8-4) that v= er ~ o(f/2) where fis the length of be or ad. Thus € = 2NBwi(/4/2) sin wt, oF &— NBoo sin wa ars) where =e is the area of the loop. This equation holds far any shape coil, pyguRE 21-18 not just for a rectangle ay derived, Thus, the output emf of the generator is Simd- — praguges an alternating current The soidally alternating (see Fig. 2|-18 and Section 18-7), Since w is expressed in Citgut emt & = tain, where radians per second, we can write @ = 2n/, where {is the frequency. f= NAB (Bq. 21-3) Big Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents Back EMF A miotor Girns aad produces mechanical energy when a curvent is made to Flow in it, From our description in Section 20-10 of a simple de motor, you might expect that the armature would accelerate indefinitely due 10 the torque on it, However, as the armature of the motor turns, the magnetic Huy through the coil changes and an emf is generated, This induced emf acts to ‘oppose the motion (Len?’s law) and is called the back emf or counter emf, The greater the speed of the motor, the greater the back emi A moior normally turns and does work on something, but if there were no load, the motor's speed would increase until the hack emi equaled the input voltage When there is a mechanical load, the speed of the motor may he limited also by the load. The back emf will then be less than the external applied voltage. The areater the mechanical load, the slower the motor rotates and the lower is the hack emf (4 << «, Fg. 21-5), Back emf In a motor. The armature windings of 0 Gs Otor have reiance of 0 Th rshr i conned 1 « IDLY te, fod hg Gla cts al apent ipa A Age pede NK cal i108 ¥. Clelte (a) te current ine the moter when I Wt starting up, Tb} ncuron When We er tes a Ne ROURE 21-19. Cietit ofa ms [APPROACH As ia jun Hag a aig LSA ate MUNUNE TNR en e Ama generator ©, Av tall speed. we rmust include as emfs bo} ea bby Ohms iw wih © S00. As ral speed. we ms inchs as ems HON ME diggs at 120-V applied emf and she pposing back emf, of motor srouure winding i Snow 108 SOLUTION (a) At stort up, the current controled by the 120. applied to the en's S00 resistance By Ohm's ta viv R son (8) When the motor ia fll speed, the haek emf mast be ince inthe equiva lent circuit shown in Fi. 21-194 In this ease, Oh’ law (or Kinch rule) gives 120 — sv = 1 Therefore : ; by 4a 5.00 és A, ___] NOTE This result shows that the current can be very high when 1 motor first, suirts up. This is way the lights in your house may dim when the motar af the Telrigerator (or other large motor) starts up. The large intial current causes the voltage at the outlets to drop, since the house wiring has resistance and there i some voltage drop seeress it when large eurrents are drawn *SECTION 21-6 Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents $93wysics © FIGURE 21-20 Pralustion of ‘eddy curren in rating whee! [CONGEPTTAD EXAMPLE SIT] Motor overload. When using sn appli tance such as a blender. electric dill, or sewing machine. i tbe appliance is overloaded or jammed se that the motor slows appreciably or slops while the power is still connected, the deviee can burn aut and be ruined. Explain why his happens, RESPONSE The motors are designed to run at a certain speed for a given applied voltage, and the designer must Lake the expeeted bitck end into account W the rotation speed i reduced, the buick emf will not be as high as expected (& x w, Faq. 21-5), and the eurrent will increase, and may become large enough that the windings of the moter hea up to the point of ruining the motor Counter Torque Ina generator, the situation is the reverse of that for a motor. As we saw, the mechanigal turning of che amature induces an emf in the loops, which is the output. I the generator is not eonneeted co an external circuit, the em exists al the terminals but there is no current, In chis ease. it takes litle effort to turn the urmature. But if the generator és connected 19-4 device that draws current, then ‘current flows in the coils of the armature. Because this current-carrying coil i in am external magnetic field, there will be a torque exerted on it [as in motor), and this torque opposes the motion (use right-hand-rule-? for the force on a wire, in Fig. 21-15 of 21. 17), This is called a coumter torque. The greater the electrical loacl—that is, the more current that is drawn—the greater Bill he the counter torque. Hence the extemal applied torque will have to be greater to keep the generator Lurning. This makes sense from the conservation of enetgy principle. More mechanical-energy input is needed to produce more clectrichl-enerey ovtput Eddy Currents Induced currents are not always confined to wellefined paths such 2s in wires Consider, for example, the rotating metal wheel in Fig, 21202. An external magnetic field is applied 19 a limited area of the wheel 2s shown anc points imi the paper, The section of whee! in the magnetic field has an emf induced int because the conductor iy moving, carrying electrons with it. The flow of (conven- tional) eurreat in the wheel is upword in the region of the magnetic field (Fig. 21-20b), and the current follows a downward return path outside that region. Wy? According to Lenz's law. the induced eurrents oppose the ehange that causes them, Consider the part of the wheel labeled cin Fig. 2120, whete the magnetie Geld is vero but fs just shout 19 enter a region where B points into the ps ‘oppose this inward inerease in magnetic field, the indueed eurcent is counterclock: Whe to produce a field pointing out of the page (right-handerule-L), Similarly. region df about to move to e,where Bis zero; hence the current is clockwise 10 produce an inssard field opposed io this decreasing Mux inward. These currents ane referred to as eddy eurrents,"Tney can by present in any conductor that is moving dcross a magnetic field or through which the magnetic flu is changing. In Fig, 21-200, the magnetic field exerts a foree F om the induced eurrents i hhas created, and that force opposes the rotational motion, Edey currents can be used! in this Way’ as.a smeoth braking device on, say. rapid-transit ear. In order to stop the ear. an electromagnet ean be turned on that applies is field either to the wheels or 10 the moving Sigel rail below Eddy eurrenis can also be used 0 dampen (reduce) the oscillalion of a vibrating system. Eddy currents however, can he a problem. For example, edéy currents induced in the armature of a motor or generator produce heat (P ~ T#) and waste energy: To reduce the caddy eurtents, the armatures are faminased: that is, they: are made of very thin shecis of iron that are well insulated from one another. The total path lenath of the eddy eurrenis is confined to each slab, which inerenses the total resistance: hence the current is less and there ig less wasted energy 594 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's LawWalk-through metal detectors at airports (Fig. 21-21) detect metal objects using eleciromagnetic induction and eddy currents. Several evil situated in the walls of the walk-through at dillerent heights, In i technique called “pulse induction.” the coils ore given repeated brict pulses of current (on the order of microseconds), hundreds or thousands of times 9) second. Bach pulse in a coi! produves a magnetic field for a very brie! period ‘of ime. When a passenger passes through the walk-through, any metal object being carried will have eddy currents induced in ji. The eddy currents persist briefly alter each input pulse, and the small magnetic field produced by the persisting eddy current (before the next esternal pulse) ean be detected, setting off an alert oF alarm, Stores and libraries use similar systems to prevent theft Ba Transformers and Transmission of Power A transformer is a deviee for increasing or dec Yormers are found everywhere: in TV sets to give the high voliage needed for the picture tube, in converters for plugging ina portable stereo, on utility poles (Pig, 21-22) to reduce the high vollage trom the electric company to a usable voltage ia houses (120 V or 240 V), and in many other applications. A transformer consists of 10 coils of wire known as the primary and secondary coils. The two coils can he interwoven (with insulated wire): or they can be linked by an iron core which is laminated to minimize eddy-current esses (Section 21-6). as shown in Tig. 2 Transformers are designed so that (nearly) all the magnetic flux produced by the current in the primary coil also passes through the secondary coil, and we assume this is tfuc in what follows We also assume that energy losses (jn resistance and hysteresis) ean he ignored —a good approximation for real Wansformers, which are often better than 99% elficient, sig an ac voltage. Teans- ‘When an ac voltage is applied to the primary coil, the changing magnetic field it produces will induce an ac voltage of ihe same freqneney in the secondary coil, However the voltage will