Summary of Sachar Committee Report
Background
On March 9, 2005 the Prime Minister issued a
Notification for the constitution of a High Level
Committee to prepare a report on the social, economic
and educational status of the Muslim community of
India.
(b) determine the level of their socio-economic
development;
(c) determine the relative share in public and private
sector employment;
(d) determine the proportion of OBCs from Muslim
community in the total OBC population in various states,
The seven-member High Level Committee, chaired by
Justice Rajindar Sachar, submitted its final report to the
Prime Minister on November 17, 2006. The
Government tabled the Justice Rajindar Sachar
Committee Report in Parliament on November 30th.
(e) determine access to education and health services,
municipal infrastructure and bank credit provided by
Government/ public sector entities.
The Sachar Committee has compiled data from a number
of sources. The report frames these issues as related to
identity, security and equity. Barring some generic
observations about the causes for the development
deficit among Muslims, there is no explicit or detailed
discussion of the causes of such conditions.
Population. According to the 2001 Census, Indias
Muslim population was about 138 million (about 13.4%
of the total population), and by 2006 the Muslim
population would be over 150 million. The report states,
In India, populations of all major religions have
experienced large growth in the recent past, but the
growth among Muslims has been higher than average.
Between 1961 and 2001 the percent of Muslim
population increased from 10.7% to 13.4%.
Main Recommendations
The Committee made a number of recommendations to
address the status of the Muslim community in India,
including:
Set up an Equal Opportunity Commission to look
into grievances of deprived groups like minorities.
Create a nomination procedure to increase
participation of minorities in public bodies.
Establish a delimitation procedure that does not
reserve constituencies with high minority population
for SCs.
Increase employment share of Muslims, particularly
where there is great deal of public dealing. Work out
mechanisms to link madarsas with higher secondary
school board.
Recognise degrees from madarsas for eligibility in
defence, civil and banking examinations.
The Committee suggested that policies should sharply
focus on inclusive development and mainstreaming of
the Community while respecting diversity. For a more
detailed summary of the Committees recommendations,
see Appendix 1.
Key Findings
Table 1: Population Composition and Growth Rates
(Percentage)
All
Hindu Muslim Christian
Sikh
Buddh Jain
1961
100
83.4
10.7
2.4
1.8
0.7
0.5
0.4
1971
100
82.7
11.2
2.6
1.9
0.7
0.5
0.4
1981
100
82.3
11.7
2.4
1.9
0.7
0.5
0.4
1991
100
81.5
12.6
2.3
1.9
0.8
0.4
0.4
2001
Increase
(1961-2001)
Annual growth
(exponential)
100
80.5
13.4
2.3
1.9
0.8
0.4
0.7
134
126
194
124
145
144
108
286
2.13
2.04
2.70
2.02
2.24
2.23
1.84
3.38
Muslims have a higher share in the younger age groups.
Table 2: Age-Sex Distribution of All Population and
Muslim Population, India 2001 (Percentage)
All religions
Male
Muslims
Female
Male
Female
0-9
23.2
23.1
27.1
27.4
10-19
22.4
21.2
24.8
23.8
20-29
16.5
17.2
15.9
16.4
30-39
13.8
14.4
12.4
13.0
Terms of Reference
40-49
10.3
9.7
8.8
8.3
50+
13.4
14.0
10.7
11.0
The Committees mandate was to:
Age not stated
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
(a) Obtain relevant information and conduct a literature
survey on the relative social, economic an educational
status of Muslims in India at the state, regional and
district levels;
Other
The Committee estimates the proportion of Muslims to
rise to 18% to 21% by 2101 under different scenarios.
There has been a decline in the growth rate among all
groups between 1991 and 2001, including for Muslims
in most states. The states with the highest percentage of
Muslims include Jammu & Kashmir (67%), Assam
(30.9%), West Bengal (25.2%), and Kerala (24.7%).
