236 Reinforced Concrete Design Figure 89 ‘Continuous pane! spanning In two directions EXAMPLE 8.6 _ Moments int 2 continuous two-way slab ‘The panel considered is an edge panel, as shown in figure 89 and the uniformly distributed load, m = (1.35 gy + 1.Sqy) = 10kN/m*, som support Discontinuous supported edge a y= 625m support ‘The moment coefficients are taken from table 8.5, fy _ 628 E2397 13 Positive moments at mid-span My = Ban? = 0.045 x 10 x = 11.25KNm in direction ky Boynl = 0.028 x 10x 5? =7.0kN m in direction ly My Negative moments Support ad, M, = 0.059 x 10 x $? = 14.75KNm Supports ab and de, My = 0.037 » 10 x 5? =9.25kNm ‘The moments calculated are for a metre width of slab. ‘The design of reinforcement to resist these moments would follow the usual procedure. Torsion reinforcement, acvording to rule 4 is required at comers b and c. A check would also be required on the span-effective depth ratio of the slab. ) 8.6 Flat slab floors AA flat slab floor is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by conerete columns without the use of intermediary beams. ‘The slab may be of constant thickness throughout or in the area of the column it may be thickened as a drop panel. The colurnn may also be of constant section or it may be flared to form a column head or capital. ‘These vatious forms of construction are illustrated in figure 8.10,Design of reinforced concrete slabs 237 : N N ‘y Ly ns Floor without drop Floor with column Floor with crop panel or column head but no drop panel nd column head panel ead drop panels are effective in reducing the shearing stresses where the column is, © punch through the slab, and they also provide an increased moment of ce where the negative moments are greatest, lat slab floor has many advantages over the beatn and slab floor. The simplified rk and the reduced storey heights make it more economical, Windows can up to the underside of the slab, and there are no beams to obstruct the light and ulation of air. The absence of sharp comers gives greater fire resistance as there danger of the concrete spalling and exposing the reinforcement. Deflection nents will generally govern slab thickness which should not normally be less 0mm for fire resistance as indicated in table 8.6. analysis of a flat slab structure may be cattied out by dividing the structure into a f equivalent frames. The moments in these frames may be determined by: nethod of frame analysis such as monient distribution, or the stiffness method on omputer; implified method using the moment and shear coefficients of table 8.1 subject to : following requirements: " ; the lateral stability is not dependent on the slab-column connections; ) the conditions for using table 8.1 described on page 217 are satisfied; }) there are at least three rows of panels of approximately equal span in the direction being considered; ) the bay size exceeds 30m” 6 Minimum dimensions and axis distance for flat slabs for fire resistance ‘Minimurn dimensions (rmm) Slab thickness, hy is distance, a ee 80 A 15 Ob 200 2B Se 200 35 40 200 50 cltribution of moments not to exceed 15%, fre resistance ROO and above, 20% of the total top teinforcemient in éach diecton over terest supports sould be continuous over fe whole span and placed inthe eon sp, Figure 8.10 Drop panels and eoluran headsfe Figure 3.11 Flat slab lived into strips 238 Reinforced Concrete Design Position of maximum 7 negative morent \Widih of half column stip = 14 with na drops ‘or= half drop width when drops are used Interior panels of the flat slab should be divided as shown in, figure 8.11 into column and middle sttips. Drop panels should be igoored if their smaller dimension is less than one-third of the smaller panel dimension j. If a panel is not square, strip widths in both directions are based on /,. Moments determined from a structural analysis or the coeflicients of table 8.1 are distributed between the strips as shown in table 8.7 such that the negative and positive moments resisted by the column and middle strips total 100 per cent in each case. Reinforcement designed to resist these slab moments may be detailed according to the simplified rules for slabs, and satisfying normal spacing limits, This should be spread across the respective strip but, in solid slabs without drops, top steel to resist negative moments in column strips should have one-half of the area located in the central quarter-sitip width. If the column strip is narrower because of drops, the ‘moments tesisted by the column and middle strips should be adjusted proportionally as illustrated in example 8.7. Column moments can be calculsted from the analysis of the equivalent frame, Particular care is needed over the transfer of moments to edge columns. This is to ensure that there is adequate moment capacity within the slab adjacent to the column since moments will only be able to be transferred to the edge column by a strip of slab considerably narrower than the normal internal panel column step width. As seen in table 8.7, a limit is placed on the negative. moment transferred to an edge columa, and slab reinforcement should be concentrated within width b, as defined in figure 8.12. If exceeded the moment should be limited to this value and the positive moment increased to maintain equilibrium, ‘The reinforcement for a flat slab should generally be arranged aeconding to the rules illustrated in figure 8.2, but at least 2 bottom