be dilferemt aecording ta the muber ‘of loops in each coil, From Faraday’s law, the voltage or emt induced in the secondary coil is where NX; is the number of tus in the secondary coil. and Aeby,/Ar is the rate at which the magnetic lux el The input primary voltage, Vp. is related to the rate at which the thus changes through it Ady Ar y= where Nj: is the number of tums in the primary’ coil We divide these two equations, asstming little or no thax i lst, to find WON 21-6 es a1) “This sransformer equation tells how the secondary (output) voluige is related te the primary (input) voltage: Vs and Vp in Eq. 21-6 can be the rms values (Seetian 18-7) for both, or peak values for hoth. NC voliages don't work ina transformer because there would be no changing magnetic ux, Plenvsies aprcieo FIGURE 21-21 Airport metal detec FIGURE 21-22 Roping a sw dow teansformer on a ubity pole FIGURE 21-23 Step-up transformer (Np = 4. Ny = 12 Primary ¢ eal vp (inp SECTION 21-7 Transformers and Transmission of Power $95FIGURE 21-26 A de voltage ‘med on and aff a6 shown in (a) produces voltage pulses in the secondary (h), Vlaze scales in (a) sid (h) a nat the same Suite peed Switch " 1) close ~The % [— o) Pieuvsics appiieo Ifthe secondary coil contains more loops than the primary coll (Ny > Np) We have a step-up transformer. The secondary voltage is greater than the primary voltage. For example, if the secondary coil has twice as many turns as the primary coil, then the secondary voiage will be: ice that of the primary voltage. IF Nc is less than Nj, We lave a stepedowa transform Although ae voltage ean be inereased (or decreased!) with a transformer, we don't get something for nothing, Energy conservation tells us that the power output can be no greater thaw the power input. A well-designed transformer can bbe greater than $97 efficient, so litle energy is lost to heat. The power output thus essentially equals che power input Since power P= FY (Eg, I8-S), we have Vp = AM AM si ow a7 Portable radio transformer. A cansformer_ for home use of portable radio reduces 120-V ae 10 9,0-V ac. (Such a device also contains diodes to change the #0-V ae to de, to be like its 90-V hattery:) The secondary eail contains 30 curns and the radio draws 400 mA. Calculate (a) the number oF turns in the primary coil, () the current in the primary, and (¢) the power transformed, APPROACH We assume the transformer is ideal. with no tnx loss, so we ean use Eq, 21-6 and then Eq. 21-7. SOLUTION (a) This is a step-down transformer, and from Eq. 21-6 we have Vp (0)C20V) Np = Neqe = SCE — 400 turns. we Ny farms (6) From Eq.21-7. #8) oaoay(e) ono (6) The power transiormed is P = Vi, = (OADAY(O.NV) = 36W. NOTE The power in the primary coil, P= (0.030 A)(120 V) = 3.6W, isthe slime as the power in the secondary coil, There is 100% efficiency in power ansier for our ideal transformer, EXERCISE D How many turns wovd you wantin the secondary oil ofthe tanstosimee in Pxample 21-11 (Ny = 400 lurns} iP i were Jo reduce the voltage from 120-4" ac co3Vae? A wansformer operates only on ac, A de eurrent in the primary coil does fot produce & changing Mux and therefore induces no emit ia the secondary. However, if a de voltage is applied (o the primary through a switch, at the instant the switeh is opened or closed there will be an induced current in the secondary. For exnmple. if the de is turned on and off as shown in Fig, 21 24a, the voltage induced in the secondary is as shown in Fig, 21- 24h, Notice that the secondary voltage drops to zero when the de vollage is, steady This is basically how, in the ignition system of an automobile, the high voliage is created 10 produce the spark acrass the gop af a spark phig that ignites the gas-air mixture, The transformer is relesred 1 simply as an ignition cail.” and transforms the 12 V of the battery (when switched off in the primary) into a spike of as much as 39k in the secondary, 596 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's LawHish stage Sup down Power bad transformer Stepdown me fll. in) Nt Home ey Es aay 20 FIGURE 21-25 The transmission of eletric powor from posse plants to homes makes use of trans focmers at Various stages Transformers play an important role in the transmission of clevivieity: Power plants are often situated some distance from metropolitan areas, so electricity hiust then be vansmidted over long distances (Fig. 21-25). There is always some q power loss in the transmission lines, and Uh loss Gun be minimized ifthe power is transmitted at high voltage, using transformers, asthe following, Example shows, ‘Transmission lines. An average of 120kW of electric power is seat to a small town from a power plant I0km away. The transmis Siow lines have a total resistance of @.409. Calculate the power loss if the power is transmitted at (a) 240 V and (>) 24,000 V. APPROACH We cannot use P— V°/R because if R is the resistance of the Lransmission lines, we don’t know the voltage drop along therm the given voltages are applied across the Fines plus the load {the town). But we ean determine the current Fin the lines (= P/V’}, nd then find the power loss from P, = FR, for Doth eases (a) and (b). SOLUTION (a) ff 120 kW is sent at 240 V, the total current will be Z ‘The power los inthe lines, Fis then P= PR~ (S00.A)%(040.0) = 00KW. ‘Thus over 811% oF all the power would be wasted as heat in the power lines! (0) IE 2D KW js sent at 24,000 V, the total current will be The power loss in the Tines is then P= FR = (50 430.409) = LOW, whieh is less tham gy of 1 NOTE We see that the higher voltage results in less current, and thus less power ig wasted as heat im the transmission lines. Tis for this reason that power is usually trinsmitted at very high voltages.as high as 7004V The great advantage of ae, and a major reason it is in nearly universal use is that the Voliage ean easily be stepped up or down by a leansformer. The output voltage of an eleetrie generating plant is stepped up prior to transmission, Upon arrival in a city. itis stepped down in stages at electric substations prior to dist in lines along eity sineets is typically 2400 V and is stepped down to 240 V of 120'V for home use by transformers (Figs, 21-22 and 21 SECTION 21-7 Transformers and Transmission of Power $97Memisae Stall oil of wie a State ns Jf alg th Jor we amplier FIGURE 21-26 Dingsaim ol a microphone dit souks by induction, Benvsics apecieo FIGURE 21-27. (0) Read Write {playback recording) head for tape or dis. In wsting or recording the electric Input signal tothe head. shih sets as an eleetomagno magneris the passing tape disk. Es reading play Fuk. the changing migneie field ofthe passing tape oF disk induces a shang rmangti el i che cad which ‘wm induges in de coil an out that is the output signal. (by Phote a a hard drive showing several platters and ead rite heads that can quickly mo from thy ed ofthe disk to the canter. Computer Memory, Seismograph, GFCI rophone There are various types of microphones. and many operace on the principle of induction, In ane form, a microphone is just the inverse of « loudspeaker (Section 20-10), A small coil commecied to a membrane js suspended elose 1 4 small permanent magnet, as shown in Fig. 21-26, The coil moves in the ‘magnetic field when sound Waves strike the membrane aad this motion induces fan emt, The Trequeney of the induced emf will be just that of the impinging sound waves, and chis emf is the “signal” that can be amplified and sent 10 loudspeakers. or sent to a recorder. 1d/Write on Tape and Disks Recording and playback on wpe or disks is done by magnetic heads Recording tapes for use in audio and video tape recorders contain a chin layer of magnetic oxide on a thin plastic tape, During recording, the audio and or video signal volinge is sent to the recording, head, which acts as u tiny electromagnet (Fig, 21-27) that magnetizes the tiny section of tape passing, ver the narrow gap in the head at each instant, In playback, the changing, magnetism of the moving tape at the gap causes corresponding changes in the magnetic field within the soft-iron head, whieh in turn induces an emt in the coil (Faraday’s law). This induced! emf i the output signal that can be amplified and sent to a loudspeaker (audio) or ta the pieture tube (video). In dia and video recorders the signals may be analog —they sary eontinw ously in amplitude over time. The variation in degree ef m tape at any point reflects the variation in amplitude and frequeney of the audio or video signal Digital information. such as used on computer disks (hard drive oF zip drive) or om magnetic computer tape and some types of digital tape agnetization of the recorders, is read and written using heads that ate basically the same as just described (Fig. 21-27). The essential difference is in the signals, which are ot analog, hut are digital, and in particular binary, meaning, that only wo values are possible for each of the extremely high number of