Figure 1: Concentration of Muslim Population
Higher Education. According to the 2001 Census, 7% of
the population aged 20 years and above are graduates or
hold diplomas, while only 4% among the Muslim
population does. The Committee Report notes that the
gap between Muslims and other Socio Religious
Categories (SRCs) increases as the level of education
increases, and that unemployment rates among Muslim
graduates is the highest among SRCs both among the
poor and the non-poor.
Table 5: Children Currently Studying as a
Proportion of Population by Age Groups 2004-05
Age
Though the sex ratio among Muslims at 936 girls per
1000 boys is only marginally better than the national
average of 933, the figure for the 0-6 age group is better
at 950 (927 for all religions).
Educational Conditions. The literacy rate among
Muslims in 2001 was 59.1%, below the national average
(64.8%) with the gap greatest in urban areas. In many
states, Muslim literacy levels were higher than those of
SCs and STs.
Table 3: Literacy rates (2001)
All India
Rural
All
Male
Urban
Female
All
Male
Female
All
64.8
59
71
46
80
86
73
Hindu
65.1
59
72
46
81
88
74
58
SC/ST
52.2
49
61
36
68
78
Muslim
59.1
53
62
43
70
76
63
Others
70.8
64
77
52
85
90
78
However, the highest increase in school enrolment rates
over the past five years have occurred among SCs/STs
(with 95% increase) followed by Muslims (65%).
The report also noted that despite a common belief that a
large number of Muslim children attend madarsas for
primary education, only 3% of Muslim children among
the school going age go to madarsas. Instead, many
Muslim children are enrolled in Maktabs, which provide
supplementary religious education in addition to
enrolment in public schools.
Table 4: Distribution of Enrolled Muslim Children
Aged 7-16 Years by Type of School
Private
schools
30%
Govt
schools
66%
Madarsas
4%
Hindus
Muslims
Other
Minorities
Gen
OBC
SCs/STs
6-13
19.1 (17.3)
36.1 (35.5)
25.7 (27.4)
14.0 (15.1)
5.1 (4.8)
14-15
24.3 (19.1)
36.1 (35.2)
21.4 (25.2)
12.2 (14.5)
6.0 (5.3)
16-17
28.9 (21.1)
33.7 (35.0)
20.2 (24.7)
10.7 (14.0)
6.3 (5.1)
18-22
34.0 (20.8)
30.5 (34.4)
17.7 (25.5)
10.2 (13.9)
7.6 (5.5)
23 & up 35.6 (23.9) 29.2 (35.1) 18.3 (24.1)
7.4 (10.9)
9.5 (5.9)
Note: Figures in parentheses show the proportion of the community in the
respective age-group.
Economy and Employment & Government
Employment and Programmes. Worker population
ratios for Muslims are significantly lower than for all
other SRCs in rural areas, but only marginally lower in
urban areas. The lower ratios are mainly due to much
lower participation in economic activity by Muslim
women.
Table 6: Salaried Workers Employed in Government,
Public & Large Private Sectors (2004-05) (%)
All
Govt
Pub/ Pvt
34.2
13.1
All Hindus
35.3
13.9
- SC/ST
39.4
9.5
- OBCs
30.4
12.8
- Upper Caste
37.4
17.1
All
Muslim
23.7
6.5
Others
35.8
12.8
According to the Committee Report, the most striking
feature is the relatively high share of Muslim workers
engaged in self-employment activity, primarily in urban
areas and for women workers. Participation of Muslim
salaried workers in both the public and private sectors is
quite low (as is true for SCs/STs), and the average salary
of Muslim workers is lower than others (possibly, as
more Muslims are in inferior jobs).
Participation of Muslim workers in the informal sector is
much higher than the average population, and the
percentage of Muslim women working within their
homes (70%) is much higher than all workers (51%).
geographical zones where bank credit and other
facilitates are not easily provided. The average amount
lent per account to Muslims is about half that of other
Minorities, and one-third of others.
