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1 Integral Calculus: X X X X B X X X X X A X

1. Integral calculus centers on the concept of the integral, which is motivated by finding the area under a curve and performing the reverse of differentiation. 2. Riemann sums allow approximating the area under a curve over an interval by dividing the interval into subintervals and taking the minimum value of the function over each subinterval multiplied by the width of the subinterval. 3. In the limit as the number of subintervals approaches infinity and their width approaches 0, the Riemann sum approaches the exact area under the curve given by the integral from the lower to upper bound of the interval.

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81 views3 pages

1 Integral Calculus: X X X X B X X X X X A X

1. Integral calculus centers on the concept of the integral, which is motivated by finding the area under a curve and performing the reverse of differentiation. 2. Riemann sums allow approximating the area under a curve over an interval by dividing the interval into subintervals and taking the minimum value of the function over each subinterval multiplied by the width of the subinterval. 3. In the limit as the number of subintervals approaches infinity and their width approaches 0, the Riemann sum approaches the exact area under the curve given by the integral from the lower to upper bound of the interval.

Uploaded by

rmuhumuza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Integral calculus centers on the concept of the integral. The definition of the integral is motivated
by the problem of:

1.1

Finding the area under the curve


Performing the reverse of differentiation

Area and Integration (Riemanns Sums & Integration)

Let f (x) be continuous in the interval[, ]. To calculate the area under the graph of y f (x)
over the interval[, ], we can divide the interval into n equal subintervals by choosing the points
x0 , x1 , x3 , ...................., xn where a x0 x1 x3 .................... xn1 xn b of equal width x .

ba
n

Consider the ith subinterval, the interval becomes xr 1 , xr .

x xr xr 1
Also,

ba
n

xr x0 r x
ba
xr a r

To estimate the area under the curve, take the point xr which is xr 1 , xr at which f is a minimum
in that rth interval. The area of that sub-interval will be given by,

f xr x
Therefore, the total area of the inscribed shapes will be given by,

f x x
r n
r 1

This is known as a Riemanns Sum. This approximation becomes closer to the exact area as the
number of strips is increased and their widths are decreased.
In the limiting case as n and x 0 , this leads to the exact area being given by,

A lim f xr x
n r 1
x 0

Example: Use Riemanns sums to estimate the area under the graph f ( x) 80 3x 2 from x =1 to
x =5.
Solution:
n

A lim f xr x
n r 1
x 0

For the interval a, b 1,5;


ba
xr a r

5 1 4
4
and xr 1 r
n
n
n

4 4
A lim 80 31 r
n n
n r 1

x 0
n

n
8r 16r 2 4
lim 80 31 2
n
n n
n r 1

x0
n

24r 48r 2 4
lim 80 3
2
n
n n
n r 1
x 0

n
308 96r 192r 2
lim
2

n
n3
n r 1 n
x0

96 n
192 n 2
308 n

lim
1

n2
r
n 3 r 1
n n r 1
r 1
x0

Recall that:

1 n
r 1
n

and

a na , where a is a constant
r 1

r 2 nn 1
1

r 1
n

n
r 6 2n 1n 1
2

r 1

96 1
192 n
308

lim
n 2 nn 1 3 2n 1n 1
n 2
n 6

n n
x0

48
96 32

lim 308 48 64 2
n
n n
n
x0

308 48 64 196 Square units.

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