predetermined spnces an the tape or disk. The two possible values are usually referred to as Tang 0. The signal voltage does not vary continuously but rather takes on only wo values, 15V and OY, for example, corresponding to the | oF 0. This. information is carried as a series of “bits,” each of which ean have only tone of 10 values, 1 oF 0, Renworite Moving magnetic aps = o wy 598 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's LawCredit Card Swipe When you swipe your credit card al a store or gas station, the ma stripe on the back of the card passes over a read head just as in a tape recorder or computer. The magnetic stripe con! about your account and conneets by telephone line tor approval if your account is in order, Seismograph In geophysics, seismograph measures the intensity of earthquake waves us 8 magnet and a evil of wire. Either the magnet or the eoil is fixed (0 the case and the other inertial (suspended by a spring: Fig. 2\~28). The relative motion of magnet and coil when the Farth shakes induces an emf ouipt Ground Fault Circuit interrupter (GFCI) Fusos and cireuit breakers (Sections 18-6 and 20-7) protect buildings from fre ‘ond apparatus from damage, due 10 undesired high currents. But they donot turn off the cursent until itis wery much greater than that which causes perma: nent damage 10 humans or death (* 100mA). If fast enough, they may protect in ease of a shart. A ground fal efrcuit aierrupter (GEC is meant to protect humans; GECIs can reaet to currents as small as Sma Soleo jing personal information rea Neutra csi Electromagnetic induction is the physical basis of a GFCI. As shown in Fig, 21-29, the two conductors of a power line leading co an cleetrieal device (red) pass chrough a small iron ring. Around the ring are many loops of thin wire that serve as a sensing coil. Under normal conditions (no ground fault), the current moving in the hot wire is exneily balonced by the returning current in the neutral wire. Ifsomething goes wrong and the hot wire touches the ungrounded metal case of the deviee or appliance, some of the enteri ‘current can pass through a person who touches the ease and then te ground (a growied felt) Then the retura eurrent in the neutral wire will be less than the entering current in the hat wire, so there is a net exrrenr passing through the GFCT’s iron ring, Because the current is ae, is changing and produces a changing magnetic ficld in the iron, thus inducing an emf in the sensing ceil ‘wrapped around the iron. For example, if a device draws $0.A.and there is 0 ground fault through a person of 100mA (= 0.1 A), then 7.9 A will appear in the neutral wire. The enif induced in the sensing coil by this L00-mA differ once is aniplified by a simple transistor eireuit and sent to its own solenaid citeuit breaker that opens the cirewit at the switch S. Iv the case of the faulty device is grounéed, the current difference is even higher when there is a fault, and the GFCT teips immediately GFCTs can sense currents 98 low as SmA and react in I msee, saving lives, They can be small enough to fit asa wall outlet (Fig. 21-30),or asa plug-in unit inte which you plug a hair dryer oF toaster, It is especially impertant to have GFCIs installed in kitchens, bathrooms, outdoors, and near swimming pools, where people are most in danger of touching ground. GECIs always have a button ((o be sure it works) and a “reset” hutton (after it goes off). Suspension col senngs Permanent lace FIGURE 21-28 One type of scimiograph ia which the eo fixed w the ease and muves with the Fath porn caesar FIGURE 21-29 ground fault, creuit interrupter (GEC FIGURE 21-30 A GPCI wal tolet GEC can bo recognized ecatse they have “test” and ese” Bulions SECTION 21-8 Applications of Induction: Sound Systems, Computer Memory, Seismograph, GFC| $99inom coil will induce # current in Denysics a BE) Inductance * Mutual Inductance If ovo coils of wire are near one another, as in Fig. 21—31_a changing current in fone will induce an emt in the other. We apply Paraday’s law to coil 2: the emt & induced in coil 2 is proportional 1o the rate of change of Mux passing, rough i ‘A changing flux in coil 2 is produced by a changing curteat in coil 1, Se is proportional to the rate of change of the eurrent in oil Mh rm Gan (21-84) where we assume the time interval Af is very small, and the constant of propor tionality, M, is called the mutual inductance. (The minus sign is because of Leny’s law.) Mutual inductance has units at Ves/A.= es, which is called the hheary (11), afler Joseph Henry: 11 = 10-5 ‘The mutual inductance M is a “constant” in that it does not depend on fs AF depends on “geometric” Iuetors sueh as the size, shape, number of curs, ind relative positions of the two coils, and also on whether iron (or ather ferromagnetic materisl) is present, For example, the farther apart the 160. coils are in Fig, 2131, che fewer lines of flux cain pass through coil 2, so. MF wil be less If we consider the inverse situation—a changin: proportionality constant, M. turns out to have teurrent in coil inducing an emf in coil Ith the same value, ar 1-8) A transformer is an example of mutual inductance i which the coupling is maximized so that nenrly all Mux Fines poss dhrough both coils, Mutwal inductance has other uses as well, including some types of pacemakers used to maintain blood flow in heart patients (Section 19-6). Power in an external coil is transmitted via mucual induetance 16 9 second eail in the pacemaker at the heart. This type has dhe advantage aver battery-powered pacemakers in that surgery is nol needed to replace a baltery witen if wears oUt “ Self-Inductance The eonvept of inductance applies also to an isotated single coil, When a changing current passes through a coll or solenoid, a changing magnetic flux i prea inside the eoil, and this in turn induces an emt This induced emt in fay (Lenz law: s much lke the back emf generated inva molor, (For example, if the current through the coil is inereasing, the increasing magnetie lux induces an emt that opposes the original current and tends to retaed its inercose.) The indueed emt & is proportional to the rate of ‘opposes the chang change in eurtent (and isin the direction opposed tw the change): Ar e--1e a9 The constant of proportionality Lis called the sellinductanee, or simply the inductance of the coil. It, 100, is measured in hearys The magnitude of L depends on the size and shape af the coil and on the presenee of an iran core An ac circuit (Section [8-7) allways contains some inductance But often itis {quite small unless the circuit contains a coil of many loops oF turns, A coil that has significant selfindvctonce £. is ealled an induetor, It is shown on cirewit diagrams by the symbol 8 [inductor symbol] 600 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law[COMCEUAT EXAMPLE PT) Deection of emtin inductor. Curent 1. A AB PAssee UirBugh the call Fig. 21-32 trom left to rightiae tsum, (a) Wine siazactay ; OOOUTDO™ = Earns igetuing with ime, ia which Green tine ted rat) Th @ the euro is deoreasing in ime, what then is he direction af the induced eet? , ; Arse ing oy RESPONSE (a) From Len’ law we know that the induced mf must oppase the change in magnetic fax fhe eurrent i inereavine 0 isthe magne fk The induced emt acts to oppose the increasing hx, which mes it aes lke souree of emf that opposes the outside sure of emt driving the evrren, So. FIGURE 21-22 Example 21-18 the ined wm inthe eit acts to oppose Fim Fig. 27-821. Irather words the The + and ~ sigs fer othe inductor might be thought of as « ballery with a positive terminal ai point A iduced emf due to the changing (Ceding to block the cuttent entering at A) and negative a point B Current vif pins and B were (G) Ute enment is decremving, then by Tene lae the indeed crf acts tHe fein ates (and the holier the flux—Iike 9 souree of emf reinforcing the external emt, The Sel wns wate the mils he induced vot acs to inerease in Fig. 21 32h, sn this situation you ean think Of the induced emt ax a Batleny’ with it negative terminal at point A to attract mone (1) eutrent to move to the sight Solenoid inductance. (1) Determine a formula for the selFinductance L of a tighlly wrapped solenoid (a long coil) of length f and cross-seetomal are A, that contains NV luens (or loops) of wire, () Caleutate the value of Lif N= 100, S0em, ~ 0.30em" and the solenoid is ait filled APPROACH The induced emt in a coil can be determined either from Faraday’s law (€ = —N Atby/Ar) or the sellsinductanoe (€ =F A//S0), TE ‘we equate these two expressions, we cun solve for the inductanee £. since we know how to calculate the flux , for a solenoid using Eq. 20+ SOLUTION (a) We equate Faraday’s law (Eg. 21-26) and Eq. 21-9 for the inductanee! Sb), AL ¥ a a and salve far £ At ar We know by — BA (By. 21-1), and Bq. 20-8 gives us the magnetie field B fora solenoid, B — p,NZ/Z, so the magnetic thux inside the solenoid is bu NTA 7 a= Any