Muslims participation rates in traditional manufacturing
and trade (especially wearing apparel, auto-repair and
electrical machinery) is much higher than for other
groups, while their participation in the agricultural
section is lower. Also, Muslim participation rates in
security related activities, such as the police, was 4% as
compared to SCs/STs at 12% and OBCs at 23% each.
Table 9: Bank Credit (Amount outstanding) (%)
Muslims
% Muslim
3.0
1.8
4.0
4.5
6.5
7.3
6.0
4.5
6.5
7.8
Pvt sector banks
6.6
7.9
85.5
PSU banks
4.6
6.3
89.1
Access to Social and Physical Infrastructure
There is a clear and significant inverse association
between the proportion of the Muslim population and the
availability of educational infrastructures in small
villages. Studies found that, compared to the Muslim
majority areas, the areas inhabited by fewer Muslims had
better roads, local bus-stops, pucca houses, sewage and
drainage and water supply facilities.
The Committee highlighted the following points:
According to the report, the overall participation of
Muslims in Central Government departments and
agencies is abysmally low at all levels. There is not one
state in which the representation of Muslims in the
government departments matches their population share.
Table 8: Share of Muslim Employees in Selected
State Government Departments
States
Muslim
Education
Home
LP
HP
Health
LP
HP
Transport
LP
Others
The Committee Report states, The financial exclusion
of Muslims has far-reaching implications for their socioeconomic and educational upliftmentsteps should be
introduced to specifically direct credit to Muslims, create
awareness of various credit schemes and bring
transparency in reporting of information.
Table 7: Percentage Muslims of Total Population
engaged in Government-related Employment
Government-related Employment
IAS
IFS
IPS/Security Agencies
Indian Railways
Education Department (state level)
Home Department (state level)
Police constables
Health Departments
Transport Department
Judiciary Employment
Other Minorities
Pop.
HP
HP
LP
Kerala
24.7
13.0
11.7
10.8
10.7
11.2
10.2
9.4
9.2
UP
18.5
8.1
9.9
4.3
5.6
1.9
4.9
Bihar
16.5
14.8
11.8
5.9
7.1
2.6
8.3
10.9
Assam
30.9
9.3
11.5
8.0
11.1
13.9
11.5
Jharkhand
13.8
5.7
7.6
6.0
3.2
Karnataka
12.2
5.0
12.4
3.6
4.2
4.7
5.0
16.8
7.0
Delhi
11.7
5.9
7.2
1.5
2.3
1.0
1.8
1.4
1.1
Maharashtra
10.6
2.9
4.7
4.2
4.2
2.6
3.3
Gujarat
9.1
1.7
4.5
5.6
5.6
2.2
1.5
9.4
16.3
Tamil Nadu
Sum of
states
5.6
5.8
5.3
0.0
2.6
4.6
3.3
1.0
2.6
16.0
5.7
6.2
8.7
5.6
4.4
3.5
1.6
6.9
HP-higher positions; LP-lower positions
Employment of Muslims is also very low in the
Universities, Banks, and central PSUs.
Access to Bank Credit. The Committee reports that the
access of Muslims to bank credit is low and inadequate.
The average size of credit is low compared with other
SRCs. The 2001 Census shows that the percentage of
households availing banking facilities is much lower in
villages with high Muslim populations. Some banks
have identified a number of Muslim areas as negative
About one third of small villages with high
concentration of Muslims do not have any
educational institutions.
About 40% of large villages with a substantial
Muslim concentration do not have any medical
facilities.
Poverty, Consumption and Standards of Living.
Muslims face fairly high levels of poverty. Their
conditions on the whole are only slightly better than
those of SCs/STS, though slightly worse in urban areas.
According to NSSO data, overall 22.7% of Indias
population was poor in 2004-05 (251 million people),
with SC/STs together as the worst off (at 35%), followed
by Muslims at 31%.
The report shows comparisons between consumption
expenditures across SRCs. Relative deprivation of the
Muslim community in terms of consumption expenditure
is much higher in urban areas than in rural.