bars in each orthogonal direction should pass through internal columns to enhance robustness. Table 8.7 Division of moments between strips Column strip idle strip Negative moment at edge column 100% but not more 0 than 0.17 bd Negative moment at internal column 60-80% 40-20% Positive moment in span 50-70% 50-30% y= Width of ecige stip.Design of reinforced concrete slabs 239 Figure 3.12 Definition of Yy i ide ane fc of clin aE i coy beazeye 2 ‘Note: Al slab reinforcement perpendicular to a free edge transferring moment to the column should be concentrated within the width be (@) Edge column (©) Comer column sn eige// sh edge i + i ‘Important features in the design of the slabs are the calculations for punching sheat at the head of the columns and at the change in depth of the stab, if drop panels are used, The design for shear should follow the procedure described in the previous section on punching shear except that EC2 requires that the design shear force be increased above the calculated value by 15 per cent for intemal columns, up to 40 per cent for edge columns and 50 per cent for comer columns, to allow for the effects of moment transfer. ‘These simplified rules only apply to braced structures where adjacent spans do not differ | by more than 25%, In considering punching shear, C2 places additional requirements on the amount | shear capacity is developed. ‘The usual basic span-effective depth ratios may be used but where the greater span exceeds 8.5m the basic ratio should be multiplied by 8.S/span, For flat slabs the span- _effetive depth calculation shouldbe based on the longer span. ‘esetibing the eguemen' forthe analysis and design of fat slabs, including the ws of wide punching shear resistance, - columns are at 6.5m centres in each direction and the slab supports a variable load KN/m”. The characteristic material strengths are fo, = 25N/mm? for the concrete, 500N/mm? for the reinforcement, Weight of drop = 0.1 x 25 x 2.5? = 15.6kN Total = 279.7kN240 Reinforced Conerete Design Figure 6.3 2.5m square drops Fat slab example 4 a 0 + Too | column centres each way Variable load i Total = 5 x 6.5% = 211.3kN ‘Therefore ultimate load on the floor, F = 1.35 x 279.7 41.5 x 211.3, = 69SIN per panel and. equivalent distributed Joad, n = & = 16.4 kNim? ‘The effective span, = clear spam between cofumn heads 418 Wickmess 6 eng il . = (65-12) +92 x 2% 107 =5.65m A concrete cover of 25mm has been allowed, and where there are two equel layers of reinforcement the effective depth has been taken as the mean depth of the two layers in o calculating the reinforcement areas. (d= 205mm in span and 305 mm at supports.) ‘The drop dimension is greater than one-third of the panel dimension, therefore the column strip is taken as the width of the drop panel (2.5 m). Bar spacing and size tits o As the slab thickness is greater than 200 mm the spacing limits given in section 8,3(c) do not apply. Use the spacing or bar size limits from tables 6,7 and 6.9 for the bending reinforcement, In both cases the steel siress under the quasi-permanent loads can be estimated from equation 6.1 assuming 20% redisuibution (the maximum applicable to table 8.1 used below) as: Six, +030, 1 Aa FATIS* (35, +150) “5 * Ager | 500 (279.7 4.0.3 x 211.3) 14500, 1s 695 = 268N/mm* asstuming that As, pov = As eg- Hence from table 6.7 the maximum spacing « 165 mm or from table 6.9 the maximum bar size ~ 12mmDesign of reinforced concrete slabs ¢ the. variable load is less than the permanent load and bay size = 6.5 x 65 = sm? ( > 30m*), from table 8.1: 063 x 695 x 5.65 = 247kNm. th OF the middle stip is (6.5— 2.5) = 4m which is greater than half the { dimension, therefore the proportion of this moment taken by the middle strip stake as 0.45 from table 8.7 adjusted as shown: dle strip positive moment = 0.55 x 247 = 136kNm, strip positive moment = (1 ~ 0.55) x 247 = 111kNm, Foo ape ge = 00032 00 x 2057 x a5 = 8 “sixteen H12 bars (4s = 1809mm?) each way in the span, levenly. across the 4m width of the middie strip (spacing = 250mm). ss the maximum fimit of 165 mm but bar size of 12 mn is MH stip'moments will require 1310mm bottom steel which can be twelve H12 bars (A, = 1356mm?) in the span disttibuted evenly ‘Width of the column strip (spacing approx 210mm), = 0.0631 4 25 x = * Gyg 8247 = 0.31 x 247 TKN m 10.31) x 247 = 0.69 x 247 = 170kNm242 Reinforced Concrete Design From the lever-armn curve, figure 4.5, I, = 0.98 (> 0.95), therefore 4 =i TI x 108 © O87. O87 x 300 x 0.95 % 005 = 909mm? Provide eleven evenly spaced HI2 bars as top steel (4, = 1243 msm?) spacing 400mm, which exceeds 165mm maximum. Jimit but the bar size of 12 mm is satisfactory. (©) For the column strip Mo 170 x 108 bij, ~ 2500 x 305? x 35 9-979 From the lever-arm curve, figure 4.5, [, = 0.97 (> 0.95), therefore A M 170 x 108 eon ae O8Tfuz O87 500% 0.95 x 305 = 1349 mm? Provide F112 bars as top steel at 200 centres. This is equivalent to fourteen bars (4, = 1582 mm?) over the full 2.51m width of the column strip. The bending reinforcement requirements are summarised in figure 8.14, Punching shear 1. Atthe column head Perimeter up = 1r x diameter of column head x 1200 = 370mm shear force Vag = F ~ Glen 695 —F1.2 x 16.4 = 6764 kN Figure 8.14 4 cohen € column Deas of bending renorement 2 ~400 2 | jiit2-400 = Z = 168112 “250 each way (@) Middle stip 4.0m wide | i2—200 exe wa = = a a 1212-210 14}112-200 ew (©) Column strip 2.5m wide