change in current, Af, causes a change in flux Nara Ady = BARS ‘We put this into our equation abuve for £ Bby wae ar 7 (0) Using yy = 4% 10) Tm/A, and putting in values given (rx 107 T-m/AjC00 0x Wm ox wim). = 75 ul “SECTION 21-9 Inductance 601EE ] Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 1m Section 17-9 we saw that the energy stored in capacitor is equal to LEV" By using a similar argument, it can be shown that the energy U stored ia an inductance F. carrying a current Fi = enenny <4LP. Jost as the energy stored ina eapasitor cam be considered ta reside in the eletric fila between its plates so the cncrey in an inductor can be consicered to be Stored ints magnetic Hel To write the energy in rms of the magnetic field, we use che result of Example 21-14 that the inductance of a solenoid is L = ya N"A/f. Now the inanetic fild Bin a solenoid is related to the current (sce Eq, 20-8) by B= jyNIHE This P= Blin. and (ay ie a) -$2a0 7 Now) ~ Fi We can think of this energy as residing in the volume enclosed by the windings, \shich is AZ Then the encrgy per unit volume, or energy density, is B = 21-19) 2 UF = energy = $2 5 (ate 4 = energy density ‘This formula, which was derived for the special case af a solenoid. ean be shown 19 be valid for any region of space where magnetic feld exisis Ira ferromagnetic material is presents ay is replaced by 4. This equation is analogous to that for an electric field, Ley £°, Section 17-9. c Beier Circuit Any inductor will have some resistance, We represen this situation by drawing the inductance L and the resistance separately asin Vig, 21-33, The resistance Switch ‘ K could also incluce a separate resistor connected in series. Now we ask, what happens when a de source is connected in series to such an ZR citeuit? At the RGUNE ZEST TRE insiant the switch conneeting the battery is closed, the eurrent starts (6 flow. Ic is ‘opposed by the induced emf in the inductor because of the changing current. FIGURE 21-24 (a) Growth of —_Flowever, as soon as current starts to flow, there is a voltage drop across the current im an C8 cireuit when resistance (V = 78). Hence, the voltage drop across the inductance is reduced, connected toa battery: (b] decay of and there is then less impedance to the current flow from the inductance. The current when the LA circuit is shorted current thus rises gradunlly, as shown in Fig, 21—34a, and approaches the stendy Cai feeny toot cthechol) aE Tan V/A when a ha elligg Gy Waco Rs oar: Te ahs 1+ (¥ju-em areca oa a (3) whete e is the number @ = 2.718: (see Section 19-6) and time constant of the circuit, When ¢ — 3, then (J =e!) ~ 06: required for the current to reach O63). the battery is suddenly removed from the circuit (dashed line in Fig. 21-33), ases as shown in Fig. 21—34b, This isan exponential decay curve LIR is the is the time the eurrent dec aiven by get) LER circuit without emi] ‘The time constant 7 3s the time for the current to decrease w 37% of the original value.and aguia equals £/R. ‘These graphs show that there is always some “rei yetion time” when an Fah tes electromagiet, for example, is turned on or off, We also see that an LR circuit x has properties similar ta an RC ciceuit (Section 19-6). Unlike the capacitor iy tase, however, the time constant here is amversely proportional to R, 602 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's LawSolenoid time constant. solenoid has an inductinee of 87.51nH and a resistance of 0.2500. Find (a) the time constant for this circuit, and (8) how long it would take for the curreat to go from Zere to 63% fof is final (maximum) value when eonaceted to a battery af voltage V. APPROACH The time constant is 7 — 1./R. Then We use the equation for J setting 1 0.63 fag, and solving it for ¢ SOLUTION (2) By deliniton, x = £/R = (87.5 % 19 S11)/40.25082) ~ 0.2505, {h) We saw above that J = (7/R)iL—e '), We wish to find ¢ such that T= (G63)(V/R) where V/R = fnye. This occurs when ¢= 7 = F/R, so 1 = 03508, BE AC Circuits and Reactance We have proviously discussed cirewits that contain combinations of resistor, AWN capacitor, and indueter, but only when they are connected 10 a de source of emt for (© no source fas im the discharge of a capacitor im an RC circuit), Now we Lliseuss these cireuit elements when they ure connected to a souree of aller nating voltage that produces au alter surrent (ac). Fist we examine, one at a time, how a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor @ behove when connected to a souree of allernating voltage. represented by the symbol y +O fleoainevoiugel Which produves a sinusoidal yoluige of frequeney f. We that the ent gives rise €o a current T= hyeos2aft, where 1 is time and fy is the peak current, Remember (Seetion 18-7) that we = VIVE and Page = fyi VE (Eq, 18-8). Resistor FIGURE 21-35. (a) Resistor When an ae souree is connected (0 a resistor 2 in Fig, 21~86a, the current inereasey eines to an ac souree and decreases with the alternating emf according to Ohm’ law, 7= V/R. {0} Curtent (blue eurve) iin pase Figure 21~38h shows the voltage (red vurve) and the current (biue curve) Because With the voltage (red) actos a resistor. the current is zero when the voliige is zero and the eurrent reaches a peak when , the voltage dows, we say that the current and vollage are in phase, Energy is trans: stion IN-7),at an average rate P= FY = Pygi = Vin! R. — FAGURE 21-28. (a) Inductor Inductor cence to an ae soures {0 Cuezemt {blue curve) lags voltase In Fig, 21~36a an inductor of inductance £ (symbol Ww) is connected 10 the (red curve) by aauatier eile or A se source, We ignore any resistanee it might have (tis usually small). The voltage applied to che inductor will he equal to the “back” emf generated in the inductor rater by the changing eurrent ss given by Eq.21-9.Thisis because the sum of the emts around any closed cireuit must be zero. as Kirchhol’s rule tells us. Thus a raph vangao ow vane ‘where W isthe sinusoidally varying voltage of the source and £. A// At isthe voltage induced in the inductor. According to this equation, / is inereasing most rapidly dies ¥ Bi8 I mibaingunl Val, = Vis AM Tl Be acromaing wit aplaly when V = =, These iso insiants correspond te points d and bron the graph of voltage versus time in Fig. 21-36b, By going point by point in this manner, the curve ‘of F versus 1 a8 compared to that for V versus Fcan be constructed, and they ars shown by the blue and red ines, respectively. in Fig. 21-36b, Notice thatthe current reaches its peaks (and troughs) } eyele afer the vollage does, We say that 0) the current lags the voltage by 90° in an Because the current and voltage in an inductor are out of phase by 907, the product TV (= pomeryisas often postive as its negative (Fig. 2136). So no energy is trans formed in an inductor on the average: and no energy is dissipated as thermal energy. sume in each ease fyaon Daft Vicon tr wy formed into beat (S T= lyon a Iuctor. *SECTION 21-12 AC Circuits and Reactance 603,FIGURE 21-37 (9) Capacitor jemingeted to an ae source, (h) Curzent leads voltage by a ‘quarter ele. r — i o I= hyeos Dah v sin 2a o) vom. [rmeatggeisane™ | easy Xp © wh = 2afl a Where w = 2afand fis the frequency of the ae. [PELL Reactance of a coil. A coil has a resistance R= 1.000 ‘and an induecanee of 300 H. Determine the current in the en if a) [20-V de is applied to i, (5) 120-V ac (ams) at (4.0 HY is applied. (wee uh) APPROACH When the voltage is de, there is no inductive reactance O since f ~ 4), so we apply Ohm's law for the resistance. When 1¢ is ae, we calculate the reactance X; snd then use Eq. 21-1la. SOLUTION (a) With de, we have no X,, so-we simply apply Olm’s law. Vv _ Rov “R100 (5) "The inductive reactance is Xp = nf Le = (628K. ) (030011) = 113.0. Tn comparison this, the resistanee enn he ignored. Thus Vas 120¥ as = FE = Tiga = MOA, 208. NOTE Ii might be tempting to say that the total impedance is. 130 + 1.0 = 114Q. This might imply that about 1% of the vollage drop is scross the fesiscor, or about | Vand that aetoss the induetanee is 119 V. Although the 1V fneross the resistor is eorrect, the other statements are not irve because of the alteration in phase in-an inductor, This will be diseussed in the next Section, Capacitor ‘When a capacitor is connected co a battery the capacitor plates quickly nequire equal and apposite charges: but no steady current flows in the eireut. A capac itor prevents the flow of a de current, But if a eapacitor is eonneeted an alternating source of volte, as in Fig, 21~37a, an alternating eurrent will flow continuously. This can happen because when the ae voltage % first turned on, charge beuits to flow ancl ane plate acquires a negative charge and’ the other & positive charge. But when the voltage reverses sel, the charges flow in the fppesite cireetion, Thus, for an alternating applied voltage, anne current i present ia the citeuit comtinuousty The applied voltage must equal the voltage actoss the