Table 10: Mean Per Capita Expenditure by Place of
Residence and SRCs, 2004-05 (Rs)
Urban
Rural
All
All
Muslim
1105
579
712
800
553
635
HinduGeneral
1469
739
1023
HinduOBC
955
567
646
SC/ST
793
468
520
A substantially larger proportion of the Muslim
households in urban areas are in the less than Rs 500
expenditure bracket. Poverty among Muslims has
declined in rural areas by 12%, whereas the economic
conditions of Muslims in urban areas have not improved
as much as other of other SRCs.
Muslim OBC and Affirmative Action
The report compares the status of Muslims who are not
listed as OBCs and thus do not qualify for reservations
with Muslim OBCs. At least 82 different social groups
among Muslims were declared OBCs by the Mandal
Commission. According to the last round of the NSSO
survey, 40.7% of Muslims are Muslim OBCs, which is
15.7% of the total OBC population of the country.
According to the report, the abysmally low
representation of Muslim OBCs suggests that the
benefits of entitlements meant for the backward classes
are yet to reach them. The conditions of the general
Muslim category are lower than the Hindu- OBCs who
have the benefit of reservation. However, the conditions
of Muslim-OBCs are worse than those of the general
Muslim category. The three groups of Muslims in Indiaashrafs, ajlafs and arzals, (in order of caste hierarchy)
require different types of affirmative action.
(Prepared by Priya Parker on December 7, 2006)
DISCLAIMER: This document is being furnished to you for your
information and exclusive use only. The opinions expressed herein are
entirely those of the author(s). PRS Legislative Research (PRS)
makes every effort to use reliable and comprehensive information, but
PRS does not represent that the contents of the report are accurate or
complete. This document has been prepared without regard to the
objectives or opinions of those who may receive it.
Appendix 1
Increase employment share of Muslims,
particularly where there is great deal of public
dealing. Working out mechanisms to link
madarsas with higher secondary school board.
Recognise degrees from madarsas for
eligibility in defence, civil and banking
examinations.
Provide hostel facilities at reasonable costs for
students from minorities on a priority basis.
Promote and enhancing access to Muslims in
Priority Sector Advances.
Include in teacher training components that
introduce importance of diversity and plurality
and sensitising teachers towards needs and
aspirations of Muslims and other marginalised
communities.
Open high quality Urdu medium schools
wherever they are in demand and ensuring high
quality textbooks for students in the Urdu
language.
Draw Muslims on relevant interview panels and
boards.
Improve participation and share of minorities,
particularly Muslims, in business of regular
commercial banks.
Set up a national Wakf development
corporation with a revolving corpus fund of Rs
500 crore.
Create new cadre to deal with specific Wakf
affairs.
Main Committee Recommendations
Set up an Equal Opportunity Commission to
look into grievances of deprived groups like
minorities.
Create a nomination procedure to increase
participation of minorities in public bodies.
Provide legal mechanism to address complaints
of discrimination against minorities in matters
of employment, housing, schooling and
obtaining bank loans.
Establish a delimitation procedure that does not
reserve constituencies with high minority
population for SCs.
Initiate and institutionalise a process of
evaluating contents of textbooks to purge them
of explicit and implicit material that may impart
inappropriate social values, especially religious
intolerance.
Create a National Data Bank (NDB) where all
relevant data for various socio-religious
categories are maintained.
Set up an autonomous assessment and
monitoring authority to evaluate the extent of
development benefits.
Encourage the University Grants Commission
to evolve a system where part of allocation to
colleges and universities is linked to diversity in
student population.
Facilitate admissions to the most backward
amongst all socio-religious categories in regular
universities and autonomous colleges and
evolving alternate admission criteria
Provide different types of affirmative action to
three main Muslim groups (ashrafs, ajlafs and
arzals): Designate Arzals Muslim group as most
backward classes as they need multifarious
measures, including reservation. Provide
Hindu-OBC-type attention to Ajlaf Muslim
group.
Provide financial and other support to initiatives
built around occupations where Muslims are
concentrated and that have growth potential.