capacitor: V — O/C, whore C isthe capacitance and @ the eharge on the plates. Thus the charge O fam the plates follows the voltage. But what about the earrent 2? At point a in Fig. 21-37), when the voltage i era and starts increasing, the charge on the plates is zero. Thus charge flows realy toward the plates and the eurrent fis large: As the voltage appreaches its maximum of ¥,¢paint bh). the charge that has neeumu- lated on the plates tends to prevent more " drops to zero at point b. Thus the current follows the blue curve in Fig. 21—37b, so the current [ 604 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's LawLike ninco. the volbige and cures itor the current reaches its peaks} ele belore the voliage dows. sa we oul of phase by’ 9. But tora exp gy a the vom, [ommeree§ | ertzey 4a QL) Capacitor reactance. What is the rms current in the cireuit of Fig, 21-370 if C= 104F and Vow = 120.V2 Calculate for (a) { = 60 Ha, and then for (2) f = 60% 10"H APPROACH We find the reactance using Fy. 21 the equivalent form of Ohms law, By. 21-122, SOLUTION (a) Ke = 1/2nfC = 1/(6.28)(608 (LO x 10°F) = 2.7%0. The rms current is (Liq 21 12a) Vine ___120 ihag = Yt = OV dbo fen Xe ~ 27x 10 es (0) For f = 60 X 10°12, Xe will be 027M and fay, ~ 440A, vastly larger! NOTE The dependence on f is dramatic, For high frequencies. the capacitive reactance is very sill and solve for current in Two common applications of capacitors are illustrated in Fig, 21-389 and b. In Fig. 21-384, cireuit A is suid to be capacitively coupled to cireuil B. The purpose of the capacitor is to prevent a de voltage fram passing from A to B hat allowing an ae signal to pass relatively unimpeded (if C is sufliienily large). In Fig, 21~38b, the ae! ae Cat Cis coe Amite + @ F mae io) i) ‘capacitor alk passes ae but not de. Tn this ease, a de voltage ean he maintained between circuits A and B, but an ae sigaal leaving A passes to ground instead ol into B Thus the capacitor in Tig. 21-38b sels like a fer when a constant de voltage is required any sharp variation in voltage will pass to ground instead of into eieuit B, Loudspeakers hiving separate “woofer” (low-frequency. speaker) and “aweeter” (high-frequency speaker) may use a simple “cross-over” that consists of capacitor in the 1eeter circuit to impede low-frequeney signals and an inductor in the wooter cireuit to impede high-frequeney signals (N, = 2/7). Hence mainly low-frequeney sounds reach and are emited by the woofer, See Fig. 21-38. Powvsies avecieo FIGURE 21-38 (a) (b) Two {comma ases fora capacitor {) Simple loudspeaker eross over Dirwvsies avecieo *SECTION 21-12 AC Circuits and Reactance 605FIGURE 21-29 An LARC circuit. @ caution Mo hk FIGURE 21-40 fora series LAC Phas diagram FIGURE 21-41 Phasor diagram for a series LC eeu showing the sum vector. LRC Series AC Circuit Let us examine a circuit containing all three el inductor Land a eapacitor C. Fig, 21-39, Ita given cixeuit contains only Wwo of these elements we can still use the results of this Section by setting R = 0, X= 0, or Xp = 6, ay needed. We let Vg, Vand Ve represent the voltage across each element at a given invlant in Gime: and Vay, Vane and Vey represent the marina (peak) value of these voltages, The Voltage across exch of the clements will follow the phase relations we discussed in che previaus Section, At ‘any instant the voltage V supplied by te source will be, by Kivehhell’s loop rule, VaVet V+ @1-13) 0 the peak voltage ofthe source ¥, will not equal Vy + Via + Vow ns in series: a resistor Ran Because the ¥ the same time Phasor Diagrams Let us now examine an ERC circuit in Getail, The current at any instant must be the same al all poinis in the eireit. Thas the currents in each element are in phase With each ciher, even chough the voltages are not. We choose our origin in time: (2 = 0) so that the current at any time ris jous vollages are notin phase, they do not reach their peak va P= feos We analyze an LARC civeuit using 2 phasor diagram, Arrows (treated like vectors) are drawn in an ay coordinate system fo represent each voltage. The length bf each arrow represents the niigniiude of the peas voltage across each element Veo = eRe Vay = TeX. and Van = Xe Vig) is in phase with the current and is initially (7 ~ 0) drawn along the positive rent. Vy leads the current by 90°, so it leads Vig by 90 and is initially drawn along the positive y avis. Ya Ings the current By 90°. so Vey is drawn initially along the negative y axis See Fig. 21-Aa, TI we let the vector diagram rotate counterclockwise at lnequency f. we get the diagram shown in Fig, 21—40h; after « time, . each arrow has rotated through an a the projections of es element at the instant ¢ (Fig. 21-0), For example f= J,vos2aft vectors represents the instanta- +h arrow on the x axis represent che voltage “The sum of the projections ofthe three volta neous voliage across the whole cireuit, V. Therefore, the vector sum of chese vectors will be the vector that represents the peak source voltage. Vj, as shown. in Fig. 21-41 where itis seen that ¥ makes ast angle with fy and Vy-As time passes, Vj rotates With the eter veetors, sa the instantaneous Voltage V (prajec: tion of Vy on the x axis) is (See Fig, 21-41) V — Vycos(2art =), ‘The voltage V across the whole cireuit must, of course, eq (Fig. 21-29), Thus the voltage trom the source is out of phase with the current by an angle From this analysis we cin now defermiine the total impedan circuit, whieh is defined by the relation Vir = TnavZ, of Vy = Wed 1-14) From Fig. 21-l we see, using the Pythagorean theorem (Vis the hypotemuse of the souree ve fe Z of the Xo 606 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Lawa right triangle). that Me = V Vin + Vin = =A Thus, from Eg. 21-14 the total impedance Z is Z-VR +N, Xo ens) Also from Fig, 21-41, we ean find the phase angle dh between voltage and current Vw Von MX Xe) X tnd a = (21-16a) ond ‘ R omy 5 (21-160) Figure 21-41 yas drawn for the case XX; and che eurrent lags the souree then qh in Eqs, 21-16 is less age by dh When the reverse is true, X) < Xe than zero, und the current leads the souree voltage. We savy earlier that power is dissipated only by a resistance: none is dis pated by inductance or capacitance. Therefore, the average power P= HR But from Eq. 21-16b, R= Zcos,. Therefore B= BZ coset = hyn Vens C084. ey “The factor cosd is velerred to as the power factor of the eirewit ERC cireuit. Suppose R~ 2800, £ = 30.0 iT, and C— 120 q8 in Fig. 21-39, and they are connected to a 90.0-V ae (ems) S00-Hy souree. Calcnlate (a) the current in the citeuit, and (h) the voltmeter readings (tms) aeress each element APPROACH ‘To obtain the current, we need to determine the impedance (Eq. 21-15 plas Eqs. 21-1 lb and 21-12b), and then use fhm = Vogs/Z, Voltage drops across each element are found using Ohm's law or equivalent for each element: Vg = JR,V, = IN, and Vo = IN SOLUTION (a) First, we find the reactanes of the inductor and capacitor at P~ SO0F7 ~ S008 Daf = 94.2.0. Then the total impedance is 7-V RFX XS From the impesiance version af Ohm's Ving _ MOV is = ON = 125 {6)"The rms voltage across cach element is Wedins ~ fons = (1.25 AY2500) = 31.2 (dau = far Xe = (125 A)(42.0) = 118 (Fame = be 5 A)(2650) = 33.1V, NOTE ‘These voltages do or add up 10 the souree voltage, 82.0 (rms), Indeed the rms voltage across the inductance exceeds the source voltage. This ean happen because the different voltages are out of phase with each other.and at any instant fone voltage ean he negative, to compensate for a. large positive voltage of another. The rms voltages, however, are always positive by definition. Although the emis voltages need not add up to the source voltage, the instamtancous voltages at any time must add up to the souree voltage at that instant. ra as, Fg. 21-1, hog = +SECTION 21-13 LR Series AC Circuit 607For Rr small oT eR 0 090 fy te 110% FIGURE 21-42 Current in an ERC circuit asa funetion of frequnes. shoving resonance peak at f= f= Ua ULE Beg Resonance in AC Circuits The tis current in an LRC series citcuit is given by (see Eys. 21-14, 21-15, 21-11b. and 21-12b): 21-18) 1) ant, (eft sera) Beenuse the reuetanee of inductors and capacitors depends om the feequeney f of the source, the current in an ERC cieuit depends on frequency. From Eq, 21-18 we see thatthe current will be maximum ata frequency that saisfies 2nfl.- = 0. fing We solve this for fand call the solution fy: 21-19) Whon f — fi, the eireuit isin resonance, and fs the resonant frequency of the circuit. AL his Trequeney. Xe, so the impedance is purely resistive, graph of yy, Yetsus fis shown in Fig, 2182 for particular values of RF, and C: For R compared to X, and Xz, the resonance peak will be higher and sharper, When R is very small, we speak of an L€ cirenit, The energy in an LC citeuit coseilltes, at frequeney j,. heiween the inductor and the eapucitor with some being dissipated in R (some resistance is unavoidable). This is called an LC oseillation fr an electromagnetic oseillation, Not only does the charge oseillate back and forth, but so does the energy, which oscillates between being stored in the elecitielield of the eapacitor and in the magneti¢ field of the inductor small Flectrie resonance is used in many circuits. Radio and TV sels, for example, use resonant circuiis for tuning in 9 stition, Many trequeneies reach the circuit om the antenna, but a significant eurrent flows only for frequencies at or near the resonant frequency, Either L or C is variable so that different stations eat bbe tuned in (more on this in Chapter 22 summary The magnetle Ax passing through «loon & equal ko the product of the avea uf the Heap times. the perpendicular fxymponent of the magnet field strength hy = BLA = BAcuss, ay IF the magnetic fe through a coil of wire changes im time an eat 6 induced in the coil The magmiide of the induced cmt equals the time rate of change of the magnetic fue through the loop times the number V of loops in the cel Ady a "This is Faraday’s law of induetion, The induced emt can predice a enrrent wise mi field oppenes the original change in lux (Lena's lis) Fazidays lay ls tells us that w changing magnetic field produces an electri field: and that a straight wire of length & moving with speed 4 pezpendicular co magnetic field of strangth B hasan orf induved between its ends cqual to e = Blo, 2-3) \n vlvotric generator ehanges mechanical energy into electrical energy Its operation is based an Faraday"s law a ail of wire is made to sosate uniformly michal means eu {n-n magnetic field, and the changing Fux through the coil induces a sinusoidal curteat, wich is the ontpat ofthe generator [°A motor, which operates in the reverse of generates seis like a generator in that hack emf, or eouner em, | induced ia ils cotating evil, Recamse this back emf eppencs the input voliage i Gan st to imit the eurrent in a moe eo Simian. 9 generator gets somewhat like 8 motor in that a ceouier torque acts on its rolating evil | \ transformer, which is a device lr change the my lude of an ae vollage. comsisis of a primary coil and a secondary coil. The ehanging fry due to an ne volluge in the primary coil induces an ac voltage in the secondary cil. In (i elficient transformer the rato of output Wo iput Sol ages {¥4/ Vp) equ the ratio of the numer nf tans Ny the secandary to the nuser Nin the primazy ws te ‘The ratio of secondary wo primary current fs inthe inverse ratio of wns 5) Se it an 608 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's LawMicrophones, ground fault cizeut interrupiers sismo raps and read write heads for computer drives and tape {re applications of electzomagnetic induction, [A changing curront in a coil of wire will produce a chanaing magnetic field that induees an emt in a second ceil placed nears, Mie mutual inductance, fis defined by Ah x coil, the changing duo to a cha es) AAViUhin asi current induces an opposing emt, f. so & coil has a selbinductaace £.detined by uu ead ey) [The eneray store in an incuctonee carying current 7 is given fy U = $L2. Thisenengy ean ne thought fas being sured in the magnetic Feld of the inducws."The eneeas density fli ficld His given by & = eL10)) R is the time constant where 7 = L/R suddenly Switehed eve of the LR cirsuit dhe current deops exponentials. = dane! He the batters is [Inductive and capacitive reaetanee, X. deFined os for resistors 6 the proportionality eanstant between voltage and cuttent (either the Ems or peak Values), Across an inductor, Vax, ery and acr088 capacitor, Vn iX erry The aceance of an inductor inereases with equeny Xp = tat erin) ‘shuren the reutnce of cator desreses wih feguney al fe rent throwsh 9 nestor i okays fm phase ath the ‘crow i bul 3 inde. the crten Jags the voltae ty Sh i expat Ue curzen eas the vege by [Fin on ERC serick cient. the total impedance 7 16 defines I the eguialent of V = JR for resistance, namely a NZ or Vows = ean 2! Ziv aiven by 2= VR Me [ean LRC series cicuitresmates ata frequency given by pot fe Way LE The emis current in the circu is largest when the applied vollage has n frequeney equal 1 fo.) [Questions J. What would he the advantage. in Faradas"s experiments (Fig, 21-1) of using coils cath many tues? 2. What i the difference between magnetic Mux ond oignetc Hell? 4. Suppose you are holding a ceewar ving of wise onl sede hiast 3 magset, south pole fest, away from you toward the unter of the eile, Is current induced im Ute wite? Is a current induced when the magnet sold steady within the ‘ing? Isa current induced when you withdraw the magact? Inveael cane your answer is yes specify the dcexton, A Two loops of ite are moving in the viinity Gf a very Jong straight wire earrying a steady curvenc as shown in i. 21-48, Find the ditcetion of the indused eurront in blow 5. Supwse sit are looking alomg.a tine throtah the eenters tl te eizeular (but separate) wite loops, one behind the bthes. A buttery is suddenly connected to the front loon. establishing # claekiise current. (a) Will 9 current he induced in the second loop? (h) If so, when dacs this Ccurcent start? (¢) Wht does it top? (al In what direction is this current? (e) Ts there a foree herween the 10 oops? (7) 1 sein what direction? FIGURE 21-43 Question 6 In Hg. 21-4, determine the direction of tho induced nt in resistor Ry Whee (a coil 1 is moved toward sil A. (b) when goil B is moved aay From A, fe) When the restnnee Ry is increased FIGURE 21-44 Question 7. In situations where a small signal must Gavel over a sistance. a "shicled cable” is used in which the signal ‘wire fs surrounded by an insator snd then enclosed Mya cnidrieal eonducior eaeving the return eurcent. Why isa shiold” necessary! 8. What & the adsini o of plicing the 19 insulted elee ne together of even twisted abut 9, Explain why. reftigera Turmed on, the fights may stay dimmed as long as the heater i on. Explain the differenes sack, the lights may dim briefly when a motor starts up. When un electric heater bs ‘Questions 6090, Use Figs 21-15 and 21 short why the con 17 pilus the right-hand rules to que in @ generator pases the 11, Will an edly eurrent brake (Fig. 21-20) work on a copper tor aluminum wheel 9" must the wh Explaio 12. Ie has heen proposed that eddy currents he wsed te help sort solid waste for reeyeling. "The waste i firs ground ino tiny pieces and ivon semoved with a de magne, The fanste then 1 allowed to slide down on incline ever permanent magnets: Hows wil this aid in the separation of nonferrous metals (AL Cu. Ph. brass) from nonentalig material) The pivered metal bar with sows in Fig. 21-45 falls much more quickly threngh a magnetic Feld than does 9 solid har Explain FIGURE 21-45 Question 13 14, I a alin sheet is held between the poles oF large har magnet. it requites some force «pull 1 wut of the magnetic field even though the sheet isnot fesromagnetie tnd does nat eouch the pale faces: Expl 1S, A bar magnet falling inside @ sertical metal tube reaches 1 corminal velocity even if the tube is evaeuated so that there is neo aie existance: Expl 1) Problems “16, i & om, JN transformer designed for a 12 3. Describe briefly how the frequency of the seutce A mela) bur, pisoced at one end, osellaes freely in che ahsence of @ magnetic fcis: but in a magnetic field, ils cscillations are quickly damped ut. Explain, (This Iagectic damping is used in a number of practical devices) An enclosed transformer is our wire leads coming fram it How could you determine the ratio of turns on the Wo ils without laking the transformer apart? How wold Ye nos whies wre pairedl with which! The use of highervoltage lines ia hermes —say. IY or 12 V-wowld veduee energy waste. Why ane they not sod? A nc inp sil often burn oul” if connected 1 a 120-V de seuree. Explain [dine che resistanee ofthe primary ci is usally ver fo) How would you arrange ova Mat circular coils so that their seutoal inductance wus. (ua) greatest, (b) least [ssithout separating them by a great distancey? Does he emf of the battery in Fig, 21-33 affect the time needed for the EA circuit to reach (@) a given fraction of ite maviaiun possible cucrent, (b) a given valle of current? Explain. . fn an ERC circuit, ean the rms voltage across (@) an inductor. (h) a capacitor. he preater thin the rms vellage fof the ae source? Explain mf aifets the impedance of (a) pure resistance. (6) 9 nurs capacitance, (e) a pre induetoace, (a) an ERC eireuit near resonance (R sovall) {e) an ERC cireult far from resonance (R sal) |. Deseribe how lo make the impedance in an LRC eeu» 21-1 to 21-4 Fareday’s Law of Induction (1) The magnetic fox chrough a veil of wise containing two Hoops changes from —SOWh to /38AVb in 0425, What ithe emt mcoged in the ceil? (2) The rectangular loop shown in Fig, 21—H0 is pushed into the magnetic fleld which poinis inward, In what Uisetion i the induced current? FIGURE 21-46 Problem 2, © (1) The north pole of the magnet in Fig, 21-47 is being inserted into the emi In which ditestion #8 the induced current flowing through the resistor R? FIGURE 21-47 Problem 3 610 CHAPTER 21 Electromagnetic Induction U1) A Yinomediometer circular oop of wire is ina 110-1 magnetic field. The loop is moved from the field in 15s. What isthe average induced em? (A 12iem diameter thoy of wire is intially oriented Perpendicular to a SP magnetic held, The loop is rotated so that ils plane is parallel w the field dives lion im 020s What is the prerage induced emf in the loop! [IDA M2em-diometer wire coil is intially oriented so that its plane is perpendicolar to & magnetic Fick! of 063 pointing up. During the course of 0.15, he felis changed to ene of 125 pointing down, What is the Snduced emf inthe ceil? DA 1S-cmadiameter sinclar kup of wine is place in a 050-T magnetic field. (a) When the plane of the boop is hnerpendbiclor to the fil fines, shar asthe magnetic Hus through the loop? (b) The plane of the loop is rotated unui it makes a 35° angle with the fied lines. What is che angle # in Eq. 21-1 for this siupion? (e) What is the magnetic hie through the loop at this angle? and Faraday's LawGa) Ie the resistance of the resistor im Fig, 21-48 fs slovyinsteased, what W the divechion wt the current induced in the small cizcular loop aside the () What would ithe i tho small loop were phiced outside the larger en, 0 the eft? FIGURE 21-48 WWW Probe | CID What is the direction of the induced eustemt in the circular loop due to the euerent shown ist each part of O = eceressing —— Frineressing O © GN) the solenoid in Fig. 21-30 is being pled awiy kom the luop shown, in what direction is the induced ccorrent in the loop? yt FIGURE 21-50, Problem 1 GI) The magnets field perpendicmlar to a citeular wine loop 20am in diameter changed fom +0521 wo 48°F in ISllms, where + means the fckd points away ftom an observer and — toward the observer 2) Caleulate the induced emt. (9 fh what direstion dows the induced ccrrent low? (1) The moving rad in Fig, 21-12 is 120m long and is pulled at # speed of 18.04m/< If the magnet field 1. S00°T calculate ¢a) the emt developed and (A) the elec tic field felt hy eletuans inthe tod (UA eireular loop inthe plane of the paper lies in a (075-7 magnetic eld pointing into the paper Ifthe loos diameter changes tract 200 cm to cm in OSils (a) what is the dirgetion of the induced current, (b) what is the ‘ragnitide of the average induced em and fc) i the evi resistance is 2.5.0, what is che average snduged gurrent? © (UD The moving rod in Fig. 21-12 is 132em long and ‘generates an emf of 120mV while moving in @ OST ‘ragntic fell la) Wha ss sped? (5) What i the elee= tre field ithe cod? (M1) Part of a single rectangula foop of wie wih dimen. sions shown in Fig, 21-S1 is sitated inside a region of Uniform magetic fell oF OS50'T, The total the loop is D2300, Caleulae the fore required 1 pull ‘he Joop tro! the Field (tothe riaht) ata canta velocity fof 340 /s Negloot gravity stance ot l, l nl FIGURE 21-81 Prohlen 15, © (1) A SW-tuin solenoid, 2Sem long. has a diameter of 23em.A Miuen evil oud Hehly around the center ‘of the solenoid. Ifthe current in the solenoid increases uniformly from (1 to S04 in 0.68, what will he the ince emt in the short cal coring this time? Ul) In Fig. 21-12, the rod moes with a speed of J.6mn/< is 3000em long. and_has a resblanee of 254. ‘The magnetic field & D357, and the resistance of the Usshomel eonductor is 25:6 ata given insiont, Clenate [i the induced em. () the eursent in the Ushaped conductor. and (e) the external foree needed to keep the ‘ad's eloeity comstant a that instant ©) (UN) A 220-0 diameter coil eonsists of 20 twas of etc copper wire 26mm in diameter. uniform magnetic field, perpendicular t» tho plane of the coil. changes ata rate of 6S 3610) "T/s, Determine (a) the eusrent in the oop, and (6) the rate high shermal enoryy is produced (MD) The magnetic field perpendicular to a single 122-cu- siametereireulr loop of capper wits decreases uniformly frum 0750"T to nose, Ifthe wire K 225mm in diameter how mueh charge maves past a pola in thy coil during this operation? 24-6 Generators © (HLA simple generator ts used to generate & pen sup voltage of 240V, The syuare armature consists of wind- ings that are Alem on a side und rotates in a Feld of OAT at a rate of 6).0roy/s How many loops of wire should he wontnd on the square armatnre? Problems 611(UD The generaior of w ear idling at 10am produces 124V What all the wuutpat be al a rotation sped of 2508) sp, assuming nothing be ch © (UD Show that the rms output (Seetion 18-7) of an ne generator is Vgis = NABu/ V3 © (IDA Simple generator has 2 320 Joop square eoil 21.01 em fn a side, How fast musi it turn in a 680-1 fold 10 produce @ 10-¥ peak output? 4. (1D) A 450-oop vieular armature el with a diamet Siem rotages at [2040s in & uniform magnede field of strength 055 ¥.(a) What i the rms soltage otpot of the generator? (b) What would say dato the rotation Feequency in order w double the rms voltage ouput? © (ID A genotonoe roxaces ot XSH2 in a-magnetic field of {NO30'T Ic has 1001 turns and produces an rms voltage of 150V and an ras curzent of 7.0 A. (a) What is the peak, Curent produced? ¢h) What f the aren at enh ten of the coi where w= 2f 21-6 Back EMF and Torque © (1) mtocor has an armatnre eesistance of 3250. IF it vases 820A when running a ull speed and connected to 2 120-V fine how large is ube baek emt? 1) The boek emt in a motor i 72 when operating at 1800 pm. What would be the hack emf at 2300 7p i the magnetic field is unchanged? © (ID The bock emt in 8 motor is 9S when the motor is Spesating at LKIgpm. How would year change the wos magnetic field if you wanted to reduce the back fmf ta 9S when the motor was runing at 250 zpm? ©) What will he the Example 21-9 if the load causes i to run at ball speed? ceurvent in the moter af [Assume 110 ficiency, unless stated atbersive | (1) A transtonmer fe designed co change 120 ime Lo.00 Vand there are 164 turism the primary coil, Hose many tusns are in Uhe secondary coil? (DA transformer has 320 tusns iw the primary coil and 120 in the sendaryn) What kind af transtormer is this tnd by what Factor does it change the voltage? By what Fictor dines it ehinge the eursent™ © (1) A stepup transformer inereuses 25 V to 120. What is the currant in the secondary coil as compared te. the primary esl? © (hy Noon sigs sequite 12 RV for cheir operation, To operate From a 210-V line, What must be the ratio of sesomdary to Piney arms of the transformer? What wold the sola ‘output be if the translormer were connected backward? © 1D A model-tzain transformer pugs into 120-V" ae and draws 035A while supplying 7A to che tain. (a) What voltage is present setoss the uaeks? () Is the trans Former step-up or step-down? © (H) The output voltage wf» 95 Uansformer is 2.V, ane Ue fnput eurent is 23.0 a) sth a step-up ora sep don Invtormer’ (3) ly what factor the vilege muliphed? (HA teanstormer has 380 primacy uans and 1340 seenday lms The input soliage is 120 and the eumput cursent is IS0.A. What are the output yellaze and input current (D130 MW of power at 45 RV (ems) arrives at 8 town frum a generator sia 44M02 transmission fines cola [a the emt at the generator end of the lines. and (B) the fraction of the power gonernied that is waste in the fines IIL) 6S KW is to arrive at Lowen over OO 0.100. Fines Fojimate how much power is saved if the voltage is Stepped up fram I20V 0 L200 and then down again, rather than simply transmitting at 120. Assume che lrassformers are eich 99% effiient (U) HF he current ina 180 mel evil ehanges scl from PSMA to HOA in 350m, what isthe magni oF the induced emt? [l) What isthe inductance of acai the cil produces an emf of 25H'V when the current in it changes. front DNlimA to $31, 0m in 20ms! (1) What is the induetsnce £ of «0 60-m-long airtiled soil 2.9m in diameter containing 1,000 loops? {1} How maay tans of wire would be required to make x Tint inductance out of a 304-am long air lled eo vith adiameter of 52cm? (1) An aiesifed eylindeiealindvetor has 2800 yuens, and it is 2em se diameter and 282 em long. (a) What i ils induccanoe? (b) How many turns would you need 10 ‘zomerate the Same Indnctance if the core were ion-flled Tnstead Assume the magnetic permealnhty of icon 3 about (200 mes that of Tree space IH) coil foe 22542 resistance snd A-mEE indcanse. U the current is 340A and ie increasing at a rate al 3.50.A/s. what is the potential difference across the eat at ths moment? UTD) Long thin solenoid of fength # and cross-sectional seca A contin Vy slosoly packed tures of wire Wrapped lightly around ic an insulated veil of Ys ues Fig. 2.32 Assuote all the she from call | (the solenoid) passes Utrough coil 2-and calelate the mutual inductance FIGURE 21-52 Proter 45 UNL) The wine of» tightly wound solenoid is wound snd used io make another Uahtly wound solenoid of wie the ameter. By whut taetardoes the inductance change? nergy Storage U) The magnet fel inside an sie filled solenoid 35.em long and 2 em in diameter is ST. Apprasimtely ow musth energy i sored inthis fick? UD Aca given instant the gurrent through an inductor SUI mA and i neveasing atthe rate of HISMiA/s What the initial enerpy stored a the inductor if the inductance is known co be 60.0 mH, and hw log does it take for che energy li increase hy a facto of 10 rom the ical vale? 612 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law(1D) Assuming the Rasth's magnetic field averages about DSW 10 "1 near the surface nf the Farth, estimate the total encigy stored in this field in the first 10km above the Earths surface ©) AD) Determine Az/At at ¢= 0 (when the bawery fs connected) forthe ER circuit of Fig.21—33 and shu that HF camtind to increase this Fate, Wold reach its ‘saximum value i ane Lime constant ©) CUD, Alter how many time eanstants dos the eurrent in Fig. 21-33 reach within (a) 10%, (>) LO, and (6) 1 of ‘cs maximum valle? IT} To tightly wound solenoids have the same length vad circular exoseseetional aren. Hut solenoid uses wine that i halls thick as solenoid 2, (a) What is the ratio Of their inductees? (A) Wha isthe ratio of their induc five time constants (assiming no other resistance in the iets? 12 AC Circuits and Réwcrance (1) What i the reactance of a 720 capacitor at a Trequency of (#9 60.0 He. (b) L400 MEL? © Gy AL what frequency will @ 2204mE inductor have a reactance of 650? C1) AL hat frequency’ Wil a 24048 exjpacitor hase a reactance vf 6]0kQ? © (1D) Plot a graph of the reactance of a L.0-F capacitor ss funtion of frequeney frat Wt 1000 He, (11) Plot & wrap oF the reactance of Ome inductor sis. funtion of frequeny fran) 100 to 10,000 Re © (ID) Calculate the seactanee of and ams cursent in, a 10-mH radio evil connected «© @ 240-V (ams) 100-KH2 ac ine tynove resstanee (1D An inductance coil operates at 240. and 60. Ha. 1 draws 128A. What is the co's inductance? © CID) a) What is the rencianee of & well nsulated 1.0 expacion smnected tom 206K (rms) 720-F ne? (0) What wil he the peak value of the eurrent? §) General Problems 24-18 ERO GEA |) A SOKA resistor is in series ith a 4S-mH induct and an av souree, Caleuate the impedance of Une eiseuit i the source frequency (a) 30H, (89 3112 HH, I) A 35K resistor and a HAE capacitor ane connected in series to an de source. Caleutate the imped: lance of the circuit iF the sourse Trequleney i (a) ale and (1h) 60.000 Hi 605 (0) For a 1QU-V es Hz voltage, an ms current of Tam, passin chroweh the hum body for 1. seoull fe lethal What must he the impedance theo for this ow oectr™ 04 (Hy What is the resistance of a coil if is impedance is 235 0 and its rouctanes is 138.2? 65 (MI) What ace the total ieipedance, phase angle. and rms current in an ERC citeuit eonnected 19 1 W4bkHz, RSV (rms) sontoe if f= 23MmH. R= 870K, and C= 6251 pF? [I11) A 2S-K0 resistin serics with a 42)hanE¥indetor is Liven by an ae power supply. AL what frequeney isthe impedance dub that of The impel at 4) 2? © (HN (a) What isthe ams current in an RE creit when a 60H ION ams ae Voltage is applied. -wheve R= LNIKID amel L-~ 8K) miL? (hb) What Fs the phise and current? (c} What are the rms dings actoss Rand L? © (HID da) What i the rms current in an KC civeni R= RNIED.C = 180 pF. and the rms applicd voltage is TOV at 600 Hz! (2 What is the phase angle between voltage and cureent? (e) What are the volimeter readings across R and C? 14 Re 45 (1) A 35UpF capacitor is comteated te a 85H evil of resistanee 3.0041, What is the resonant frequeney of this U} The variable capacitor inthe tuner of an AM radio has a apaestange of 2800 pF when the radio is uned co 8 station AL SSIKEL (a) What ust be the eaacitanee for a station at TedniktI7? (b) Who ithe indusionee (ase const (I) An ERC citeuit has L = 148mH and R= 4400 fa) What vile musi C have to produce resonance wo SiN) Hie) (5) What will be the mayitim trent al reso hance ifthe peu external vllage is 130 V? Suppose yout see ooking at owe eurrent oops the pane ff the page as shown in Eig. 21-53. When switch § is thrown in the le-hand col. fa) hat is the ditetion of the mdiced current in the other lao! (h) What i the Situation after 2 “long” lime? (c) What isthe disection of tho induced curromt in the right-hand loop if hat loop |S quietly pulled horizontally the right? FIGURE 21-53 = Prodem 72 © A square loop 240em on a side hay n resistance of S202 (is initially in O-6654T magnetic Lek, with is Plane perpendicular (outs removed from the fel in ANOS Coleulate the clesire energy dissipated in this Process 75 A highsintensity desk lamp is sated at 4S W but sequires ‘only 12. Le contains transformer tha eonverts 20-V howsehold voltage, (a) Is the cranstormer step-up 0 stepowa? (f)) What isthe cuent in the secondasy coil when the limp is on? 4c) What is the current in the imary coil? ( Whot is the resistance of the bull ‘when on? General Problems 613Power is generated at 244V at a generacing plant located Lik from s tenn that requires SUMW of poser at KY. Iwo Uansmision Lines trom the plant to the tom bach ave 9 resistance of 0.1N.2/km. What should the Dutput woleaze of the transformer at the generating plant he for an overall transmission efficiency of 083%, ossuming @ porlect transformer? Tho primary windings of a transtormec which has an St elicieney are connected to 110’ ac The seconelars wind ings are sonuested actoss a 24401, 75: lightbul. {a Caleuae che cusreae thrush the primary winditos of the transformer. () Calclate the ratio of the number bof primary windings of the cansforaer wo the nunsher of secenlary winds of the transformer A pair of power transmission fines each have a (SD Fesistanee and easty 740.9 over 80 km, [Fhe ems input ‘oltage is 2 RV enlculate (a) the voltage atthe other end Ub) the poser input, (e) power fase in the lines, and [i the power output Toso resiianceless rails rest 42em apart om 9 640° ramp, They are joed al the bottom by a AD resistor AL the lu a copper bar of mass QU ky lignexe its tesistanee) fad rerexs tho rails The whole apparatas is immersed in a eitcal SS-T fild, What isthe terminal {steads) velocity ofthe bara it ides tietiontessly down he rails? Show that the poser Joss in cransmission Fines. FL. is given by FL = (Pe) R/V? where Mes the pawee trans mited to the user, Wis the delivered voltage, and Ry is the fesisianee ofthe posser lines, ‘Aco ith 15% turns 9 rds of Shem and a resistance of 120 sucrounds at solenoid with 230 tym and a rags bof Sem: see Fi. 21-84. The current in the silenci changes il consinmt rate from 0 to 2.0.4 sn Dalls Caede oo 6 A gerlain eleeromie device needs co be proivetcd siden sirges in current In partic. alter the pr lusned un the current should rise ao more than 7-5 ia the fest 120 ys. The device has resistance 1 and is designed to aperite at SSo0A. How mld your protect this device? § 2S.1urm 12.5em-diameter coil placed between the ole pieces of an electromagnet, When the magnet is Turned oa, the Hux through the ceil changes. indocing an ermi At what sate (in Ts) must the eld produced by the Tag ehange ifthe ent fs fo he 1207 Calculate the peak eviput vollage of a simple generator ‘whose square armature windings are 6.6Dem un aside the semature contains [S8loops and rotates ina field of 0200 T ata rate of 2Usee/s ‘THpical laige values for electric and magnetic felds atnined in laboratories aze about 1.0% 10'V)m and 20T (a) Determine the energy density for each field ana compare () What magnitude electic field would. be needed to produce the same energy density as the 2.07 magnetic field? What is the induetaace £ of the primary of a ranstormer whose input 220" a) 60.0 He iT the wurrent drawn is SHA? Assuinie no eunrent in the secondary ‘ALM coil whose tesistance is 18.52 is connected to sveapacitor Cand a 13al-He souree voltage. I ihe current, snd voltage are to be in phase. what ¥alue must C have? ‘An inductance ooil draws 25-A de when ctmnected to a 36-V hatiery, When connected to a 60H 120-V (ims) Somee, the corzent drawn is 88 (rms), Determine the indctance and resistance of the ei Ine the magilude and direction of the induced curve in). A. 13S:mT inductor with 20-0 resistance is connected ia the oi series to. Mba capacitor ond a 6Fe, SV" see Caleuate (a) he rs curzen, and (1) the phe angle ©The @ fautor of tesunanee cieut can be defined 3s the sali of the vllage across the captor (or inducer) . a tothe voltage aarow the resis, a esonance, The larger es Wii the @ lator, tie shaper the resonance curve will be HALAL an the sharper the turing. ta) Show, atthe @ fhe CG MY aiven by the equation @ = (1/R)VZ/E. (hy Ata reso j | ant equsncyf— LOMIL, what ust be the values FF and R 0 produse a @ fhetor of $502 Assime that FIGURE 21-54 obi Hi © = ong Answers to Exercises As 10100 Wh : Counterlockwie 1 (a) Counterlockwive: (b) locke! () 260 De 10 wine (a) counterclockwise. 614 CHAPTER 21. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law